1
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Zangerl-Plessl EM, Wu W, Sanguinetti MC, Stary-Weinzinger A. Binding of RPR260243 at the intracellular side of the hERG1 channel pore domain slows closure of the helix bundle crossing gate. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1137368. [PMID: 36911523 PMCID: PMC9996038 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1137368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The opening and closing of voltage-dependent potassium channels is dependent on a tight coupling between movement of the voltage sensing S4 segments and the activation gate. A specific interaction between intracellular amino- and carboxyl-termini is required for the characteristically slow rate of channel closure (deactivation) of hERG1 channels. Compounds that increase hERG1 channel currents represent a novel approach for prevention of arrhythmia associated with prolonged ventricular repolarization. RPR260243 (RPR), a quinoline oxo-propyl piperidine derivative, inhibits inactivation and dramatically slows the rate of hERG1 channel deactivation. Here we report that similar to its effect on wild-type channels, RPR greatly slows the deactivation rate of hERG1 channels missing their amino-termini, or of split channels lacking a covalent link between the voltage sensor domain and the pore domain. By contrast, RPR did not slow deactivation of C-terminal truncated hERG1 channels or D540K hERG1 mutant channels activated by hyperpolarization. Together, these findings indicate that ability of RPR to slow deactivation requires an intact C-terminus, does not slow deactivation by stabilizing an interaction involving the amino-terminus or require a covalent link between the voltage sensor and pore domains. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations using the cryo-EM structure of the hERG1 channel revealed that RPR binds to a pocket located at the intracellular ends of helices S5 and S6 of a single subunit. The slowing of channel deactivation by RPR may be mediated by disruption of normal S5-S6 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Michael C Sanguinetti
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt LakeCity, UT, United States
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2
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Cole BA, Clapcote SJ, Muench SP, Lippiat JD. Targeting K Na1.1 channels in KCNT1-associated epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:700-713. [PMID: 34074526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants of KCNT1, the gene encoding the largest known potassium channel subunit, KNa1.1, are associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies accompanied by severe psychomotor and intellectual disabilities. Blocking hyperexcitable KNa1.1 channels with quinidine, a class I antiarrhythmic drug, has shown variable success in patients in part because of dose-limiting off-target effects, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and low potency. In recent years, high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the chicken KNa1.1 channel in different activation states have been determined, and animal models of the diseases have been generated. Alongside increasing information about the functional effects of GOF pathogenic variants on KNa1.1 channel behaviour and how they lead to hyperexcitability, these tools will facilitate the development of more effective treatment strategies. We review the range of KCNT1 variants and their functional effects, the challenges posed by current treatment strategies, and recent advances in finding more potent and selective therapeutic interventions for KCNT1-related epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Cole
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven J Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Koulgi S, Jani V, Nair V, Saini JS, Phukan S, Sonavane U, Joshi R, Kamboj R, Palle V. Molecular dynamics of hERG channel: insights into understanding the binding of small molecules for detuning cardiotoxicity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5996-6012. [PMID: 33494645 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1875883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of cardiotoxicity potential of new chemical entities (NCEs) has lately become one of the stringent filters in the drug discovery and development process. Cardiotoxicity is caused mainly by the inhibition of human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) channel protein. Inhibition of the hERG channel leads to a life-threatening condition known as cardiac arrhythmia. Knowledge of the structural behaviour of the hERG would aid greatly in the design of new drug molecules that do not interact with the protein and add to the safety index. In this study, a computational model for the active-state of hERG was developed. This model was equilibrated by performing the molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns followed by clustering and selection of a representative structure based on the largest populated cluster. To study the changes in the protein structure on inhibition, three inhibitory ligands, namely, dofetilide, cisapride and terfenadine were docked, followed by molecular dynamics simulations of 200 ns for the apo and each ligand-bound structure. It was observed that docking and simulation studies of the hERG model exhibited noticeable conformational changes in the protein upon ligand-binding. A significant change in the kink of the S6-transmembrane helix was observed. Inter-chain distances between the crucial residues Y652 and F656 (present below the ion-selectivity filter), their side-chain orientation and hydrogen bonding indicated a probable collapse of the pore. These changes may infer the initiation in transition of hERG from an open to an inactive state. Hence, these findings would help in designing compounds devoid of hERG inhibition with reduced cardiotoxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Koulgi
- High Performance Computing - Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune
| | - Vinod Jani
- High Performance Computing - Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune
| | | | - Jagmohan S Saini
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Research Park, Pune, India
| | - Samiron Phukan
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Research Park, Pune, India
| | - Uddhavesh Sonavane
- High Performance Computing - Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- High Performance Computing - Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune
| | - Raj Kamboj
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Research Park, Pune, India
| | - Venkata Palle
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Research Park, Pune, India
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4
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Sengupta D, Bhattacharya G, Ganguli S, Sengupta M. Structural insights and evaluation of the potential impact of missense variants on the interactions of SLIT2 with ROBO1/4 in cancer progression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21909. [PMID: 33318575 PMCID: PMC7736846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognate interaction of ROBO1/4 with its ligand SLIT2 is known to be involved in lung cancer progression. However, the precise role of genetic variants, disrupting the molecular interactions is less understood. All cancer-associated missense variants of ROBO1/4 and SLIT2 from COSMIC were screened for their pathogenicity. Homology modelling was done in Modeller 9.17, followed by molecular simulation in GROMACS. Rigid docking was performed for the cognate partners in PatchDock with refinement in HADDOCK server. Post-docking alterations in conformational, stoichiometric, as well as structural parameters, were assessed. The disruptive variants were ranked using a weighted scoring scheme. In silico prioritisation of 825 variants revealed 379 to be potentially pathogenic out of which, about 12% of the variants, i.e. ROBO1 (14), ROBO4 (8), and SLIT2 (23) altered the cognate docking. Six variants of ROBO1 and 5 variants of ROBO4 were identified as "high disruptors" of interactions with SLIT2 wild type. Likewise, 17 and 13 variants of SLIT2 were found to be "high disruptors" of its interaction with ROBO1 and ROBO4, respectively. Our study is the first report on the impact of cancer-associated missense variants on ROBO1/4 and SLIT2 interactions that might be the drivers of lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Sengupta
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, University College of Science (UCSTA), 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | - Gairika Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, University College of Science (UCSTA), 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
- Cactus Communications, Mumbai, India
| | - Sayak Ganguli
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700 016, India.
| | - Mainak Sengupta
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, University College of Science (UCSTA), 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India.
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5
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Cole BA, Johnson RM, Dejakaisaya H, Pilati N, Fishwick CWG, Muench SP, Lippiat JD. Structure-Based Identification and Characterization of Inhibitors of the Epilepsy-Associated K Na1.1 (KCNT1) Potassium Channel. iScience 2020; 23:101100. [PMID: 32408169 PMCID: PMC7225746 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathies of infancy have been associated with KCNT1 gain-of-function mutations, which increase the activity of KNa1.1 sodium-activated potassium channels. Pharmacological inhibition of hyperactive KNa1.1 channels by quinidine has been proposed as a stratified treatment, but mostly this has not been successful, being linked to the low potency and lack of specificity of the drug. Here we describe the use of a previously determined cryo-electron microscopy-derived KNa1.1 structure and mutational analysis to identify how quinidine binds to the channel pore and, using computational methods, screened for compounds predicated to bind to this site. We describe six compounds that inhibited KNa1.1 channels with low- and sub-micromolar potencies, likely also through binding in the intracellular pore vestibule. In hERG inhibition and cytotoxicity assays, two compounds were ineffective. These may provide starting points for the development of new pharmacophores and could become tool compounds to study this channel further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Cole
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hattapark Dejakaisaya
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nadia Pilati
- Autifony Srl, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Citta' della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti, 4f, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Colin W G Fishwick
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jonathan D Lippiat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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6
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Zangerl-Plessl EM, Berger M, Drescher M, Chen Y, Wu W, Maulide N, Sanguinetti M, Stary-Weinzinger A. Toward a Structural View of hERG Activation by the Small-Molecule Activator ICA-105574. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:360-371. [PMID: 31877041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Outward current conducted by human ether-à-go-go-related gene type 1 (hERG1) K+ channels is important for action potential repolarization in the human ventricle. Rapid, voltage-dependent inactivation greatly reduces outward currents conducted by hERG1 channels and involves conformational changes in the ion selectivity filter (SF). Recently, compounds have been found that activate hERG1 channel function by modulating gating mechanisms such as reducing inactivation. Such activating compounds could represent a novel approach to prevent arrhythmias associated with prolonged ventricular repolarization associated with inherited or acquired long QT syndrome. ICA-105574 (ICA), a 3-nitro-n-(4-phenoxyphenyl) benzamide derivative activates hERG1 by strongly attenuating pore-type inactivation. We previously mapped the putative binding site for ICA to a hydrophobic pocket located between two adjacent subunits. Here, we used the recently reported cryoelectron microscopy structures of hERG1 to elucidate the structural mechanisms by which ICA influences the stability of the SF. By combining molecular dynamics simulations, voltage-clamp electrophysiology, and the synthesis of novel ICA derivatives, we provide atomistic insights into SF dynamics and propose a structural link between the SF and S6 segments. Further, our study highlights the importance of the nitro moiety, at the meta position of the benzamide ring, for the activity of ICA and reveals that the (bio)isosteric substitution of this side chain can switch the activity to weak inhibitors. Our findings indicate that ICA increases the stability of the SF to attenuate channel inactivation, and this action requires a fine-tuned compound geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Zangerl-Plessl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , Wien , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Martin Berger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , Wien , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Martina Drescher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , Wien , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , Wien , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Wei Wu
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84132-340 , United States
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , Wien , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Michael Sanguinetti
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84132-340 , United States
| | - Anna Stary-Weinzinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , Wien , Vienna 1090 , Austria
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7
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Cernuda B, Fernandes CT, Allam SM, Orzillo M, Suppa G, Chia Chang Z, Athanasopoulos D, Buraei Z. The molecular determinants of R-roscovitine block of hERG channels. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217733. [PMID: 31479461 PMCID: PMC6719874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ether-à-go-go-related gene (Kv11.1, or hERG) is a potassium channel that conducts the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) during the repolarization phase of cardiac action potentials. hERG channels have a larger pore than other K+channels and can trap many unintended drugs, often resulting in acquired LQTS (aLQTS). R-roscovitine is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that induces apoptosis in colorectal, breast, prostate, multiple myeloma, other cancer cell lines, and tumor xenografts, in micromolar concentrations. It is well tolerated in phase II clinical trials. R-roscovitine inhibits open hERG channels but does not become trapped in the pore. Two-electrode voltage clamp recordings from Xenopus oocytes expressing wild-type (WT) or hERG pore mutant channels (T623A, S624A, Y652A, F656A) demonstrated that compared to WT hERG, T623A, Y652A, and F656A inhibition by 200 μM R-roscovitine was ~ 48%, 29%, and 73% weaker, respectively. In contrast, S624A hERG was inhibited more potently than WT hERG, with a ~ 34% stronger inhibition. These findings were further supported by the IC50 values, which were increased for T623A, Y652A and F656A (by ~5.5, 2.75, and 42 fold respectively) and reduced 1.3 fold for the S624A mutant. Our data suggest that while T623, Y652, and F656 are critical for R-roscovitine-mediated inhibition, S624 may not be. Docking studies further support our findings. Thus, R-roscovitine’s relatively unique features, coupled with its tolerance in clinical trials, could guide future drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Cernuda
- Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Salma Mohamed Allam
- Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew Orzillo
- Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Suppa
- Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zuleen Chia Chang
- Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Zafir Buraei
- Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Baburin I, Varkevisser R, Schramm A, Saxena P, Beyl S, Szkokan P, Linder T, Stary-Weinzinger A, van der Heyden MAG, Houtman M, Takanari H, Jonsson M, Beekman JHD, Hamburger M, Vos MA, Hering S. Dehydroevodiamine and hortiamine, alkaloids from the traditional Chinese herbal drug Evodia rutaecarpa, are I Kr blockers with proarrhythmic effects in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:150-163. [PMID: 29477480 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evodiae fructus is a widely used herbal drug in traditional Chinese medicine. Evodia extract was found to inhibit hERG channels. The aim of the current study was to identify hERG inhibitors in Evodia extract and to investigate their potential proarrhythmic effects. Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) and hortiamine were identified as IKr (rapid delayed rectifier current) inhibitors in Evodia extract by HPLC-microfractionation and subsequent patch clamp studies on human embryonic kidney cells. DHE and hortiamine inhibited IKr with IC50s of 253.2±26.3nM and 144.8±35.1nM, respectively. In dog ventricular cardiomyocytes, DHE dose-dependently prolonged the action potential duration (APD). Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) were seen in 14, 67, 100, and 67% of cells after 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10μM DHE, respectively. The proarrhythmic potential of DHE was evaluated in 8 anesthetized rabbits and in 8 chronic atrioventricular block (cAVB) dogs. In rabbits, DHE increased the QT interval significantly by 12±10% (0.05mg/kg/5min) and 60±26% (0.5mg/kg/5min), and induced Torsade de Pointes arrhythmias (TdP, 0.5mg/kg/5min) in 2 rabbits. In cAVB dogs, 0.33mg/kg/5min DHE increased QT duration by 48±10% (P<0.05*) and induced TdP in 2/4 dogs. A higher dose did not induce TdP. In human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), methanolic extracts of Evodia, DHE and hortiamine dose-dependently prolonged APD. At 3μM DHE and hortiamine induced EADs. hERG inhibition at submicromolar concentrations, APD prolongation and EADs in hiPSC-CMs and dose-dependent proarrhythmic effects of DHE at micromolar plasma concentrations in cAVB dogs should increase awareness regarding proarrhythmic effects of widely used Evodia extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Baburin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rosanne Varkevisser
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Schramm
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Beyl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Phillip Szkokan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; ChanPharm GmbH, Leidesdorfgasse 14, Top 6, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Stary-Weinzinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel A G van der Heyden
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marien Houtman
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Takanari
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Jonsson
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jet H D Beekman
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Macdonald LC, Kim RY, Kurata HT, Fedida D. Probing the molecular basis of hERG drug block with unnatural amino acids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:289. [PMID: 29321549 PMCID: PMC5762913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repolarization of the cardiac action potential is primarily mediated by two voltage-dependent potassium currents: IKr and IKs. The voltage-gated potassium channel that gives rise to IKr, Kv11.1 (hERG), is uniquely susceptible to high-affinity block by a wide range of drug classes. Pore residues Tyr652 and Phe656 are critical to potent drug interaction with hERG. It is considered that the molecular basis of this broad-spectrum drug block phenomenon occurs through interactions specific to the aromatic nature of the side chains at Tyr652 and Phe656. In this study, we used nonsense suppression to incorporate singly and doubly fluorinated phenylalanine residues at Tyr652 and Phe656 to assess cation-π interactions in hERG terfenadine, quinidine, and dofetilide block. Incorporation of these unnatural amino acids was achieved with minimal alteration to channel activation or inactivation gating. Our assessment of terfenadine, quinidine, and dofetilide block did not reveal evidence of a cation-π interaction at either aromatic residue, but, interestingly, shows that certain fluoro-Phe substitutions at position 652 result in weaker drug potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C Macdonald
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robin Y Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Harley T Kurata
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David Fedida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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10
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Kayık G, Tüzün NŞ, Durdagi S. Structural investigation of vesnarinone at the pore domains of open and open-inactivated states of hERG1 K + channel. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:399-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Incardona JP. Molecular Mechanisms of Crude Oil Developmental Toxicity in Fish. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:19-32. [PMID: 28695261 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With major oil spills in Korea, the United States, and China in the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of studies characterizing the developmental toxicity of crude oil and its associated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The use of model fish species with associated tools for genetic manipulation, combined with high throughput genomics techniques in nonmodel fish species, has led to significant advances in understanding the cellular and molecular bases of functional and morphological defects arising from embryonic exposure to crude oil. Following from the identification of the developing heart as the primary target of crude oil developmental toxicity, studies on individual PACs have revealed a diversity of cardiotoxic mechanisms. For some PACs that are strong agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), defects in heart development arise in an AHR-dependent manner, which has been shown for potent organochlorine agonists, such as dioxins. However, crude oil contains a much larger fraction of compounds that have been found to interfere directly with cardiomyocyte physiology in an AHR-independent manner. By comparing the cellular and molecular responses to AHR-independent and AHR-dependent toxicity, this review focuses on new insights into heart-specific pathways underlying both acute and secondary adverse outcomes to crude oil exposure during fish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
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12
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13
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Kayık G, Tüzün NŞ, Durdagi S. In silico design of novel hERG-neutral sildenafil-like PDE5 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2830-2852. [PMID: 27581752 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1231634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs) have functions in regulating the levels of intracellular second messengers, 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), via hydrolysis and decomposing mechanisms in cells. They take essential roles in modulating various cellular activities such as memory and smooth muscle functions. PDE type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors enhance the vasodilatory effects of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum and they are used to treat erectile dysfunction. Patch clamp experiments showed that the IC50 values of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG1) potassium (K) ion channel blocking affinity of PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil as 33, 12, and 100 μM, respectively. hERG1 channel is responsible for the regulation of the action potential of human ventricular myocyte by contributing the rapid component of delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) component of the cardiac action potential. In this work, interaction patterns and binding affinity predictions of selected PDE5 inhibitors against the hERG1 channel are studied. It is attempted to develop PDE5 inhibitor analogs with lower binding affinity to hERG1 ion channel while keeping their pharmacological activity against their principal target PDE5 using in silico methods. Based on detailed analyses of docking poses and predicted interaction energies, novel analogs of PDE5 inhibitors with lower predicted binding affinity to hERG1 channels without loosing their principal target activity were proposed. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and post-processing MD analyses (i.e. Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area calculations) were performed. Detailed analysis of molecular simulations helped us to better understand the PDE5 inhibitor-target binding interactions in the atomic level. Results of this study can be useful for designing of novel and safe PDE5 inhibitors with enhanced activity and other tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülru Kayık
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul 34469 , Turkey
| | - Nurcan Ş Tüzün
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul 34469 , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- b Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
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14
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Linder T, Bernsteiner H, Saxena P, Bauer F, Erker T, Timin E, Hering S, Stary-Weinzinger A. Drug trapping in hERG K + channels: (not) a matter of drug size? MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:512-518. [PMID: 28337337 PMCID: PMC5292991 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of hERG K+ channels by structurally diverse drugs prolongs the ventricular action potential and increases the risk of torsade de pointes arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The capture of drugs behind closed channel gates, so-called drug trapping, is suggested to harbor an increased pro-arrhythmic risk. In this study, the trapping mechanisms of a trapped hERG blocker propafenone and a bulky derivative (MW: 647.24 g mol-1) were studied by making use of electrophysiological measurements in combination with molecular dynamics simulations. Our study suggests that the hERG cavity is able to accommodate very bulky compounds without disturbing gate closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Austria .
| | - Harald Bernsteiner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Austria .
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Austria .
| | - Florian Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Erker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Austria
| | - Eugen Timin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Austria .
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Austria .
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15
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Zhang KP, Yang BF, Li BX. Translational toxicology and rescue strategies of the hERG channel dysfunction: biochemical and molecular mechanistic aspects. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1473-84. [PMID: 25418379 PMCID: PMC4261120 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ether-à-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel is an obligatory anti-target for drug development on account of its essential role in cardiac repolarization and its close association with arrhythmia. Diverse drugs have been removed from the market owing to their inhibitory activity on the hERG channel and their contribution to acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS). Moreover, mutations that cause hERG channel dysfunction may induce congenital LQTS. Recently, an increasing number of biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying hERG-associated LQTS have been reported. In fact, numerous potential biochemical and molecular rescue strategies are hidden within the biogenesis and regulating network. So far, rescue strategies of hERG channel dysfunction and LQTS mainly include activators, blockers, and molecules that interfere with specific links and other mechanisms. The aim of this review is to discuss the rescue strategies based on hERG channel toxicology from the biochemical and molecular perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China (Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), China
| | - Bao-feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China (Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), China
| | - Bao-xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China (Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), China
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16
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Linder T, Saxena P, Timin E, Hering S, Stary-Weinzinger A. Structural Insights into Trapping and Dissociation of Small Molecules in K+ Channels. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:3218-28. [DOI: 10.1021/ci500353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Linder
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Timin
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Stary-Weinzinger
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Varkevisser R, Houtman MJC, Linder T, de Git KCG, Beekman HDM, Tidwell RR, Ijzerman AP, Stary-Weinzinger A, Vos MA, van der Heyden MAG. Structure-activity relationships of pentamidine-affected ion channel trafficking and dofetilide mediated rescue. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1322-34. [PMID: 23586323 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Drug interference with normal hERG protein trafficking substantially reduces the channel density in the plasma membrane and thereby poses an arrhythmic threat. The chemical substructures important for hERG trafficking inhibition were investigated using pentamidine as a model drug. Furthermore, the relationship between acute ion channel block and correction of trafficking by dofetilide was studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH hERG and K(IR)2.1 trafficking in HEK293 cells was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy after treatment with pentamidine and six pentamidine analogues, and correction with dofetilide and four dofetilide analogues that displayed different abilities to inhibit IKr . Molecular dynamics simulations were used to address mode, number and type of interactions between hERG and dofetilide analogues. KEY RESULTS Structural modifications of pentamidine differentially affected plasma membrane levels of hERG and K(IR)2.1. Modification of the phenyl ring or substituents directly attached to it had the largest effect, affirming the importance of these chemical residues in ion channel binding. PA-4 had the mildest effects on both ion channels. Dofetilide corrected pentamidine-induced hERG, but not K(IR)2.1 trafficking defects. Dofetilide analogues that displayed high channel affinity, mediated by pi-pi stacks and hydrophobic interactions, also restored hERG protein levels, whereas analogues with low affinity were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Drug-induced trafficking defects can be minimized if certain chemical features are avoided or 'synthesized out'; this could influence the design and development of future drugs. Further analysis of such features in hERG trafficking correctors may facilitate the design of a non-blocking corrector for trafficking defective hERG proteins in both congenital and acquired LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Varkevisser
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Lukacs P, Gawali VS, Cervenka R, Ke S, Koenig X, Rubi L, Zarrabi T, Hilber K, Stary-Weinzinger A, Todt H. Exploring the structure of the voltage-gated Na+ channel by an engineered drug access pathway to the receptor site for local anesthetics. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21770-81. [PMID: 24947510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of several crystal structures of bacterial voltage-gated Na(+) channels, the structure of eukaryotic Na(+) channels is still undefined. We used predictions from available homology models and crystal structures to modulate an external access pathway for the membrane-impermeant local anesthetic derivative QX-222 into the internal vestibule of the mammalian rNaV1.4 channel. Potassium channel-based homology models predict amino acid Ile-1575 in domain IV segment 6 to be in close proximity to Lys-1237 of the domain III pore-loop selectivity filter. The mutation K1237E has been shown previously to increase the diameter of the selectivity filter. We found that an access pathway for external QX-222 created by mutations of Ile-1575 was abolished by the additional mutation K1237E, supporting the notion of a close spatial relationship between sites 1237 and 1575. Crystal structures of bacterial voltage-gated Na(+) channels predict that the side chain of rNaV1.4 Trp-1531 of the domain IV pore-loop projects into the space between domain IV segment 6 and domain III pore-loop and, therefore, should obstruct the putative external access pathway. Indeed, mutations W1531A and W1531G allowed for exceptionally rapid access of QX-222. In addition, W1531G created a second non-selective ion-conducting pore, bypassing the outer vestibule but probably merging into the internal vestibule, allowing for control by the activation gate. These data suggest a strong structural similarity between bacterial and eukaryotic voltage-gated Na(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lukacs
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Vaibhavkumar S Gawali
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Rene Cervenka
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Song Ke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA 2, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xaver Koenig
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Lena Rubi
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Touran Zarrabi
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Karlheinz Hilber
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Anna Stary-Weinzinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA 2, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Todt
- From the Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
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19
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Dempsey CE, Wright D, Colenso CK, Sessions RB, Hancox JC. Assessing hERG pore models as templates for drug docking using published experimental constraints: the inactivated state in the context of drug block. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:601-12. [PMID: 24471705 PMCID: PMC3977586 DOI: 10.1021/ci400707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many
structurally and therapeutically diverse drugs interact with
the human heart K+ channel hERG by binding within the K+ permeation pathway of the open channel, leading to drug-induced
‘long QT syndrome’. Drug binding to hERG is often stabilized
by inactivation gating. In the absence of a crystal structure, hERG
pore homology models have been used to characterize drug interactions.
Here we assess potentially inactivated states of the bacterial K+ channel, KcsA, as templates for inactivated state hERG pore
models in the context of drug binding using computational docking.
Although Flexidock and GOLD docking produced low energy score poses
in the models tested, each method selected a MthK K+ channel-based
model over models based on the putative inactivated state KcsA structures
for each of the 9 drugs tested. The variety of docking poses found
indicates that an optimal arrangement for drug binding of aromatic
side chains in the hERG pore can be achieved in several different
configurations. This plasticity of the drug “binding site”
is likely to be a feature of the hERG inactivated state. The results
demonstrate that experimental data on specific drug interactions can
be used as structural constraints to assess and refine hERG homology
models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Dempsey
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol , University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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20
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Probing the energy landscape of activation gating of the bacterial potassium channel KcsA. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003058. [PMID: 23658510 PMCID: PMC3642040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial potassium channel KcsA, which has been crystallized in several conformations, offers an ideal model to investigate activation gating of ion channels. In this study, essential dynamics simulations are applied to obtain insights into the transition pathways and the energy profile of KcsA pore gating. In agreement with previous hypotheses, our simulations reveal a two phasic activation gating process. In the first phase, local structural rearrangements in TM2 are observed leading to an intermediate channel conformation, followed by large structural rearrangements leading to full opening of KcsA. Conformational changes of a highly conserved phenylalanine, F114, at the bundle crossing region are crucial for the transition from a closed to an intermediate state. 3.9 µs umbrella sampling calculations reveal that there are two well-defined energy barriers dividing closed, intermediate, and open channel states. In agreement with mutational studies, the closed state was found to be energetically more favorable compared to the open state. Further, the simulations provide new insights into the dynamical coupling effects of F103 between the activation gate and the selectivity filter. Investigations on individual subunits support cooperativity of subunits during activation gating.
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21
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Garg V, Stary-Weinzinger A, Sanguinetti MC. ICA-105574 interacts with a common binding site to elicit opposite effects on inactivation gating of EAG and ERG potassium channels. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:805-13. [PMID: 23319419 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and voltage-dependent inactivation greatly attenuates outward currents in ether-a-go-go-related gene (ERG) K(+) channels. In contrast, inactivation of related ether-a-go-go (EAG) K(+) channels is very slow and minimally reduces outward currents. ICA-105574 (ICA, or 3-nitro-N-[4-phenoxyphenyl]-benzamide) has opposite effects on inactivation of these two channel types. Although ICA greatly attenuates ERG inactivation by shifting its voltage dependence to more positive potentials, it enhances the rate and extent of EAG inactivation without altering its voltage dependence. Here, we investigate whether the inverse functional response to ICA in EAG and ERG channels is related to differences in ICA binding site or to intrinsic mechanisms of inactivation. Molecular modeling coupled with site-directed mutagenesis suggests that ICA binds in a channel-specific orientation to a hydrophobic pocket bounded by the S5/pore helix/S6 of one subunit and S6 of an adjacent subunit. ICA is a mixed agonist of mutant EAG and EAG/ERG chimera channels that inactivate by a combination of slow and fast mechanisms. With the exception of three residues, the specific amino acids that form the putative binding pocket for ICA in ERG are conserved in EAG. Mutations introduced into EAG to replicate the ICA binding site in ERG did not alter the functional response to ICA. Together these findings suggest that ICA binds to the same site in EAG and ERG channels to elicit opposite functional effects. The resultant agonist or antagonist activity is determined solely by channel-specific differences in the mechanisms of inactivation gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Garg
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute, Department of Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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22
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Di Martino GP, Masetti M, Ceccarini L, Cavalli A, Recanatini M. An Automated Docking Protocol for hERG Channel Blockers. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:159-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Paolo Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology,
Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Masetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology,
Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology,
Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology,
Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Drug Discovery
and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Recanatini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology,
Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Maffeo C, Bhattacharya S, Yoo J, Wells D, Aksimentiev A. Modeling and simulation of ion channels. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6250-84. [PMID: 23035940 PMCID: PMC3633640 DOI: 10.1021/cr3002609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Maffeo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - Swati Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - Jejoong Yoo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - David Wells
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
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