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Huang Z, Li H, Wang P, Huang J. Effects of Low-Calorie Nutrition Claim on Consumption of Packaged Food in China: An Application of the Model of Consumer Behavior. Front Psychol 2022; 12:799802. [PMID: 35153923 PMCID: PMC8833154 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.799802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more packaged products in China have been labeled as low-calorie products since the official implementation of nutrition claims in 2007. But little was known about the impact of such claims on the Chinese consumption of low-calorie food on the background of increasing rates of obesity among the Chinese population. This study sought to fill the gap by applying a consumer behavior model to a nationally representative online survey by means of structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that nutrition claims significantly affect the consumption of low-calorie products. Specifically, marketing stimulus on low-calorie products first affected consumer psychology, then consumer decision-making, and finally consumer responses. Despite the significant role of consumer psychology and decision-making in consumption, consumers were susceptible to the influence of targeted marketing strategies for foods with a low-calorie claim. It is recommended that appropriate use of low-calorie nutrition claims by manufacturers and choices of low-calorie food by consumers according to their own needs should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Li
- School of Information & Intelligence Engineering, University of Sanya, Sanya, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiazhang Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiazhang Huang,
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Lin L, Li C, Jin C, Peng Y, Hashem KM, MacGregor GA, He FJ, Wang H. Sugar and energy content of carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages in Haidian District, Beijing: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022048. [PMID: 30104316 PMCID: PMC6091898 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consumption of carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (CSSBs) is associated with a range of health problems, but little is known about the sugar and energy content of CSSBs in China. The study aimed to investigate the sugar and energy content of CSSBs in Beijing, China. STUDY DESIGN We carried out a cross-sectional survey in 15 different supermarkets from July to October 2017 in Haidian District, Beijing. METHODS The product packaging and nutrient labels of CSSBs were recorded by a snapshot in time to obtain company name, product name, serving size, and nutrient content, that is, carbohydrate, sugar and energy. For CSSB labels not showing sugar content, we used carbohydrate content as substitute. The sugar and energy content of CSSBs within each type of flavour were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. The sugar content within the recommended levels was described using frequency. We also compared the sugar and energy content of top 5 CSSBs in terms of sales among three countries (China, UK and USA). RESULTS A total of 93 CSSB products were found. The median sugar content was 9.3 (IQR: 5.7-11.2) g/100 mL, and the energy content was 38 (IQR: 23-46) kcal/100 mL. There were 79 products labelled 'Red' (high) per serving based on the criteria set in the UK (>11.25 g/100 mL). We found 62.4% of CSSBs had sugar content per serving that exceeds the daily free sugar intake for adults (25 g) recommended by the WHO. Some of the branded products sold in China had higher sugar content when they were compared with those in Western countries. CONCLUSIONS CSSBs in Beijing, China have high sugar and energy content. Reduction in sugar content and serving size of CSSBs and taxation policy on beverages will be beneficial in reducing sugar intake in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Lin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxiong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyao Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhou Peng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kawther M Hashem
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Zhou Y, Du S, Su C, Zhang B, Wang H, Popkin BM. The food retail revolution in China and its association with diet and health. FOOD POLICY 2015; 55. [PMID: 26217068 PMCID: PMC4513366 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The processed food sector in low- and middle-income countries has grown rapidly. Little is understood about its effect on obesity. Using data from 14,976 participants aged two and older in the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey, this paper examines patterns of processed food consumption and their impacts on obesity while considering the endogeneity of those who purchase processed foods. A major assumption of our analysis of the impact of processed foods on overweight and obesity was that the consumption of processed foods is endogenous due to their accessibility and urbanicity levels. The results show that 74.5% of participants consumed processed foods, excluding edible oils and other condiments; 28.5% of participants' total daily energy intake (EI) was from processed foods. Children and teenagers in megacities had the highest proportion of EI (40.2%) from processed foods. People who lived in megacities or highly urbanized neighborhoods with higher incomes and educational achievement consumed more processed foods. When controlling for endogeneity, only the body mass index (BMI) and risk of being overweight of children ages two to eighteen are adversely associated with processed foods (+4.97 BMI units, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66-8.28; odds ratio (OR) = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.45-9.13). Processed food purchases represent less than a third of current Chinese food purchases. However, processed food purchases are growing at the rate of 50% per year, and we must begin to understand the implications for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhou
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufa Du
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chang Su
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Barry M. Popkin
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Corresponding author: Barry M. Popkin, Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 206 W. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, Phone: 919-966-1731, Fax: 919-966-9159,
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Huang L, Li N, Barzi F, Ma G, Trevena H, Dunford E, Land MA, Neal B. A systematic review of the prevalence of nutrition labels and completeness of nutrient declarations on pre-packaged foods in China. J Public Health (Oxf) 2014; 37:649-58. [PMID: 25416171 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese government launched a voluntary nutrition labelling code in 2007 and made it mandatory since 1 January 2013. This article aims to quantify the prevalence of nutrition labels and the completeness of nutrient declarations on pre-packaged foods in China and to explore the impact of the 2007 code. METHODS A systematic search of the published and grey literature was done, and a random-effects meta-analysis was used to obtain summary estimates. RESULTS There were 15 surveys identified from 13 reports. For 44% (95% confidence interval: 37-51%) of the 22 636 food items, the product label provided information on one or more nutrients. There was significant heterogeneity between the surveys (I(2) = 99%, P < 0.001) raising some uncertainty about the reliability of the estimate. The heterogeneity was in part explained by differences in labelling between food categories (P < 0.001) but not by changes in the prevalence of nutrition labels over time (P = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS Most pre-packaged foods in this survey had a nutrition label non-compliant with current Chinese nutrition labelling standards. The voluntary code launched in 2007 had limited impact on nutrition labelling. There is significant scope for the recently introduced mandatory labelling requirements to improve nutrition labelling in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - N Li
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - F Barzi
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - G Ma
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC, No 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - H Trevena
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - E Dunford
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - M-A Land
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - B Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the presence of nutrition labels on pre-packaged food products, as well as to analyse the types of presentation. DESIGN This was a descriptive study. The following characteristics were analysed: (i) presence and placement of the nutrition declaration (either as front-of-pack (FOP) or back-of-pack (BOP)); (ii) content of the presented information; (iii) presence of nutrition and health claims; and (iv) legibility of the written information. Settings Three different types of retailers in Belgrade, Serbia. SUBJECTS A total of 2138 pre-packaged food products from ten categories. RESULTS A nutrition declaration was found on 65.9% of all tested products. It was displayed on the back of the packaging of 62.7% of products and on the front of the packaging of 19.1% of products. BOP was the most commonly observed in breakfast cereals, soft drinks, milk and instant soups (in total over 90%), and the least common in meat products (21.5%). FOP was predominantly displayed on breakfast cereals (65.0%) and the least frequently on milk products (2.4%). The 'Big 4' (energy value, protein, carbohydrate and fat contents) and the 'Big 4 with additional information' figured on 40.9% of products. The 'Big 8' ('Big 4' plus sugar, saturated fat, fibre and sodium contents) and the 'Big 8 with additional information' were present less frequently (20.5%). Nutrition claims and health claims appeared on very few products (6.6% and 6.3%, respectively). The proportion of products with insufficient legibility was 31.5%. CONCLUSIONS Nutrition labelling in Belgrade, Serbia is not satisfactory. Mandatory regulations may be the best way to improve the current situation.
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Rayner M, Wood A, Lawrence M, Mhurchu CN, Albert J, Barquera S, Friel S, Hawkes C, Kelly B, Kumanyika S, L'abbé M, Lee A, Lobstein T, Ma J, Macmullan J, Mohan S, Monteiro C, Neal B, Sacks G, Sanders D, Snowdon W, Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S, Walker C. Monitoring the health-related labelling of foods and non-alcoholic beverages in retail settings. Obes Rev 2013; 14 Suppl 1:70-81. [PMID: 24074212 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food labelling on food packaging has the potential to have both positive and negative effects on diets. Monitoring different aspects of food labelling would help to identify priority policy options to help people make healthier food choices. A taxonomy of the elements of health-related food labelling is proposed. A systematic review of studies that assessed the nature and extent of health-related food labelling has been conducted to identify approaches to monitoring food labelling. A step-wise approach has been developed for independently assessing the nature and extent of health-related food labelling in different countries and over time. Procedures for sampling the food supply, and collecting and analysing data are proposed, as well as quantifiable measurement indicators and benchmarks for health-related food labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rayner
- British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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