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Tarallo V, Magliacane Trotta S, Panico S, D'Orsi L, Mercadante G, Cicatiello V, De Falco S. PlGF and VEGF-A/PlGF Heterodimer are Crucial for Recruitment and Activation of Immune Cells During Choroid Neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:12. [PMID: 38967942 PMCID: PMC11232896 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, such as retinal microglia/macrophages, in the subretinal space contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study aims to explore the functional role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), placental growth factor (PlGF) and VEGF-A/PlGF heterodimer in immune homeostasis and activation during pathological laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Methods To investigate these roles, we utilized the PlGF-DE knockin (KI) mouse model, which is the full functional knockout (KO) of PlGF. In this model, mice express a variant of PlGF, named PlGF-DE, that is unable to bind and activate VEGFR-1 but can still form heterodimer with VEGF-A. Results Our findings demonstrate that, although there is no difference in healthy conditions, PlGF-DE-KI mice exhibit decreased microglia reactivity and reduced recruitment of both microglia and monocyte-macrophages, compared to wild-type mice during laser-induced CNV. This impairment is associated with a reduction in VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) phosphorylation in the retinae of PlGF-DE-KI mice compared to C57Bl6/J mice. Corroborating these data, intravitreal delivery of PlGF or VEGF-A/PlGF heterodimer in PlGF-DE-KI mice rescued the immune cell response at the early phase of CNV compared to VEGF-A delivery. Conclusions In summary, our study suggests that targeting PlGF and the VEGF-A/PlGF heterodimer, thereby preventing VEGFR-1 activation, could represent a potential therapeutic approach for the management of inflammatory processes in diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tarallo
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Magliacane Trotta
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Panico
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca D'Orsi
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
- BIOVIIIx srl, Via Alessandro Manzoni 1, Napoli, Italy
| | - Grazia Mercadante
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Cicatiello
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro De Falco
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’ - CNR, Naples, Italy
- BIOVIIIx srl, Via Alessandro Manzoni 1, Napoli, Italy
- AnBition srl, Via Alessandro Manzoni 1, Napoli, Italy
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2
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CCL2, CCR2 Gene Variants and CCL2, CCR2 Serum Levels Association with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071038. [PMID: 35888126 PMCID: PMC9322437 DOI: 10.3390/life12071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of progressive and irreversible blindness in developed countries. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, AMD is a multifactorial pathology with an accumulation of inflammatory components and macrophages and a strong genetic predisposition. Our purpose was to investigate the association between early AMD and CCL2 (rs1024611, rs4586, rs2857656) and CCR2 (rs1799865) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CCL2, CCR2 serum levels in a Lithuanian population. Methods: The study included 310 patients with early AMD and 384 healthy subjects. Genotyping of CCL2 rs1024611, rs4586, rs2857656, and CCR2 rs1799865 was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method, while CCL2 and CCR2 chemokines serum concentrations were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We found that the G allele at CCL2 rs1024611 was more prevalent in the early AMD group than in controls (29.2% vs. 24.1%, p = 0.032). Similarly, the C allele in CCL2 rs2857656 is more common in the early AMD group than in controls (29.2% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.037). Binomial logistic regression revealed that each G allele in rs1024611 was associated with 1.3-fold increased odds of developing early AMD under the additive model (OR = 1.322; 95% CI: 1.032–1.697, p = 0.027) as was each C allele in rs2857656 under the additive model (OR = 1.314; 95% CI: 1.025–1.684, p = 0.031). Haplotype analysis revealed that the C-A-G haplotype of CCL2 SNPs was associated with 35% decreased odds of early AMD development. Further analysis showed elevated CCL2 serum levels in the group with early AMD compared to controls (median (IQR): 1181.6 (522.6) pg/mL vs. 879.9 (494.4) pg/mL, p = 0.013); however, there were no differences between CCR2 serum levels within groups. Conclusions: We found the associations between minor alleles at CCL2 rs1024611 and rs2857656, elevated CCL2 serum levels, and early AMD development.
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Jung SA, Jin S, Chae JB, Jo G, Chung H, Lyu J, Lee JH. Recombinant sulfated CCR2 peptide trap reduces retinal degeneration in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 572:171-177. [PMID: 34371259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are generally sulfated at tyrosine residues of the N-terminal region. Tyrosine sulfation of the C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) enhances its interaction with the chemokine ligand CCL2. Here, we generated a recombinant sulfated CCR2 peptide trap (mCCR2-S2) and investigated its effects on retinal degeneration in mice. Treatment with mCCR2-S2 reduced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a laser-induced CNV mouse model. In NaIO3-injected mice, treatment with mCCR2-S2 increased the outer nuclear layer thickness and rhodopsin expression in the retinas compared to that in mice treated with mCCR2-wild-type or glutathione S-transferase controls. Furthermore, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and macrophage infiltration were decreased in mCCR2-S2-treated retinas. Recombinant mCCR2-S2 suppressed CNV development and retinal degeneration, possibly by regulating macrophage infiltration. Thus, the sulfated form of the CCR2 peptide trap may be a useful tool for treating patients with retinal degeneration, such as those with age-related macular degeneration and intraocular inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ah Jung
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soomin Jin
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, South Korea
| | - Jae-Byoung Chae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - GukHeui Jo
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungmook Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, South Korea.
| | - Joon H Lee
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Kim's Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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4
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Livnat T, Weinberger Y, Fernández JA, Bashir A, Ben-David G, Palevski D, Levy-Mendelovich S, Kenet G, Budnik I, Nisgav Y, Griffin JH, Weinberger D. Activated Protein C (APC) and 3K3A-APC-Induced Regression of Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) Is Accompanied by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Reduction. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030358. [PMID: 33652861 PMCID: PMC7996919 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated protein C (APC) ability to inhibit choroidal neovascularization (CNV) growth and leakage was recently shown in a murine model. A modified APC, 3K3A-APC, was designed to reduce anticoagulant activity while maintaining full cytoprotective properties, thus diminishing bleeding risk. We aimed to study the ability of 3K3A-APC to induce regression of CNV and evaluate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) role in APC's activities in the retina. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation on C57BL/6J mice. APC and 3K3A-APC were injected intravitreally after verification of CNV presence. CNV volume and vascular penetration were evaluated on retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-choroid flatmount by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran imaging. VEGF levels were measured using immunofluorescence anti-VEGF staining. We found that 3K3A-APC induced regression of pre-existing CNV. VEGF levels, measured in the CNV lesion sites, significantly decreased upon APC and 3K3A-APC treatment. Reduction in VEGF was sustained 14 days post a single APC injection. As 3K3A-APC retained APCs' activities, we conclude that the anticoagulant properties of APC are not mandatory for APC activities in the retina and that VEGF reduction may contribute to the protective effects of APC and 3K3A-APC. Our results highlight the potential use of 3K3A-APC as a novel treatment for CNV and other ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami Livnat
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-5-4474-3000; Fax: +972-35-351-806
| | - Yehonatan Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Alaa Bashir
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - Gil Ben-David
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - Dahlia Palevski
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - Sarina Levy-Mendelovich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
- Sheba Medical Center, The Amalia Biron Thrombosis Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Ivan Budnik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119019 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (J.A.F.); (J.H.G.)
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Rabin Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department and Laboratory of Eye Research Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva 49100, Israel; (Y.W.); (A.B.); (G.B.-D.); (D.P.); (Y.N.); (D.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; (S.L.-M.); (G.K.)
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5
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Hachana S, Fontaine O, Sapieha P, Lesk M, Couture R, Vaucher E. The effects of anti-VEGF and kinin B 1 receptor blockade on retinal inflammation in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1949-1966. [PMID: 31883121 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease treated by anti-VEGF intravitreal injections. As inflammation is potentially involved in retinal degeneration, the pro-inflammatory kallikrein-kinin system is a possible alternative pharmacological target. Here, we investigated the effects of anti-VEGF and anti-B1 receptor treatments on the inflammatory mechanisms in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immediately after laser-induced CNV, Long-Evans rats were treated by eye-drop application of a B1 receptor antagonist (R-954) or by intravitreal injection of B1 receptor siRNA or anti-VEGF antibodies. Effects of treatments on gene expression of inflammatory mediators, CNV lesion regression and integrity of the blood-retinal barrier was measured 10 days later in the retina. B1 receptor and VEGF-R2 cellular localization was assessed. KEY RESULTS The three treatments significantly inhibited the CNV-induced retinal changes. Anti-VEGF and R-954 decreased CNV-induced up-regulation of B1 and B2 receptors, TNF-α, and ICAM-1. Anti-VEGF additionally reversed up-regulation of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2, HIF-1α, CCL2 and VCAM-1, whereas R-954 inhibited gene expression of IL-1β and COX-2. Enhanced retinal vascular permeability was abolished by anti-VEGF and reduced by R-954 and B1 receptor siRNA treatments. Leukocyte adhesion was impaired by anti-VEGF and B1 receptor inhibition. B1 receptors were found on astrocytes and endothelial cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS B1 receptor and VEGF pathways were both involved in retinal inflammation and damage in laser-induced CNV. The non-invasive, self-administration of B1 receptor antagonists on the surface of the cornea by eye drops might be an important asset for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Hachana
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Lesk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réjean Couture
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elvire Vaucher
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Promiscuous Chemokine Antagonist (BKT130) Suppresses Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization by Inhibition of Monocyte Recruitment. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8535273. [PMID: 31467935 PMCID: PMC6701410 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8535273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in the developed world, usually affects individuals older than 60 years of age. The majority of visual loss in this disease is attributable to the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and their tissue descendants, macrophages, have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of neovascular AMD (nvAMD). Current therapies for nvAMD are based on targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This study is aimed at assessing if perturbation of chemokine signaling and mononuclear cell recruitment may serve as novel complementary therapeutic targets for nvAMD. Methods A promiscuous chemokine antagonist (BKT130), aflibercept treatment, or combined BKT130+aflibercept treatment was tested in an in vivo laser-induced model of choroidal neovascularization (LI-CNV) and in an ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay (CSA). Quantification of CD11b+ cell in the CNV area was performed, and mRNA levels of genes implicated in CNV growth were measured in the retina and RPE-choroid. Results BKT130 reduced the CNV area and recruitment of CD11b+ cells by 30-35%. No effect of BKT130 on macrophages' proangiogenic phenotype was demonstrated ex vivo, but a lower VEGFA and CCR2 expression was found in the RPE-choroid and a lower expression of TNFα and NOS1 was found in both RPE-choroid and retinal tissues in the LI-CNV model under treatment with BKT130. Conclusions Targeting monocyte recruitment via perturbation of chemokine signaling can reduce the size of experimental CNV and should be evaluated as a potential novel therapeutic modality for nvAMD.
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Akhtar-Schäfer I, Wang L, Krohne TU, Xu H, Langmann T. Modulation of three key innate immune pathways for the most common retinal degenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708259. [PMID: 30224384 PMCID: PMC6180304 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the role of three key immune pathways in the pathophysiology of major retinal degenerative diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, and rare retinal dystrophies. We first discuss the mechanisms how loss of retinal homeostasis evokes an unbalanced retinal immune reaction involving responses of local microglia and recruited macrophages, activity of the alternative complement system, and inflammasome assembly in the retinal pigment epithelium. Presenting these key mechanisms as complementary targets, we specifically emphasize the concept of immunomodulation as potential treatment strategy to prevent or delay vision loss. Promising molecules are ligands for phagocyte receptors, specific inhibitors of complement activation products, and inflammasome inhibitors. We comprehensively summarize the scientific evidence for this strategy from preclinical animal models, human ocular tissue analyses, and clinical trials evolving in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Akhtar-Schäfer
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim U Krohne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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The potent small molecule integrin antagonist THR-687 is a promising next-generation therapy for retinal vascular disorders. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:43-52. [PMID: 30472075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are associated with various eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and implicated in main pathologic disease hallmarks like neovascularization, inflammation, fibrosis and vascular leakage. Targeting integrins has the potential to attenuate these vision-threatening processes, independent of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) responsiveness. The current investigation characterized THR-687 as a novel pan RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) integrin receptor antagonist able to compete for binding with the natural ligand with nanomolar potency (e.g. αvβ3 (IC50 of 4.4 ± 2.7 nM), αvβ5 (IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.5 nM) and α5β1 (IC50 of 6.8 ± 3.2 nM)). THR-687 prevented the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into a cell-free area (IC50 of 258 ± 113 nM) as well as vessel sprouting in an ex vivo mouse choroidal explant model (IC50 of 236 ± 173 nM), and was able to induce the regression of pre-existing vascular sprouts. Moreover, combined intravitreal and intraperitoneal administration of THR-687 potently inhibited VEGF-induced leakage in the mouse retina. In addition, THR-687 injected intravitreally at 3 different dose levels (0.45 mg, 2.25 mg or 4.5 mg/eye) potently inhibited neovascularization-induced leakage in the cynomolgus laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. These data suggest that THR-687 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of vision-threatening retinal vascular eye diseases such as DR and wet AMD.
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Song J, Lee K, Park SW, Chung H, Jung D, Na YR, Quan H, Cho CS, Che JH, Kim JH, Park JH, Seok SH. Lactic Acid Upregulates VEGF Expression in Macrophages and Facilitates Choroidal Neovascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3747-3754. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daun Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi Rang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hailian Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Subhi Y, Krogh Nielsen M, Molbech CR, Sørensen TL. Altered proportion of CCR2 + and CX3CR1 + circulating monocytes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 46:661-669. [PMID: 29360187 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the expression of chemokine receptors CCR2 (C-C chemokine receptor) 2 and CX3CR1 (C-X3-C receptor 1) on circulating monocyte subsets in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). METHODS We recruited patients with neovascular AMD, patients with PCV and age-matched healthy controls for this prospective case-control study. All participants underwent comprehensive clinical examination and imaging. Freshly sampled venous blood was prepared for flow cytometry, where we determined the proportion of CCR2+ - and CX3CR1+ -positive cells in monocyte subsets identified using monocyte identification and subgrouping surface markers CD14, CD16 and HLA-DR. RESULTS Patients with neovascular AMD had significantly increased proportion of CCR2+ and CX3CR1+ non-classical monocytes. PCV type 1 was associated with significantly increased CCR2+ and CX3CR1+ in all monocyte subsets when compared to PCV type 2. CONCLUSIONS Neovascular AMD is associated with increased expression of angiogenesis-associated chemokine receptors in the pro-inflammatory non-classical monocytes. PCV differs from neovascular AMD immunologically and show immunological heterogeneity across angiographic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Subhi
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Molbech
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben L Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Proangiogenic characteristics of activated macrophages from patients with age-related macular degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 51:71-82. [PMID: 28039766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages were previously implicated in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD). It is unclear if a specific macrophage phenotype is associated with nvAMD, and if macrophages from nvAMD patients are more pathogenic as compared with controls. To address these issues, we evaluated macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes of nvAMD patients and age-matched controls. Macrophages were assessed in terms of their expression profile and of their angiogenic potential in the choroid sprouting assay and the rat model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Results showed a proangiogenic and inflammatory gene and protein expression profiles in classic (M[IFNγ and LPS]) and alternative (M[IL-4 and IL-13]) polarized macrophages. Furthermore, activated macrophages, particularly of the M(IFNγ and LPS) phenotype from nvAMD patients, were proangiogenic ex vivo and in vivo. These findings implicate activated human macrophages, particularly M(IFNγ and LPS) macrophages from nvAMD patients, in nvAMD. Further research is required to determine whether activated macrophages can serve as therapeutic targets in nvAMD.
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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Mao P, Lv X, Yuan S, Huang Z, Ding Y, Xie P, Liu Q. Knockout of Ccr2 alleviates photoreceptor cell death in rodent retina exposed to chronic blue light. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2468. [PMID: 27831552 PMCID: PMC5260896 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of visual loss after the age of 60 years, is a degenerative retinal disease involving a variety of environmental and hereditary factors. Although it has been implicated that immune system is involved in the disease progression, the exact role that microglia has is still unclear. Here we demonstrated that knockout of Ccr2 gene could alleviate photoreceptor cell death in mice retinas exposed to chronic blue light. In Ccr2−/− mice, a damaged microglia recruitment was shown in retina and this could protect the visual function in electroretinogram and alleviate the photoreceptor apoptosis, which thus helped attenuate the blue light-induced retinopathy. We further found an increased co-location of NLRP3, Iba-1, and IL-1β in fluorescence and a concomitant increased protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β in western blotting in chronic blue light-induced retinopathy. Moreover, the activation of microglia and their cellular NLRP3 inflammasomes occurred as an earlier step before the structural and functional damage of the mice retinas, which collectively supported that microglial NLRP3 inflammasome might be the key to the chronic blue light-induced retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Pingan Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuehua Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhengru Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuzhi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Kyosseva SV. Targeting MAPK Signaling in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2016; 8:23-30. [PMID: 27385915 PMCID: PMC4920203 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s32200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible blindness affecting elderly people in the world. AMD is a complex multifactorial disease associated with demographic, genetics, and environmental risk factors. It is well established that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are activated by diverse extracellular stimuli, including growth factors, mitogens, hormones, cytokines, and different cellular stressors such as oxidative stress. They regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. This review addresses the novel findings from human and animal studies on the relationship of MAPK signaling with AMD. The use of specific MAPK inhibitors may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this debilitating eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Kyosseva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Liu X, Zhu M, Yang X, Wang Y, Qin B, Cui C, Chen H, Sang A. Inhibition of RACK1 ameliorates choroidal neovascularization formation in vitro and in vivo. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:451-9. [PMID: 27112838 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) occurs as a result of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and causes severe vision loss among elderly patients. The receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) serves as a scaffold protein which is recently found to promote angiogenesis. However, the impact of RACK1 on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in endothelial cells and subsequent choroidal angiogenesis formation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that RACK1 and VEGF expression increased, and reached the peak at 7d in mouse CNV model by laser application. Furthermore, on RPE/choroid cryosections, RACK1 co-localized with CD31, suggesting that RACK1 was expressed in endothelial cells. In vitro, RF/6A cell hypoxia model showed that RACK1 expression was up-regulated in parallel with hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF-1α) and VEGF expression, reaching the peak at 6h. Silencing of RACK1 suppressed the invasion and tube formation activity of RF/6A cells in ARPE-19 and RF/6A co-culture system, possibly through VEGF signal pathway. Overexpression of RACK1 showed the opposite effect. Intravitreal injection of anti-RACK1 monoclonal antibody predominantly decreased RACK1 and VEGF expression in mouse laser-induced CNV model. Meanwhile, anti-RACK1 monoclonal antibody intravitreal injection also decreased incidence of CNV and leakage area. These data indicated that RACK1 promoted CNV formation via VEGF pathway. Additionally, anti-RACK1 monoclonal antibody significantly decreased CNV in mouse model and may have therapeutic potential in human CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Bai Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Aimin Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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Chan JK, Glass GE, Ersek A, Freidin A, Williams GA, Gowers K, Espirito Santo AI, Jeffery R, Otto WR, Poulsom R, Feldmann M, Rankin SM, Horwood NJ, Nanchahal J. Low-dose TNF augments fracture healing in normal and osteoporotic bone by up-regulating the innate immune response. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:547-61. [PMID: 25770819 PMCID: PMC4492816 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which trauma initiates healing remains unclear. Precise understanding of these events may define interventions for accelerating healing that could be translated to the clinical arena. We previously reported that addition of low-dose recombinant human TNF (rhTNF) at the fracture site augmented fracture repair in a murine tibial fracture model. Here, we show that local rhTNF treatment is only effective when administered within 24 h of injury, when neutrophils are the major inflammatory cell infiltrate. Systemic administration of anti-TNF impaired fracture healing. Addition of rhTNF enhanced neutrophil recruitment and promoted recruitment of monocytes through CCL2 production. Conversely, depletion of neutrophils or inhibition of the chemokine receptor CCR2 resulted in significantly impaired fracture healing. Fragility, or osteoporotic, fractures represent a major medical problem as they are associated with permanent disability and premature death. Using a murine model of fragility fractures, we found that local rhTNF treatment improved fracture healing during the early phase of repair. If translated clinically, this promotion of fracture healing would reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with delayed patient mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graeme E Glass
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adel Ersek
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Freidin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Garry A Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate Gowers
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rosemary Jeffery
- Histopathology Laboratory and In Situ Hybridisation Service, Cancer Research UK - London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - William R Otto
- Histopathology Laboratory and In Situ Hybridisation Service, Cancer Research UK - London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- Histopathology Laboratory and In Situ Hybridisation Service, Cancer Research UK - London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara M Rankin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Cinidium officinale and its Bioactive Compound, Butylidenephthalide, Inhibit Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in a Rat Model. Molecules 2015; 20:20699-708. [PMID: 26610445 PMCID: PMC6332384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common pathology in age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we evaluated in a rat model the effect of an extract of Cinidium officinale Makino and its bioactive compound, butylidenephthalide, on laser-induced CNV. Experimental CNV was induced in Long-Evans rats by laser photocoagulation. C. officinale extract (COE) and butylidenephthalide was intraperitoneally injected once per day for ten days after laser photocoagulation. Choroidal flat mounts were prepared to measure CNV areas and macrophage infiltration. We used a protein array to evaluate the expression levels of angiogenic factors. The CNV area and macrophage infiltration in COE-treated rats were significantly lower than in vehicle-treated rats. COE decreased the expression levels of IGFBP-1, MCP-1, PAI-1, and VEGF. Additionally, butylidenephthalide also inhibited the laser-induced CNV formation and macrophage infiltration and down-regulated the expression of IGFBP-1, MCP-1 and VEGF. These results suggest that COE exerts anti-angiogenic effects on laser-induced CNV by inhibiting the expression of IGFBP-1, MCP-1, and VEGF, indicating that anti-angiogenic activities of COE may be in part due to its bioactive compound, butylidenephthalide.
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17
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Nagineni CN, Kommineni VK, Ganjbaksh N, Nagineni KK, Hooks JJ, Detrick B. Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Expression of Chemokines by Human Retinal Cells: Role in Chemokine Receptor Mediated Age-related Macular Degeneration. Aging Dis 2015; 6:444-55. [PMID: 26618046 PMCID: PMC4657816 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine reeptor-3 (CCR-3) was shown to be associated with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a vision threatening retinal disease that affects the aging population world-wide. Retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in the posterior part of the retina are the key tissues targeted in the pathogenesis of CNV in AMD. We used human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) and choroidal fibroblast (HCHF) cells, prepared from aged adult human donor eyes, to evaluate the expression of major CCR-3 ligands, CCL-5, CCL -7, CCL-11,CCL-24 and CCL-26. Microarray analysis of gene expression in HRPE cells treated with inflammatory cytokine mix (ICM= IFN-γ+TNF-α+IL-1β) revealed 75 and 23-fold increase in CCL-5 and CCL-7 respectively, but not CCL-11, CCL-24 and CCL-26. Chemokine secretion studies of the production of CCL5 and CCL7 by HRPE corroborated with the gene expression analysis data. When the HRPE cells were treated with either individual cytokines or the ICM, both CCL-5 and CCL-7 were produced in a dose dependent manner. Similar to the gene expression data, the ICM did not enhance HRPE production of CCL-11, CCL-24 and CCL-26. CCL-11 and CCL-26 were increased with IL-4 treatment and this HRPE production was augmented in the presence of TNF-α and IL1β. When HCHF cells were treated with either individual cytokines or the ICM, both CCL-5 and CCL-7 were produced in a dose dependent fashion. IL-4 induced low levels of CCL-11 and CCL-26 in HCHF and this production was significantly enhanced by TNF-α. Under these conditions, neither HRPE nor HCHF were demonstrated to produce CCL-24. These data demonstrate that chronic inflammation triggers CCL-5 and CCL-7 release by HRPE and HCHF and the subsequent interactions with CCR3 may participate in pathologic processes in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay K. Kommineni
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nader Ganjbaksh
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - John J. Hooks
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Roh YJ, Jee D, Rho CR, Cho WK, Kang S. Anti-angiogenic effect of ALS-L1023, an extract of Melissa officinalis L., on experimental choroidal neovascularization in mice. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015. [PMID: 26221970 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of ALS-L1023, an extract of Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) leaves, on experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice was evaluated. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were given either vehicle or ALS-L1023 daily via oral gavage for 3 weeks (days 0-21). CNV was induced by rupturing Bruch's membrane using laser photocoagulation (day 7). Two weeks after laser injury (day 21), the CNV lesions were evaluated by an examination of choroidal flat mounts using fluorescein-labelled dextran, immunofluorescence staining with isolectin B4 and fluorescence angiography. The effects of ALS-L1023 on endothelial cell tube formation and the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS The extent of CNV was reduced by ALS-L1023. Mice treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg/day of the material exhibited 44.3 and 68.1% reductions in the extent of CNV lesions, respectively, compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.001). The size of the isolectin B4-labelled area was also significantly decreased in the ALS-L1023-treated groups (P < 0.001). On fluorescein angiography, ALS-L1023-treated mice exhibited significantly less leakage of fluorescent material than did vehicle-treated mice. ALS-L1023 decreased vascular endothelial growth factor-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was suppressed by ALS-L1023. CONCLUSIONS The laser-induced CNV in mice can be inhibited by ALS-L1023. Therefore, it may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases involving CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Roh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Jee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Rae Rho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Research Institute, College of Medicine , Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Research Institute, College of Medicine , Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbum Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Research Institute, College of Medicine , Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kim SJ, Lee HJ, Yun JH, Ko JH, Choi DY, Oh JY. Intravitreal TSG-6 suppresses laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by inhibiting CCR2+ monocyte recruitment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11872. [PMID: 26149224 PMCID: PMC4493567 DOI: 10.1038/srep11872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the hallmark of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly. Although the pathogenesis of CNV is not clear, a number of studies show that ocular-infiltrating macrophages and inflammation play a critical role in the development of CNV. TNFα-stimulated gene/protein (TSG)-6 is a multifunctional endogenous protein that has anti-inflammatory activities partly by regulating macrophage activation. Therefore, we here investigated the therapeutic potential of TSG-6 in a rat model of CNV induced by laser photocoagulation. Time course analysis showed that the expression of VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the choroid was up-regulated early after laser injury, and gradually decreased to baseline over 14 days. An intravitreal injection of TSG-6 suppressed the expression of VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines including CCL2, and reduced the size of CNV. Also, the number of Iba+ and CCR2+ cells including infiltrating macrophages was markedly lower in the CNV lesion of TSG-6-treated eyes. Further analysis identified CCR2+ CD11b+ CD11c+ cells and CCR2+ CD11b-CD11c+ cells as the cell populations that were increased by laser injury and reduced by TSG-6 treatment. Together, the results demonstrate that TSG-6 inhibits inflammation and CCR2+ monocyte recruitment into the choroid, and suppresses the development of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Kim
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea [2] Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea [2] Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Yun
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea [2] Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Da Ye Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea [2] Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Falk MK, Singh A, Faber C, Nissen MH, Hviid T, Sørensen TL. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and CCL2/CCR2 chemokine/chemokine receptor complex in patients with AMD. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112473. [PMID: 25503251 PMCID: PMC4266494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The chemokine receptors CX3CR1 and CCR2 have been implicated in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The evidence is mainly derived from experimental cell studies and murine models of AMD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between expression of CX3CR1 and CCR2 on different leukocyte subsets and AMD. Furthermore we measured the plasma levels of ligands CX3CL1 and CCL2. Methods Patients attending our department were asked to participate in the study. The diagnosis of AMD was based on clinical examination and multimodal imaging techniques. Chemokine plasma level and chemokine receptor expression were measured by flow-cytometry. Results A total of 150 participants were included. We found a significantly lower expression of CX3CR1 on CD8+ T cells in the neovascular AMD group compared to the control group (p = 0.04). We found a significant positive correlation between CCR2 and CX3CR1 expression on CD8+ cells (r = 0.727, p = 0.0001). We found no difference in plasma levels of CX3CL1 and CCL2 among the groups. Conclusions Our results show a down regulation of CX3CR1 on CD8+ cells; this correlated to a low expression of CCR2 on CD8+ cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible role of this cell type in AMD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Krüger Falk
- Clinical Eye Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Clinical Eye Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Faber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mogens Holst Nissen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hviid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang L, Yang Z, Yu Y, Cui C, Guan H, Chen H. Blockage of tissue factor ameliorates the lesion of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in mice. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Protective role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98864. [PMID: 24897344 PMCID: PMC4045803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the influence of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) expression in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid tissue using a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Methods In this study, GPx4+/−, GPx4+/+, and GPx4-overexpressing transgenic mice were created for comparison. The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in RPE/choroid tissue were evaluated before and after CNV induction by laser. Moreover, we investigated the changes in the VEGF-A mRNA level in RPE/choroid tissue in the CNV model that have not been clearly shown previously. Lipid peroxidation in RPE/choroid tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using antibody against 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. To investigate the protective role of GPx4, the size of laser-induced CNV was compared on day 7 among the mice expressing different levels of GPx4. Results In the laser-induced CNV mouse model, laser treatment reduced the VEGF-A mRNA level in RPE/choroid tissue, while it increased the VEGF-A protein level. Evaluation of VEGF-A expression in RPE/choroid tissue of the GPx4+/−, GPx4+/+, and GPx4 transgenic mice revealed that GPx4 increased the VEGF-A protein level under physiological conditions (i.e., without laser treatment), while GPx4 suppressed the increase in the VEGF-A protein level under pathological conditions (i.e., after CNV induction by laser). In addition, GPx4 reduced the CNV size in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. Conclusions GPx4 suppresses the increase in the VEGF-A protein level, which occurs during the development of pathological CNV, thus partly explaining the protective effect of GPx4 against CNV.
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Chen YF, Zhou D, Metzger T, Gallup M, Jeanne M, Gould DB, Anderson MS, McNamara NA. Spontaneous development of autoimmune uveitis Is CCR2 dependent. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1695-705. [PMID: 24736166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel strategies to treat noninfectious posterior uveitis is an ongoing challenge, in part because of limited availability of animal models that mimic the naturally occurring disease in humans. Mice deficient in the autoimmune regulatory gene Aire develop a spontaneous T-cell and macrophage-mediated autoimmune uveitis that closely recapitulates human endogenous uveitis and thus provide a useful model for mechanistic and therapeutic investigations. Lymphocytic and mononuclear infiltration of the retina in Aire knockout (KO) mice triggers the onset of uveitis from initial retinal inflammation to eventual destruction of the neuroretina with loss of photoreceptors. The C-C chemokine receptor type 2 protein (CCR2) functions in directing monocyte and macrophage migration to inflamed tissues via interaction with monocyte chemotactic proteins. Using the Aire KO mouse model, we demonstrated an essential role for CCR2 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-mediated uveitis. Loss of functional CCR2 effectively reduced immune cell infiltration and rescued the retina from destruction. CCR2-dependent migration of bone marrow-derived cells provided the driving force for retinal inflammation, with CCR2-expressing mononuclear cells contributing to retinal damage via recruitment of CD4(+) T cells. These studies identify the CCR2 pathway as a promising therapeutic target that may prove an effective approach to treat uveitis associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuTing Feeling Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Delu Zhou
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Todd Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marion Jeanne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nancy A McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California; School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, California.
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24
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Krause TA, Alex AF, Engel DR, Kurts C, Eter N. VEGF-production by CCR2-dependent macrophages contributes to laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94313. [PMID: 24714223 PMCID: PMC3979804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent cause of blindness in the elderly, and its exsudative subtype critically depends on local production of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF). Mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and microglia cells, can produce VEGF. Their precursors, for example monocytes, can be recruited to sites of inflammation by the chemokine receptor CCR2, and this has been proposed to be important in AMD. To investigate the role of macrophages and CCR2 in AMD, we studied intracellular VEGF content in a laser-induced murine model of choroidal neovascularisation. To this end, we established a technique to quantify the VEGF content in cell subsets from the laser-treated retina and choroid separately. 3 days after laser, macrophage numbers and their VEGF content were substantially elevated in the choroid. Macrophage accumulation was CCR2-dependent, indicating recruitment from the circulation. In the retina, microglia cells were the main VEGF+ phagocyte type. A greater proportion of microglia cells contained VEGF after laser, and this was CCR2-independent. On day 6, VEGF-expressing macrophage numbers had already declined, whereas numbers of VEGF+ microglia cells remained increased. Other sources of VEGF detectable by flow cytometry included in dendritic cells and endothelial cells in both retina and choroid, and Müller cells/astrocytes in the retina. However, their VEGF content was not increased after laser. When we analyzed flatmounts of laser-treated eyes, CCR2-deficient mice showed reduced neovascular areas after 2 weeks, but this difference was not evident 3 weeks after laser. In summary, CCR2-dependent influx of macrophages causes a transient VEGF increase in the choroid. However, macrophages augmented choroidal neovascularization only initially, presumably because VEGF production by CCR2-independent eye cells prevailed at later time points. These findings identify macrophages as a relevant source of VEGF in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization but suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of CCR2-inhibition might be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten A Krause
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne F Alex
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Eter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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25
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Falk MK, Singh A, Faber C, Nissen MH, Hviid T, Sørensen TL. Blood expression levels of chemokine receptor CCR3 and chemokine CCL11 in age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14:22. [PMID: 24575855 PMCID: PMC3942269 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the CCR3/CCL11 pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularisation, a common feature of late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CCR3 and its ligand CCL11 in peripheral blood in patients with neovascular AMD. METHODS Patients with neovascular AMD and healthy controls were included. Blood samples were obtained and prepared for flow cytometry to investigate the expression of CCR3. Levels of CCL11 were measured in plasma using Cytometric Bead Array. Differences between the groups were tested using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Patients (n = 83) with neovascular AMD and healthy control persons (n = 114) were included in the study. No significant difference in the expression of CCR3 was found on CD9+ granulocytes when comparing patients suffering from neovascular AMD with any of the control groups. We did not find any alteration in CCL11 levels in patients among the age matched groups. There was no correlation between expression of CCR3/CCL11 and clinical response to treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). CONCLUSION Our results do not suggest a systemic alteration of the CCR3/CCL11 receptor/ligand complex in patients with neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Krüger Falk
- Clinical Eye Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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26
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Horie S, Robbie SJ, Liu J, Wu WK, Ali RR, Bainbridge JW, Nicholson LB, Mochizuki M, Dick AD, Copland DA. CD200R signaling inhibits pro-angiogenic gene expression by macrophages and suppresses choroidal neovascularization. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3072. [PMID: 24170042 PMCID: PMC3812658 DOI: 10.1038/srep03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are rapidly conditioned by cognate and soluble signals to acquire phenotypes that deliver specific functions during inflammation, wound healing and angiogenesis. Whether inhibitory CD200R signaling regulates pro-angiogenic macrophage phenotypes with the potential to suppress ocular neovascularization is unknown. CD200R-deficient bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMΦ) were used to demonstrate that macrophages lacking this inhibitory receptor exhibit enhanced levels of Vegfa, Arg-1 and Il-1β when stimulated with PGE2 or RPE-conditioned (PGE2-enriched) media. Endothelial tube formation in HUVECs was increased when co-cultured with PGE2-conditioned CD200R−/− BMMΦ, and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization was enhanced in CD200R-deficient mice. In corroboration, signaling through CD200R results in the down-regulation of BMMΦ angiogenic and pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Translational potential of this pathway was investigated in the laser-induced model of choroidal neovascularization. Local delivery of a CD200R agonist mAb to target myeloid infiltrate alters macrophage phenotype and inhibits pro-angiogenic gene expression, which suppresses pathological angiogenesis and CNV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Horie
- 1] Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan [3]
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Jawad S, Liu B, Li Z, Katamay R, Campos M, Wei L, Sen HN, Ling D, Martinez Estrada F, Amaral J, Chan CC, Fariss R, Gordon S, Nussenblatt RB. The role of macrophage class a scavenger receptors in a laser-induced murine choroidal neovascularization model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5959-70. [PMID: 23927892 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a widely used model to mimic many features of CNV resulting from wet AMD. Macrophages have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. Class A scavenger receptors, scavenger receptor-A (SR-A) and macrophage receptor with collagenous domain (MARCO), are expressed on macrophages and are associated with macrophage function. The goal of this study is to examine the role of macrophage scavenger receptors in immune cell recruitment and the formation of CNV. METHODS Laser photocoagulation was performed in wild-type and knockout mice with deletion of SR-A (SR-A(-/-)), MARCO (MARCO(-/-)), or both SR-A and MARCO double knockout (DKO). Immune cell recruitment at different time points and CNV lesions at 14 days after laser treatment were evaluated through immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Microarray analysis was performed in eyes 1 day after laser injury. RESULTS Wild-type eyes showed higher chemokine/receptor expression compared with knockout eyes after laser injury. Scavenger receptor deficiency markedly impaired the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to CNV lesions at 1- and 3-days post laser injury, respectively. Significantly reduced CNV volumes were found in the eyes from scavenger receptor knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS The deficiency of scavenger receptors impairs the formation of CNV and immune cell recruitment. Our findings suggest a potential role for scavenger receptors in contributing to CNV formation and inflammation in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayma Jawad
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in aged individuals. Recent advances have highlighted the essential role of immune processes in the development, progression and treatment of AMD. In this Review we discuss recent discoveries related to the immunological aspects of AMD pathogenesis. We outline the diverse immune cell types, inflammatory activators and pathways that are involved. Finally, we discuss the future of inflammation-directed therapeutics to treat AMD in the growing aged population.
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Myeloid cells expressing VEGF and arginase-1 following uptake of damaged retinal pigment epithelium suggests potential mechanism that drives the onset of choroidal angiogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72935. [PMID: 23977372 PMCID: PMC3745388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst data recognise both myeloid cell accumulation during choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) as well as complement activation, none of the data has presented a clear explanation for the angiogenic drive that promotes pathological angiogenesis. One possibility that is a pre-eminent drive is a specific and early conditioning and activation of the myeloid cell infiltrate. Using a laser-induced CNV murine model, we have identified that disruption of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane resulted in an early recruitment of macrophages derived from monocytes and microglia, prior to angiogenesis and contemporaneous with lesional complement activation. Early recruited CD11b(+) cells expressed a definitive gene signature of selective inflammatory mediators particularly a pronounced Arg-1 expression. Accumulating macrophages from retina and peripheral blood were activated at the site of injury, displaying enhanced VEGF expression, and notably prior to exaggerated VEGF expression from RPE, or earliest stages of angiogenesis. All of these initial events, including distinct VEGF (+) Arg-1(+) myeloid cells, subsided when CNV was established and at the time RPE-VEGF expression was maximal. Depletion of inflammatory CCR2-positive monocytes confirmed origin of infiltrating monocyte Arg-1 expression, as following depletion Arg-1 signal was lost and CNV suppressed. Furthermore, our in vitro data supported a myeloid cell uptake of damaged RPE or its derivatives as a mechanism generating VEGF (+) Arg-1(+) phenotype in vivo. Our results reveal a potential early driver initiating angiogenesis via myeloid-derived VEGF drive following uptake of damaged RPE and deliver an explanation of why CNV develops during any of the stages of macular degeneration and can be explored further for therapeutic gain.
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Zhao H, Roychoudhury J, Doggett TA, Apte RS, Ferguson TA. Age-dependent changes in FasL (CD95L) modulate macrophage function in a model of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5321-31. [PMID: 23821188 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect of aging on Fas ligand (FasL) function in a mouse model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS Young and aged mice were laser treated to induce CNV. Bone marrow chimeras were performed between young and aged mice. FasL protein expression was examined in the eye and soluble FasL (sFasL) was measured in the blood. Young and aged mice were treated with a matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor and systemic sFasL was neutralized by antibody treatment. Macrophages from young and aged mice were tested for sFasL-mediated cytokine production and migration. RESULTS The elevated CNV response observed with aging was dependent on bone marrow-derived cells. FasL expression in the eye was increased with age, but decreased following laser treatment. Aged mice had higher levels of sFasL in the blood compared to young mice. Systemic treatment with an MMP inhibitor decreased bloodborne sFasL, and reduced CNV in young and aged mice. Systemic neutralization of sFasL reduced CNV only in aged mice. sFasL increased cytokine production in aged macrophages and proangiogenic M2 macrophages. Aged M2 macrophages had elevated Fas (CD95) expression and displayed increased migration in response to sFasL compared to M1 macrophages derived from young animals. CONCLUSIONS Age modulates FasL function where increased MMP cleavage leads to a loss of function in the eye. The released form of FasL (sFasL) preferentially induces the migration of proangiogenic M2 macrophages into the laser lesions and increases proangiogenic cytokines promoting CNV. FasL may be a viable target for therapeutic intervention in aged-related neovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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31
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Sakimoto S, Kidoya H, Kamei M, Naito H, Yamakawa D, Sakaguchi H, Wakabayashi T, Nishida K, Takakura N. An angiogenic role for adrenomedullin in choroidal neovascularization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58096. [PMID: 23520487 PMCID: PMC3592925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adrenomedullin (ADM) has been shown to take part in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ADM signaling is involved in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) using a mouse model. Methods and Results CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice. ADM mRNA expression significantly increased following treatment, peaking 4 days thereafter. The expression of ADM receptor (ADM-R) components (CRLR, RAMP2 and RAMP 3) was higher in CD31+CD45− endothelial cells (ECs) than CD31−CD45− non-ECs. Inflammatory stimulation upregulated the expression of ADM not only in cell lines but also in cells in primary cultures of the choroid/retinal pigment epithelium complex. Supernatants from TNFα-treated macrophage cell lines potentiated the proliferation of ECs and this was partially suppressed by an ADM antagonist, ADM (22–52). Intravitreous injection of ADM (22–52) or ADM neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) after laser treatment significantly reduced the size of CNV compared with vehicle-treated controls (p<0.01). Conclusions ADM signaling is involved in laser-induced CNV formation, because both an ADM antagonist and ADM mAb significantly inhibited it. Suppression of ADM signaling might be a valuable alternative treatment for CNV associated with age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Sakimoto
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kidoya
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kamei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Naito
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daishi Yamakawa
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sakaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Wakabayashi
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JST(Japan Science and Technology Agency), CREST, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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ERK1/2 activation is a therapeutic target in age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13781-6. [PMID: 22869729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206494109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient expression of the RNase III DICER1, which leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic Alu RNA, has been implicated in degeneration of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration that causes blindness in millions of people worldwide. Here we show increased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation in the RPE of human eyes with GA and that RPE degeneration in mouse eyes and in human cell culture induced by DICER1 depletion or Alu RNA exposure is mediated via ERK1/2 signaling. Alu RNA overexpression or DICER1 knockdown increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the RPE in mice and in human cell culture. Alu RNA-induced RPE degeneration in mice is rescued by intravitreous administration of PD98059, an inhibitor of the ERK1/2-activating kinase MEK1, but not by inhibitors of other MAP kinases such as p38 or JNK. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of ERK1/2 in the pathogenesis of GA and provide a mechanistic basis for evaluation of ERK1/2 inhibition in treatment of this disease.
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