1
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Salama EA, Elgammal Y, Wijeratne A, Lanman NA, Utturkar SM, Farhangian A, Li J, Meunier B, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Lansoprazole interferes with fungal respiration and acts synergistically with amphotericin B against multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2322649. [PMID: 38431850 PMCID: PMC10911247 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2322649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris has emerged as a problematic fungal pathogen associated with high morbidity and mortality. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the most effective antifungal used to treat invasive fungal candidiasis, with resistance rarely observed among clinical isolates. However, C. auris possesses extraordinary resistant profiles against all available antifungal drugs, including AmB. In our pursuit of potential solutions, we screened a panel of 727 FDA-approved drugs. We identified the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole (LNP) as a potent enhancer of AmB's activity against C. auris. LNP also potentiates the antifungal activity of AmB against other medically important species of Candida and Cryptococcus. Our investigations into the mechanism of action unveiled that LNP metabolite(s) interact with a crucial target in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex III, known as cytochrome bc1). This interaction increases oxidative stress within fungal cells. Our results demonstrated the critical role of an active respiratory function in the antifungal activity of LNP. Most importantly, LNP restored the efficacy of AmB in an immunocompromised mouse model, resulting in a 1.7-log (∼98%) CFU reduction in the burden of C. auris in the kidneys. Our findings strongly advocate for a comprehensive evaluation of LNP as a cytochrome bc1 inhibitor for combating drug-resistant C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A. Salama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yehia Elgammal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Aruna Wijeratne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nadia A. Lanman
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sagar M. Utturkar
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Atena Farhangian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tony R. Hazbun
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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2
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Pan B, Weerasinghe H, Sezmis A, McDonald MJ, Traven A, Thompson P, Simm C. Leveraging the MMV Pathogen Box to Engineer an Antifungal Compound with Improved Efficacy and Selectivity against Candida auris. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1901-1917. [PMID: 37756147 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a significant and increasing threat to human health, but the current arsenal of antifungal drugs is inadequate. We screened the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box for new antifungal agents against three of the most critical Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida auris, and Candida glabrata). Of the 14 identified hit compounds, most were active against C. albicans and C. auris. We selected the pyrazolo-pyrimidine MMV022478 for chemical modifications to build structure-activity relationships and study their antifungal properties. Two analogues, 7a and 8g, with distinct fluorine substitutions, greatly improved the efficacy against C. auris and inhibited fungal replication inside immune cells. Additionally, analogue 7a had improved selectivity toward fungal killing compared to mammalian cytotoxicity. Evolution experiments generating MMV022478-resistant isolates revealed a change in morphology from oblong to round cells. Most notably, the resistant isolates blocked the uptake of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G and showed reduced susceptibility toward fluconazole, indicative of structural changes in the yeast cell surface. In summary, our study identified a promising antifungal compound with activity against high-priority fungal pathogens. Additionally, we demonstrated how structure-activity relationship studies of known and publicly available compounds can expand the repertoire of molecules with antifungal efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity to drive the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Pan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Harshini Weerasinghe
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Aysha Sezmis
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J McDonald
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Thompson
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia Simm
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
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3
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Opperman TJ, Dhingra S, Gutierrez-Perez C, Kwasny SM, Cramer RA. Luciferase-Based High-Throughput Screen with Aspergillus fumigatus to Identify Antifungal Small Molecules. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2658:17-34. [PMID: 37024692 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3155-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Only three classes of contemporary antifungal drugs are routinely utilized in the clinic against filamentous fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus. High-throughput phenotypic screens to identify small molecules with activity against filamentous fungi remain challenging due to the hyphal, biofilm-like growth morphology of these important organisms. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for utilizing a bioluminescent A. fumigatus strain for identifying small molecules that potentiate the activity of the triazole antifungal drug fluconazole. The assay holds great promise for identifying small molecules with activity against filamentous fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourabh Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Clemson University, Biological Sciences, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Cecilia Gutierrez-Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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4
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Hexyl-Aminolevulinate Ethosomes: a Novel Antibiofilm Agent Targeting Zinc Homeostasis in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0243822. [PMID: 36301105 PMCID: PMC9769717 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial drug resistance afforded by Candida albicans biofilms results in ineffective treatment with conventional drugs and persistent infection. Our previous study showed that hexyl-aminolevulinate ethosomes (HAL-ES) act against C. albicans biofilms and weaken their drug resistance and pathogenicity; however, the mechanism involved remains unclear. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects and mechanisms of HAL-ES on biofilm formation and drug resistance. We found that, in addition to mediating antifungal photodynamic therapy, HAL-ES inhibited the early, developmental, and mature stages of biofilm formation compared with fluconazole, HAL, or ES. Notably, adhesion and hyphal formation were significantly inhibited by postdrug effects even after brief exposure (2 h) to HAL-ES. Its therapeutic effect in vivo also has been demonstrated in cutaneous candidiasis. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR showed that HAL-ES inhibited ribosome biogenesis by disrupting zinc homeostasis in C. albicans, thereby reducing the translation process during protein synthesis. Furthermore, HAL-ES downregulated the expression of multidrug resistance genes and increased fluconazole susceptibility in C. albicans. Our findings provide a novel and efficient method for the treatment of biofilm resistance in C. albicans infection as well as a basis for the application of HAL-ES. We also describe a new strategy for the treatment of biofilm-related infections via zinc restriction. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota. The medical impact of C. albicans on its human host depends on its ability to form biofilms. The intrinsic resistance conferred by biofilms to conventional antifungal drugs makes biofilm-based infections a significant clinical challenge. In this study, we demonstrate the attenuating effect of HAL-ES on C. albicans biofilm formation and drug resistance. Furthermore, we propose that HAL-ES inhibits protein translation by disrupting zinc homeostasis in C. albicans. This study not only provides a novel and effective therapeutic strategy against C. albicans biofilm but also proposes a new strategy to resolve C. albicans biofilm infection by disrupting zinc homeostasis.
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5
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The putative role of zinc homeostasis in grain formation by Madurella mycetomatis during mycetoma infection. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Beattie SR, Krysan DJ. Antifungal drug screening: thinking outside the box to identify novel antifungal scaffolds. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 57:1-6. [PMID: 32339892 PMCID: PMC7652037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are responsible for a significant disease burden worldwide. Drugs to treat these infections are limited to only four unique classes, and despite these available treatments, mortality rates remain unacceptably high. In this review, we will discuss antifungal drug screening and how the approach to identifying novel compounds needs move away from traditional growth-based assays in order to meet the demand for new drugs. We highlight specific examples of creative screening strategies that increase the likelihood of identifying compounds with desired activities and provide perspective to inspire development of novel screens for the identification of first-in-class antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Beattie
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Damian J Krysan
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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7
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Eide DJ. Transcription factors and transporters in zinc homeostasis: lessons learned from fungi. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:88-110. [PMID: 32192376 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all organisms because this metal serves as a critical structural or catalytic cofactor for many proteins. These zinc-dependent proteins are abundant in the cytosol as well as within organelles of eukaryotic cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and storage compartments such as the fungal vacuole. Therefore, cells need zinc transporters so that they can efficiently take up the metal and move it around within cells. In addition, because zinc levels in the environment can vary drastically, the activity of many of these transporters and other components of zinc homeostasis is regulated at the level of transcription by zinc-responsive transcription factors. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional control are also important for zinc homeostasis. In this review, the focus will be on our current knowledge of zinc transporters and their regulation by zinc-responsive transcription factors and other mechanisms in fungi because these organisms have served as useful paradigms of zinc homeostasis in all organisms. With this foundation, extension to other organisms will be made where warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eide
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Simm C, May RC. Zinc and Iron Homeostasis: Target-Based Drug Screening as New Route for Antifungal Drug Development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:181. [PMID: 31192169 PMCID: PMC6548825 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal diseases is on the rise and the number of fatalities is still unacceptably high. While advances into antifungal drug development have been made there remains an urgent need to develop novel antifungal agents targeting as-yet unexploited pathways, such as metal ion homeostasis. Here we report such an approach by developing a metal sensor screen in the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Using this reporter strain, we screened a library of 1,200 compounds and discovered several active compounds not previously described as chemical entities with antifungal properties. Two of these, artemisinin and pyrvinium pamoate, have been further characterized and their interference with metal homeostasis and potential as novel antifungal compounds validated. Lastly, we demonstrate that the same strain can be used to report on intracellular conditions within host phagocytes, paving the way toward the development of novel screening platforms that could identify compounds with the potential to perturb ion homeostasis of the pathogen specifically within host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Simm
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin C May
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Wilson D, Deepe GS. The intersection of host and fungus through the zinc lens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:35-40. [PMID: 31132743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize data regarding the influence of zinc on host defenses to human pathogenic fungi and how the fungus acquires zinc to sustain biological functions. Mammals have evolved several extracellular and intracellular mechanisms to withhold zinc from the fungus. Specific immune cells release zinc binding proteins such as calprotectin to capture the metal and deny it to the fungus. Intracellularly, several zinc binding proteins such as metallothioneins starve the fungus of zinc. The net result in both situations is depriving the fungus of a crucial micronutrient. To combat this struggle, fungi have developed means to capture zinc and store it. The mechanisms of transport for various fungi are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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10
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Clark HL, Minns MS, Sun Y, de Jesus T, Ghannoum MG, Pearlman E. Atovaquone Impairs Growth of Aspergillus and Fusarium Keratitis Isolates by Modulating Mitochondrial Function and Zinc Homeostasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1589-1598. [PMID: 29625485 PMCID: PMC5863689 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aspergillus and Fusarium molds cause blinding corneal infections as a consequence of ocular trauma and in association with contact lens wear. As these fungi require zinc for fungal growth, we examined the effect of atovaquone, a ubiquinone analog that disrupts zinc homeostasis, on fungal growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro: Aspergillus and Fusarium germinating conidia were incubated overnight with atovaquone, and hyphal growth was measured by fluorimetry. In vivo: C57BL/6 mouse corneas were infected with Aspergillus or Fusarium conidia. Atovaquone was added topically and corneal opacification and fungal growth were quantified. Results Atovaquone has antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Fusarium clinical isolates, with Fusarium species being more sensitive to atovaquone than Aspergillus species. Atovaquone also reduced labile intracellular zinc levels and increased the sensitivity of Aspergillus to metal shock. Atovaquone reduced vacuolar acidification, which regulates storage of intracellular free zinc, and also acted synergistically with voriconazole and itraconazole to kill hyphae. Furthermore, mitochondrial potential and ATP production were reduced in both Aspergillus and Fusarium following atovaquone treatment. Finally, topical application of atovaquone to the ocular surface significantly inhibited fungal growth and corneal opacification in murine models of fungal keratitis. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that atovaquone has pronounced in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against filamentous fungi by disrupting both metal homeostasis and mitochondrial function, and therefore has potential as a novel antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Martin S Minns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Tristan de Jesus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Mahmoud G Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
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11
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Kjellerup L, Winther AML, Wilson D, Fuglsang AT. Cyclic AMP Pathway Activation and Extracellular Zinc Induce Rapid Intracellular Zinc Mobilization in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29619016 PMCID: PMC5871664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, required for a range of zinc-dependent enzymes and transcription factors. In mammalian cells, zinc serves as a second messenger molecule. However, a role for zinc in signaling has not yet been established in the fungal kingdom. Here, we used the intracellular zinc reporter, zinbo-5, which allowed visualization of zinc in the endoplasmic reticulum and other components of the internal membrane system in Candida albicans. We provide evidence for a link between cyclic AMP/PKA- and zinc-signaling in this major human fungal pathogen. Glucose stimulation, which triggers a cyclic AMP spike in this fungus resulted in rapid intracellular zinc mobilization and this “zinc flux” could be stimulated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors and blocked via inhibition of adenylate cyclase or PKA. A similar mobilization of intracellular zinc was generated by stimulation of cells with extracellular zinc and this effect could be reversed with the chelator EDTA. However, zinc-induced zinc flux was found to be cyclic AMP independent. In summary, we show that activation of the cyclic AMP/PKA pathway triggers intracellular zinc mobilization in a fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first described link between cyclic AMP signaling and zinc homeostasis in a human fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Kjellerup
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Pcovery ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Duncan Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Anja T Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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12
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Ku TSN, Bernardo S, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candidiasis and the impact of flow cytometry on antifungal drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1127-1137. [PMID: 28876963 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1377179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive candidiasis continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as substantial health care costs nationally and globally. One of the contributing factors is the development of resistance to antifungal agents that are already in clinical use. Moreover, there are known treatment limitations with all of the available antifungal agents. Since traditional techniques in novel drug discovery are time consuming, high-throughput screening using flow cytometry presents as a potential tool to identify new antifungal agents that would be useful in the management of these patients. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the use of automated high-throughput screening assays based upon flow cytometry to identify potential antifungals from a library comprised of a large number of bioactive compounds. They also review studies that employed the use of this research methodology that has identified compounds with antifungal activity. Expert opinion: High-throughput screening using flow cytometry has substantially decreased the processing time necessary for screening thousands of compounds, and has helped enhance our understanding of fungal pathogenesis. Indeed, the authors see this technology as a powerful tool to help scientists identify new antifungal agents that can be added to the clinician's arsenal in their fight against invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun Sheng N Ku
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Stella Bernardo
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Carla J Walraven
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Services , University of New Mexico Hospital , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Samuel A Lee
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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13
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A novel antimicrobial approach based on the inhibition of zinc uptake in Salmonella enterica. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss evidences suggesting that bacterial zinc homeostasis represents a promising target for new antimicrobial strategies. The ability of the gut pathogen Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium to withstand the host responses aimed at controlling growth of the pathogen critically depends on the zinc importer ZnuABC. Strains lacking a functional ZnuABC or its soluble component ZnuA display a dramatic loss of pathogenicity, due to a reduced ability to express virulence factors; withstand the inflammatory response; and compete with other gut microbes. Based on this data, ZnuA was chosen as a candidate for the rational design of novel antibiotics. Through a combination of structural and functional investigations, we have provided a proof of concept of the potential of this approach.
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14
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Polvi EJ, Averette AF, Lee SC, Kim T, Bahn YS, Veri AO, Robbins N, Heitman J, Cowen LE. Metal Chelation as a Powerful Strategy to Probe Cellular Circuitry Governing Fungal Drug Resistance and Morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006350. [PMID: 27695031 PMCID: PMC5047589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to sense host-relevant cues and coordinate cellular responses, which enable virulence and drug resistance. Defining circuitry controlling these traits opens new opportunities for chemical diversity in therapeutics, as the cognate inhibitors are rarely explored by conventional screening approaches. This has great potential to address the pressing need for new therapeutic strategies for invasive fungal infections, which have a staggering impact on human health. To explore this approach, we focused on a leading human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, and screened 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds to identify those that potentiate the activity of echinocandins, which are front-line therapeutics that target fungal cell wall synthesis. We identified 19 compounds that enhance activity of the echinocandin caspofungin against an echinocandin-resistant clinical isolate, with the broad-spectrum chelator DTPA demonstrating the greatest synergistic activity. We found that DTPA increases susceptibility to echinocandins via chelation of magnesium. Whole genome sequencing of mutants resistant to the combination of DTPA and caspofungin identified mutations in the histidine kinase gene NIK1 that confer resistance to the combination. Functional analyses demonstrated that DTPA activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1, and that NIK1 mutations block Hog1 activation in response to both caspofungin and DTPA. The combination has therapeutic relevance as DTPA enhanced the efficacy of caspofungin in a mouse model of echinocandin-resistant candidiasis. We found that DTPA not only reduces drug resistance but also modulates morphogenesis, a key virulence trait that is normally regulated by environmental cues. DTPA induced filamentation via depletion of zinc, in a manner that is contingent upon Ras1-PKA signaling, as well as the transcription factors Brg1 and Rob1. Thus, we establish a new mechanism by which metal chelation modulates morphogenetic circuitry and echinocandin resistance, and illuminate a novel facet to metal homeostasis at the host-pathogen interface, with broad therapeutic potential. Invasive fungal infections pose a serious threat to human health worldwide, with Candida albicans being a leading fungal pathogen. Mortality is in part due to the limited arsenal of effective antifungals, with drug resistance on the rise. The echinocandins, which target the fungal cell wall, are the newest class of antifungal, and echinocandin resistance has already emerged. Here, we screened a library of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds to identify those that potentiate echinocandin activity against an echinocandin-resistant isolate. The lead compound was a chelator, DTPA, which affects resistance by depleting magnesium. Genome sequencing of mutants resistant to the combination of DTPA and echinocandin revealed mutations in the gene encoding Nik1, which signals upstream of the Hog1 stress response pathway. We established that DTPA acts through Nik1 to modulate Hog1 signaling and enhance echinocandin activity, and that this combination has therapeutic benefits in a murine model of candidiasis. We also discovered that DTPA modulates C. albicans morphogenesis, a key virulence trait. DTPA induced filamentation by chelating zinc, in a manner that is contingent upon core filamentation pathways and specialized circuitry. Thus, we establish novel roles for metal homeostasis in C. albicans pathogenesis, thereby illuminating new therapeutic strategies for life-threatening infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Polvi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna F. Averette
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medicine, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medicine, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taeyup Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medicine, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amanda O. Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medicine, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Dade J, DuBois JC, Pasula R, Donnell AM, Caruso JA, Smulian AG, Deepe GS. HcZrt2, a zinc responsive gene, is indispensable for the survival of Histoplasma capsulatum in vivo. Med Mycol 2016; 54:865-75. [PMID: 27335059 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) exists in the soil and is capable of adapting to the shift in environment during infection to ensure survival. Yeast encounter a restrictive host environment low in nutrients such as zinc. In this study we functionally analyzed a putative zinc regulated transporter, HcZrt2, in zinc limiting conditions by complementation of HcZrt2 and gene knockdown through RNA interference (RNAi). Complementation analysis demonstrated HcZrt2's ability to functionally replace the characterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae zinc plasma membrane transporters Zrt1 and Zrt2 in zinc deficient medium. Gene silencing revealed that HcZrt2 is essential for growth in zinc deficient medium and plays a role in zinc accumulation. Fungal burden was reduced in mice infected with HcZrt2 silenced strains compared to a control strain. Sixty-seven percent of mice infected with a lethal dose of HcZrt2-RNAi#1 survived, and 100% of mice infected with HcZrt2-RNAi#2 withstood lethal infection. Our data suggest that HcZrt2 is a vital part of zinc homeostasis and essential for the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dade
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology
| | - Juwen C DuBois
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Rajamouli Pasula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Anna M Donnell
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267
| | - A George Smulian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati Ohio
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16
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Cunden LS, Gaillard A, Nolan EM. Calcium Ions Tune the Zinc-Sequestering Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Human S100A12. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1338-1348. [PMID: 26913170 PMCID: PMC4762610 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human S100A12 is a host-defense protein expressed and released by neutrophils that contributes to innate immunity. Apo S100A12 is a 21-kDa antiparallel homodimer that harbors two Ca(II)-binding EF-hand domains per subunit and exhibits two His3Asp motifs for chelating transition metal ions at the homodimer interface. In this work, we present results from metal-binding studies and microbiology assays designed to ascertain whether Ca(II) ions modulate the Zn(II)-binding properties of S100A12 and further evaluate the antimicrobial properties of this protein. Our metal depletion studies reveal that Ca(II) ions enhance the ability of S100A12 to sequester Zn(II) from microbial growth media. We report that human S100A12 has antifungal activity against Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, all of which cause human disease. This antifungal activity is Ca(II)-dependent and requires the His3Asp metal-binding sites. We expand upon prior studies of the antibacterial activity of S100A12 and report Ca(II)-dependent and strain-selective behavior. S100A12 exhibited in vitro growth inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, S100A12 had negligible effect on the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Loss of functional ZnuABC, a high-affinity Zn(II) import system, increased the susceptibility of E. coli and P. aeruginosa to S100A12, indicating that S100A12 deprives these mutant strains of Zn(II). To evaluate the Zn(II)-binding sites of S100A12 in solution, we present studies using Co(II) as a spectroscopic probe and chromophoric small-molecule chelators in Zn(II) competition titrations. We confirm that S100A12 binds Zn(II) with a 2:1 stoichiometry, and our data indicate sub-nanomolar affinity binding. Taken together, these data support a model whereby S100A12 uses Ca(II) ions to tune its Zn(II)-chelating properties and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Cunden
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA . ; Fax: +1-617-324-0505 ; Tel: +1-617-452-2495
| | - Aleth Gaillard
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA . ; Fax: +1-617-324-0505 ; Tel: +1-617-452-2495
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA . ; Fax: +1-617-324-0505 ; Tel: +1-617-452-2495
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17
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium growth is inhibited by the concomitant binding of Zn(II) and a pyrrolyl-hydroxamate to ZnuA, the soluble component of the ZnuABC transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:534-41. [PMID: 26691136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under conditions of Zn(II) deficiency, the most relevant high affinity Zn(II) transport system synthesized by many Gram-negative bacteria is the ZnuABC transporter. ZnuABC is absent in eukaryotes and plays an important role in bacterial virulence. Consequently, ZnuA, the periplasmic component of the transporter, appeared as a good target candidate to find new compounds able to contrast bacterial growth by interfering with Zn(II) uptake. METHODS Antibacterial activity assays on selected compounds from and in-house library against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC14028 were performed. The X-ray structure of the complex formed by SeZnuA with an active compound was solved at 2.15Å resolution. RESULTS Two di-aryl pyrrole hydroxamic acids differing in the position of a chloride ion, RDS50 ([1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-hydroxamic acid]) and RDS51 (1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-hydroxamic acid) were able to inhibit Salmonella growth and its invasion ability of Caco-2 cells. The X-ray structure of SeZnuA containing RDS51 revealed its presence at the metal binding site concomitantly with Zn(II) which is coordinated by protein residues and the hydroxamate moiety of the compound. CONCLUSIONS Two molecules interfering with ZnuA-mediated Zn(II) transport in Salmonella have been identified for the first time. The resolution of the SeZnuA-RDS51 X-ray structure revealed that RDS51 is tightly bound both to the protein and to Zn(II) thereby inhibiting its release. These features pave the way to the rational design of new Zn(II)-binding drugs against Salmonella. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The data reported show that targeting the bacterial ZnuABC transporter can represent a good strategy to find new antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria.
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18
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Schneider RDO, Diehl C, Dos Santos FM, Piffer AC, Garcia AWA, Kulmann MIR, Schrank A, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, Staats CC. Effects of zinc transporters on Cryptococcus gattii virulence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10104. [PMID: 25951314 PMCID: PMC4423424 DOI: 10.1038/srep10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all living organisms because it is a co-factor of several important proteins. Furthermore, zinc may play an essential role in the infectiousness of microorganisms. Previously, we determined that functional zinc metabolism is associated with Cryptococcus gattii virulence. Here, we characterized the ZIP zinc transporters in this human pathogen. Transcriptional profiling revealed that zinc levels regulated the expression of the ZIP1, ZIP2 and ZIP3 genes, although only the C. gattii zinc transporter Zip1 was required for yeast growth under zinc-limiting conditions. To associate zinc uptake defects with virulence, the most studied cryptococcal virulence factors (i.e., capsule, melanin and growth at 37 °C) were assessed in ZIP mutant strains; however, no differences were detected in these classical virulence-associated traits among the mutant and WT strains. Interestingly, higher levels of reactive oxygen species were detected in the zip1Δ and in the zip1Δ zip2Δ double mutants. In line with these phenotypic alterations, the zip1Δ zip2Δ double mutant displayed attenuated virulence in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Together, these results indicate that adequate zinc uptake is necessary for cryptococcal fitness and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Lívia Kmetzsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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19
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Bardiot D, Thevissen K, De Brucker K, Peeters A, Cos P, Taborda CP, McNaughton M, Maes L, Chaltin P, Cammue BPA, Marchand A. 2-(2-Oxo-morpholin-3-yl)-acetamide Derivatives as Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1502-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501814x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Bardiot
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator
2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre
of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
20, Box 2460, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Katrijn De Brucker
- Centre
of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
20, Box 2460, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Annelies Peeters
- Centre
of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
20, Box 2460, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Drie Eiken, building S, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carlos P. Taborda
- Instituto
de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Michael McNaughton
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator
2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Drie Eiken, building S, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator
2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre
of Microbial and Plant Genetics, CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
20, Box 2460, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department
of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchand
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator
2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Luo H, Macapagal N, Newell K, Man A, Parupudi A, Li Y, Li Y. Effects of salt-induced reversible self-association on the elution behavior of a monoclonal antibody in cation exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Wong SSW, Samaranayake LP, Seneviratne CJ. In pursuit of the ideal antifungal agent for Candida infections: high-throughput screening of small molecules. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1721-1730. [PMID: 24952336 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Candida infections have created a great burden on the public healthcare sector. The situation is worsened by recent epidemiological changes. Furthermore, the current arsenal of antifungal agents is limited and associated with undesirable drawbacks. Therefore, new antifungal agents that surpass the existing ones are urgently needed. High-throughput screening of small molecule libraries enables rapid hit identification and, possibly, increases hit rate. Moreover, the identified hits could be associated with unrecognized or multiple drug targets, which would provide novel insights into the biological processes of the pathogen. Hence, it is proposed that high-throughput screening of small molecules is particularly important in the pursuit of the ideal antifungal agents for Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S W Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chaminda J Seneviratne
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Marvin RG, Wolford JL, Kidd MJ, Murphy S, Ward J, Que EL, Mayer ML, Penner-Hahn JE, Haldar K, O'Halloran TV. Fluxes in "free" and total zinc are essential for progression of intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:731-41. [PMID: 22726687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic fluxes in the concentration of ions and small molecules are fundamental features of cell signaling, differentiation, and development. Similar roles for fluxes in transition metal concentrations are less well established. Here, we show that massive zinc fluxes are essential in the infection cycle of an intracellular eukaryotic parasite. Using single-cell quantitative imaging, we show that growth of the blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasite requires acquisition of 30 million zinc atoms per erythrocyte before host cell rupture, corresponding to a 400% increase in total zinc concentration. Zinc accumulates in a freely available form in parasitophorous compartments outside the food vacuole, including mitochondria. Restriction of zinc availability via small molecule treatment causes a drop in mitochondrial membrane potential and severely inhibits parasite growth. Thus, extraordinary zinc acquisition and trafficking are essential for parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Marvin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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23
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Falconer S, Wang W, Gehrke S, Cuneo J, Britten J, Wright G, Brown E. Metal-Induced Isomerization Yields an Intracellular Chelator that Disrupts Bacterial Iron Homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cerasi M, Ammendola S, Battistoni A. Competition for zinc binding in the host-pathogen interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:108. [PMID: 24400228 PMCID: PMC3872050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its favorable chemical properties, zinc is used as a structural or catalytic cofactor in a very large number of proteins. Despite the apparent abundance of this metal in all cell types, the intracellular pool of loosely bound zinc ions available for biological exchanges is in the picomolar range and nearly all zinc is tightly bound to proteins. In addition, to limit bacterial growth, some zinc-sequestering proteins are produced by eukaryotic hosts in response to infections. Therefore, to grow and multiply in the infected host, bacterial pathogens must produce high affinity zinc importers, such as the ZnuABC transporter which is present in most Gram-negative bacteria. Studies carried in different bacterial species have established that disruption of ZnuABC is usually associated with a remarkable loss of pathogenicity. The critical involvement of zinc in a plethora of metabolic and virulence pathways and the presence of very low number of zinc importers in most bacterial species mark zinc homeostasis as a very promising target for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cerasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario Rome, Italy
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