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Zhang S, Saunders T. Mechanical processes underlying precise and robust cell matching. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:75-84. [PMID: 34130903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the development of complicated multicellular organisms, the robust formation of specific cell-cell connections (cell matching) is required for the generation of precise tissue structures. Mismatches or misconnections can lead to various diseases. Diverse mechanical cues, including differential adhesion and temporally varying cell contractility, are involved in regulating the process of cell-cell recognition and contact formation. Cells often start the process of cell matching through contact via filopodia protrusions, mediated by specific adhesion interactions at the cell surface. These adhesion interactions give rise to differential mechanical signals that can be further perceived by the cells. In conjunction with contractions generated by the actomyosin networks within the cells, this differentially coded adhesion information can be translated to reposition and sort cells. Here, we review the role of these different cell matching components and suggest how these mechanical factors cooperate with each other to facilitate specificity in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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2
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Labernadie A, Trepat X. Sticking, steering, squeezing and shearing: cell movements driven by heterotypic mechanical forces. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Identifying Genetic Players in Cell Sheet Morphogenesis Using a Drosophila Deficiency Screen for Genes on Chromosome 2R Involved in Dorsal Closure. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2361-2387. [PMID: 29776969 PMCID: PMC6027880 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell sheet morphogenesis characterizes key developmental transitions and homeostasis, in vertebrates and throughout phylogeny, including gastrulation, neural tube formation and wound healing. Dorsal closure, a process during Drosophila embryogenesis, has emerged as a model for cell sheet morphogenesis. ∼140 genes are currently known to affect dorsal closure and new genes are identified each year. Many of these genes were identified in screens that resulted in arrested development. Dorsal closure is remarkably robust and many questions regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in this complex biological process remain. Thus, it is important to identify all genes that contribute to the kinematics and dynamics of closure. Here, we used a set of large deletions (deficiencies), which collectively remove 98.5% of the genes on the right arm of Drosophila melanogaster’s 2nd chromosome to identify “dorsal closure deficiencies”. Through two crosses, we unambiguously identified embryos homozygous for each deficiency and time-lapse imaged them for the duration of closure. Images were analyzed for defects in cell shapes and tissue movements. Embryos homozygous for 47 deficiencies have notable, diverse defects in closure, demonstrating that a number of discrete processes comprise closure and are susceptible to mutational disruption. Further analysis of these deficiencies will lead to the identification of at least 30 novel “dorsal closure genes”. We expect that many of these novel genes will identify links to pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure. We also expect to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure.
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Kiehart DP, Crawford JM, Aristotelous A, Venakides S, Edwards GS. Cell Sheet Morphogenesis: Dorsal Closure in Drosophila melanogaster as a Model System. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:169-202. [PMID: 28992442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a key process during Drosophila morphogenesis that models cell sheet movements in chordates, including neural tube closure, palate formation, and wound healing. Closure occurs midway through embryogenesis and entails circumferential elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets that close a dorsal hole filled with amnioserosa cells. Signaling pathways regulate the function of cellular structures and processes, including Actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion complexes, and endocytosis/vesicle trafficking. These orchestrate complex shape changes and movements that entail interactions between five distinct cell types. Genetic and laser perturbation studies establish that closure is robust, resilient, and the consequence of redundancy that contributes to four distinct biophysical processes: contraction of the amnioserosa, contraction of supracellular Actomyosin cables, elongation (stretching?) of the lateral epidermis, and zipping together of two converging cell sheets. What triggers closure and what the emergent properties are that give rise to its extraordinary resilience and fidelity remain key, extant questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Kiehart
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Janice M Crawford
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Andreas Aristotelous
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383
| | | | - Glenn S Edwards
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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Eder D, Basler K, Aegerter CM. Challenging FRET-based E-Cadherin force measurements in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13692. [PMID: 29057959 PMCID: PMC5651909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a critical role during embryonic development. Cellular and tissue wide forces direct cell migration, drive tissue morphogenesis and regulate organ growth. Despite the relevance of mechanics for these processes, our knowledge of the dynamics of mechanical forces in living tissues remains scarce. Recent studies have tried to address this problem with the development of tension sensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). These sensors are integrated into force bearing proteins and allow the measurement of mechanical tensions on subcellular structures. Here, we developed such a FRET-based sensor to measure E-Cadherin tensions in different Drosophila tissues in and ex vivo. Similar to previous studies, we integrated the sensor module into E-cadherin. We assessed the sensitivity of the sensor by measuring dynamic, developmental processes and mechanical modifications in three Drosophila tissues: the wing imaginal disc, the amnioserosa cells and the migrating border cells. However, these assays revealed that the sensor is not functional to measure the magnitude of tensions occurring in any of the three tissues. Moreover, we encountered technical problems with the measurement of FRET, which might represent more general pitfalls with FRET sensors in living tissues. These insights will help future studies to better design and control mechano-sensing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Eder
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Christof M Aegerter
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
- Institute of Physics, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
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Lu H, Sokolow A, Kiehart DP, Edwards GS. Quantifying dorsal closure in three dimensions. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3948-3955. [PMID: 27798232 PMCID: PMC5156535 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal closure is an essential stage of Drosophila embryogenesis and is a powerful model system for morphogenesis, wound healing, and tissue biomechanics. During closure, two flanks of lateral epidermis close an eye-shaped dorsal opening that is filled with amnioserosa. The two flanks of lateral epidermis are zipped together at each canthus ("corner" of the eye). Actomyosin-rich purse strings are localized at each of the two leading edges of lateral epidermis ("lids" of the eye). Here we report that each purse string indents the dorsal surface at each leading edge. The amnioserosa tissue bulges outward during the early-to-mid stages of closure to form a remarkably smooth, asymmetric dome indicative of an isotropic and uniform surface tension. Internal pressure of the embryo and tissue elastic properties help to shape the dorsal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lu
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Adam Sokolow
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
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Lu H, Sokolow A, Kiehart DP, Edwards GS. Remodeling Tissue Interfaces and the Thermodynamics of Zipping during Dorsal Closure in Drosophila. Biophys J 2016; 109:2406-17. [PMID: 26636951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal closure during Drosophila embryogenesis is an important model system for investigating the biomechanics of morphogenesis. During closure, two flanks of lateral epidermis (with actomyosin-rich purse strings near each leading edge) close an eye-shaped opening that is filled with amnioserosa. At each canthus (corner of the eye) a zipping process remodels the tissue interfaces between the leading edges of the lateral epidermis and the amnioserosa. We investigated zipping dynamics and found that apposing leading edge cells come together at their apical ends and then square off basally to form a lateral junction. Meanwhile, the purse strings act as contractile elastic rods bent toward the embryo interior near each canthus. We propose that a canthus-localized force contributes to both bending the ends of the purse strings and the formation of lateral junctions. We developed a thermodynamic model for zipping based on three-dimensional remodeling of the tissue interfaces and the reaction dynamics of adhesion molecules in junctions and elsewhere, which we applied to zipping during unperturbed wild-type closure and to laser or genetically perturbed closure. We identified two processes that can contribute to the zipping mechanism, consistent with experiments, distinguished by whether amnioserosa dynamics do or do not augment canthus adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lu
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adam Sokolow
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Glenn S Edwards
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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Stower MJ, Srinivas S. Heading forwards: anterior visceral endoderm migration in patterning the mouse embryo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0546. [PMID: 25349454 PMCID: PMC4216468 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elaboration of anterior–posterior (A–P) pattern is one of the earliest events during development and requires the precisely coordinated action of several players at the level of molecules, cells and tissues. In mammals, it is controlled by a specialized population of migratory extraembryonic epithelial cells, the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). The AVE is a signalling centre that is responsible for several important patterning events during early development, including specifying the orientation of the A–P axis and the position of the heart with respect to the brain. AVE cells undergo a characteristic stereotypical migration which is crucial to their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stower
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Cell adhesion in Drosophila: versatility of cadherin and integrin complexes during development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:702-12. [PMID: 22938782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We highlight recent progress in understanding cadherin and integrin function in the model organism Drosophila. New functions for these adhesion receptors continue to be discovered in this system, emphasising the importance of cell adhesion within the developing organism and showing that the requirement for cell adhesion changes between cell types. New ways to control adhesion have been discovered, including controlling the expression and recruitment of adhesion components, their posttranslational modification, recycling and turnover. Importantly, even ubiquitous adhesion components can function differently in distinct cellular contexts.
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