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Hou JB, Hughes NC, Hopkins MJ, Shu D. Gill function in an early arthropod and the widespread adoption of the countercurrent exchange mechanism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230341. [PMID: 37593708 PMCID: PMC10427831 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising but fluctuating oxygen levels in the Early Palaeozoic provide an environmental context for the radiation of early metazoans, but little is known about how mechanistically early animals satisfied their oxygen requirements. Here we propose that the countercurrent gaseous exchange, a highly efficient respiratory mechanism, was effective in the gills of the Late Ordovician trilobite Triarthrus eatoni. In order to test this, we use computational fluid dynamics to simulate water flow around its gills and show that water velocity decreased distinctly in front of and between the swollen ends, which first encountered the oxygen-charged water, and slowed continuously at the mid-central region, forming a buffer zone with a slight increase of the water volume. In T. eatoni respiratory surface area was maximized by extending filament height and gill shaft length. In comparison with the oxygen capacity of modern fish and crustaceans, a relatively low weight specific area in T. eatoni may indicate its low oxygen uptake, possibly related to a less active life mode. Exceptionally preserved respiratory structures in the Cambrian deuterostome Haikouella are also consistent with a model of countercurrent gaseous exchange, exemplifying the wide adoption of this strategy among early animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nigel C. Hughes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Melanie J. Hopkins
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Degan Shu
- Early Life Institute and State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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Hou JB, Hughes NC, Hopkins MJ. The trilobite upper limb branch is a well-developed gill. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe7377. [PMID: 33789898 PMCID: PMC8011964 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whether the upper limb branch of Paleozoic "biramous" arthropods, including trilobites, served a respiratory function has been much debated. Here, new imaging of the trilobite Triarthrus eatoni shows that dumbbell-shaped filaments in the upper limb branch are morphologically comparable with gill structures in crustaceans that aerate the hemolymph. In Olenoides serratus, the upper limb's partial articulation to the body via an extended arthrodial membrane is morphologically comparable to the junction of the respiratory book gill of Limulus and differentiates it from the typically robust exopod junction in Chelicerata or Crustacea. Apparently limited mechanical rotation of the upper branch may have protected the respiratory structures. Partial attachment of the upper branch to the body wall may represent an intermediate state in the evolution of limb branch fusion between dorsal attachment to the body wall, as in Radiodonta, and ventral fusion to the limb base, as in extant Euarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Hou
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Nigel C Hughes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Melanie J Hopkins
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
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Ou Q, Vannier J, Yang X, Chen A, Mai H, Shu D, Han J, Fu D, Wang R, Mayer G. Evolutionary trade-off in reproduction of Cambrian arthropods. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3376. [PMID: 32426476 PMCID: PMC7190318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trade-offs play a crucial role in the evolution of life-history strategies of extant organisms by shaping traits such as growth pattern, reproductive investment, and lifespan. One important trade-off is between offspring number and energy (nutrition, parental care, etc.) allocated to individual offspring. Exceptional Cambrian fossils allowed us to trace the earliest evidence of trade-offs in arthropod reproduction. †Chuandianella ovata, from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota of China, brooded numerous (≤100 per clutch), small (Ø, ~0.5 mm) eggs under carapace flaps. The closely related †Waptia fieldensis, from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of Canada, also brooded young, but carried fewer (≤ 26 per clutch), larger (Ø, ~2.0 mm) eggs. The notable differences in clutch/egg sizes between these two species suggest an evolutionary trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring. The shift toward fewer, larger eggs might be an adaptive response to marine ecosystem changes through the early-middle Cambrian. We hypothesize that reproductive trade-offs might have facilitated the evolutionary success of early arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Jean Vannier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ailin Chen
- Research Center of Paleobiology, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China
| | - Huijuan Mai
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Degan Shu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jian Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Dongjing Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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Abstract
Bradoriids, among the earliest arthropods to appear in the fossil record, are extinct, ostracod-like bivalved forms that ranged from the early Cambrian to the Middle Ordovician. Bradoriids are notable for having appeared in the Cambrian fossil record before the earliest trilobites, and considering their rapid ascent to high genus-level diversity, provide key data for our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of the Cambrian Explosion. This paper presents a broad review of bradoriid paleobiology. It is hypothesized here that an allele of Antennapedia determines whether bradoriid shields are preplete, amplete, or postplete. The preplete configuration of the shields of Cambroarchilocus tigris gen. nov. sp. nov. suggests that shield rowing motion may have propelled the animal backwards. Arcuate scars attributed here to a microdurophagous predator (Arcuoichnus pierci nov. ichnogen. nov. ichnosp.) occur on the paratype of Cambroarchilocus tigris gen. nov. sp. nov.
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Wang D, Vannier J, Schumann I, Wang X, Yang XG, Komiya T, Uesugi K, Sun J, Han J. Origin of ecdysis: fossil evidence from 535-million-year-old scalidophoran worms. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190791. [PMID: 31288707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With millions of extant species, ecdysozoans (Scalidophora, Nematoida and Panarthropoda) constitute a major portion of present-day biodiversity. All ecdysozoans secrete an exoskeletal cuticle which must be moulted periodically and replaced by a larger one. Although moulting (ecdysis) has been recognized in early Palaeozoic panarthropods such as trilobites and basal groups such as anomalocaridids and lobopodians, the fossil record lacks clear evidence of ecdysis in early scalidophorans, largely because of difficulties in recognizing true exuviae. Here, we describe two types of exuviae in microscopic scalidophoran worms from the lowermost Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation ( ca 535 Ma) of China and reconstruct their moulting process. These basal scalidophorans moulted in a manner similar to that of extant priapulid worms, extricating themselves smoothly from their old tubular cuticle or turning their exuviae inside out like the finger of a glove. This is the oldest record of moulting in ecdysozoans. We also discuss the origin of ecdysis in the light of recent molecular analyses and the significance of moulting in the early evolution of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China.,2 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 , France
| | - Jean Vannier
- 2 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement (CNRS-UMR 5276), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 , France
| | - Isabell Schumann
- 3 Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig , Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig , Germany.,4 Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig , Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Xing Wang
- 5 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey , Qingdao 266071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tsuyoshi Komiya
- 6 Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- 7 Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo , Japan
| | - Jie Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Han
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , People's Republic of China
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Siveter DJ, Briggs DEG, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD. A well-preserved respiratory system in a Silurian ostracod. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0464. [PMID: 30404865 PMCID: PMC6283931 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostracod crustaceans are diverse and ubiquitous in aqueous environments today but relatively few known species have gills. Ostracods are the most abundant fossil arthropods but examples of soft-part preservation, especially of gills, are exceptionally rare. A new ostracod, Spiricopia aurita (Myodocopa), from the marine Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte (430 Mya), UK, preserves appendages, lateral eyes and gills. The respiratory system includes five pairs of gill lamellae with hypobranchial and epibranchial canals that conveyed haemolymph. A heart and associated vessels had likely evolved in ostracods by the Mid-Silurian.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Siveter
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Derek J Siveter
- Earth Collections, University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Vannier J, Schoenemann B, Gillot T, Charbonnier S, Clarkson E. Exceptional preservation of eye structure in arthropod visual predators from the Middle Jurassic. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10320. [PMID: 26785293 PMCID: PMC4735654 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision has revolutionized the way animals explore their environment and interact with each other and rapidly became a major driving force in animal evolution. However, direct evidence of how ancient animals could perceive their environment is extremely difficult to obtain because internal eye structures are almost never fossilized. Here, we reconstruct with unprecedented resolution the three-dimensional structure of the huge compound eye of a 160-million-year-old thylacocephalan arthropod from the La Voulte exceptional fossil biota in SE France. This arthropod had about 18,000 lenses on each eye, which is a record among extinct and extant arthropods and is surpassed only by modern dragonflies. Combined information about its eyes, internal organs and gut contents obtained by X-ray microtomography lead to the conclusion that this thylacocephalan arthropod was a visual hunter probably adapted to illuminated environments, thus contradicting the hypothesis that La Voulte was a deep-water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Vannier
- Université Lyon 1, UMR 5276 du CNRS, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Bâtiment GEODE, 2, rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Brigitte Schoenemann
- Department of Neurobiology/Animal Physiology, Biocenter Cologne, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47b, D-50674 Köln, Germany
- Institute of Biology Education (Zoology), University of Cologne, Herbert Lewinstrasse 2, D-50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Gillot
- Université Lyon 1, UMR 5276 du CNRS, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Bâtiment GEODE, 2, rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Centre de Géosciences, MINES-ParisTech, 33, rue Saint Honoré, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
| | - Sylvain Charbonnier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universités-MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris6, Case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Euan Clarkson
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
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Harrison JF. Handling and Use of Oxygen by Pancrustaceans: Conserved Patterns and the Evolution of Respiratory Structures. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:802-15. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Payne JL, Jost AB, Wang SC, Skotheim JM. A SHIFT IN THE LONG-TERM MODE OF FORAMINIFERAN SIZE EVOLUTION CAUSED BY THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION. Evolution 2012; 67:816-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Crossin KL. Oxygen levels and the regulation of cell adhesion in the nervous system: a control point for morphogenesis in development, disease and evolution? Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:49-58. [PMID: 22647940 DOI: 10.4161/cam.19582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, I discuss the hallmarks of hypoxia in vitro and in vivo and review work showing that many types of stem cell proliferate more robustly in lowered oxygen. I then discuss recent studies showing that alterations in the levels and the types of cell and substrate adhesion molecules are a notable response to reduced O(2) levels in both cultured primary neural stem cells and brain tissues in response to hypoxia in vivo. The ability of O(2) levels to regulate adhesion molecule expression is linked to the Wnt signaling pathway, which can control and be controlled by adhesion events. The ability of O(2) levels to influence cell adhesion also has far-reaching implications for development, ischemic trauma and neural regeneration, as well as for cancer and other diseases. Finally I discuss the possibility that the fluctuations in O(2) levels known to have occurred over evolutionary time could, by influencing adhesion systems, have contributed to early symbiotic events in unicellular organisms and to the emergence of multicellularity. It is not my intention to be exhaustive in these domains, which are far from my own field of study. Rather this article is meant to provoke and stimulate thinking about molecular evolution involving O(2) sensing and signaling during eras of geologic and atmospheric change that might inform modern studies on development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Crossin
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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