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Werling K, Itoe MA, Shaw WR, Hien RD, Bazié BJ, Aminata F, Adams KL, Ouattara BS, Sanou M, Peng D, Dabiré RK, Da DF, Yerbanga RS, Diabaté A, Lefèvre T, Catteruccia F. Development of circulating isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is accelerated in Anopheles vectors with reduced reproductive output. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011890. [PMID: 38206958 PMCID: PMC10807765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae and its sibling species Anopheles coluzzii are the most efficient vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. When females of these species feed on an infected human host, oogenesis and parasite development proceed concurrently, but interactions between these processes are not fully understood. Using multiple natural P. falciparum isolates from Burkina Faso, we show that in both vectors, impairing steroid hormone signaling to disrupt oogenesis leads to accelerated oocyst growth and in a manner that appears to depend on both parasite and mosquito genotype. Consistently, we find that egg numbers are negatively linked to oocyst size, a metric for the rate of oocyst development. Oocyst growth rates are also strongly accelerated in females that are in a pre-gravid state, i.e. that fail to develop eggs after an initial blood meal. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of mosquito-parasite interactions that influence P. falciparum development in malaria-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Werling
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maurice A. Itoe
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Robert Shaw
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Bali Jean Bazié
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Fofana Aminata
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kelsey L. Adams
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Mathias Sanou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Duo Peng
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dari F. Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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2
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Onyango SA, Ochwedo KO, Machani MG, Olumeh JO, Debrah I, Omondi CJ, Ogolla SO, Lee MC, Zhou G, Kokwaro E, Kazura JW, Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Zhong D, Yan G. Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya. Malar J 2022; 21:235. [PMID: 35948910 PMCID: PMC9364548 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionary pressures lead to the selection of efficient malaria vectors either resistant or susceptible to Plasmodium parasites. These forces may favour the introduction of species genotypes that adapt to new breeding habitats, potentially having an impact on malaria transmission. Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) of Anopheles gambiae complex plays an important role in innate immune defenses against parasites. This study aims to characterize the distribution pattern of TEP1 polymorphisms among populations of An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in western Kenya. METHODS Anopheles gambiae adult and larvae were collected using pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) and plastic dippers respectively from Homa Bay, Kakamega, Bungoma, and Kisumu counties between 2017 and 2020. Collected adults and larvae reared to the adult stage were morphologically identified and then identified to sibling species by PCR. TEP1 alleles were determined in 627 anopheles mosquitoes using restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and to validate the TEP1 genotyping results, a representative sample of the alleles was sequenced. RESULTS Two TEP1 alleles (TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2) and three corresponding genotypes (*S1/S1, *R2/S1, and *R2/R2) were identified. TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2 with their corresponding genotypes, homozygous *S1/S1 and heterozygous *R2/S1 were widely distributed across all sites with allele frequencies of approximately 80% and 20%, respectively both in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. There was no significant difference detected among the populations and between the two mosquito species in TEP1 allele frequency and genotype frequency. The overall low levels in population structure (FST = 0.019) across all sites corresponded to an effective migration index (Nm = 12.571) and low Nei's genetic distance values (< 0.500) among the subpopulation. The comparative fixation index values revealed minimal genetic differentiation between species and high levels of gene flow among populations. CONCLUSION Genotyping TEP1 has identified two common TEP1 alleles (TEP1*S1 and TEP1*R2) and three corresponding genotypes (*S1/S1, *R2/S1, and *R2/R2) in An. gambiae s.l. The TEP1 allele genetic diversity and population structure are low in western Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A Onyango
- Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa bay, Kenya
| | - Kevin O Ochwedo
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa bay, Kenya.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maxwell G Machani
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Julius O Olumeh
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa bay, Kenya
| | - Isaiah Debrah
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa bay, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogen, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Collince J Omondi
- Sub-Saharan Africa International Centre of Excellence for Malaria Research, Homa bay, Kenya.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kokwaro
- Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James W Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, LC 4983, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Ghana, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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3
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Adelman ZN, Kojin BB. Malaria-Resistant Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae); The Principle is Proven, But Will the Effectors Be Effective? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1997-2005. [PMID: 34018548 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, a substantial number of anti-malarial effector genes have been evaluated for their ability to block parasite infection in the mosquito vector. While many of these approaches have yielded significant effects on either parasite intensity or prevalence of infection, just a few have been able to completely block transmission. Additionally, many approaches, while effective against the parasite, also disrupt or alter important aspects of mosquito physiology, leading to corresponding changes in lifespan, reproduction, and immunity. As the most promising approaches move towards field-based evaluation, questions of effector gene robustness and durability move to the forefront. In this forum piece, we critically evaluate past effector gene approaches with an eye towards developing a deeper pipeline to augment the current best candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach N Adelman
- Department of Entomology and AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bianca B Kojin
- Department of Entomology and AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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4
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Immunofocusing humoral immunity potentiates the functional efficacy of the AnAPN1 malaria transmission-blocking vaccine antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:49. [PMID: 33824336 PMCID: PMC8024329 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) prevent the completion of the developmental lifecycle of malarial parasites within the mosquito vector, effectively blocking subsequent infections. The mosquito midgut protein Anopheline alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1) is the leading, mosquito-based TBV antigen. Structure-function studies identified two Class II epitopes that can induce potent transmission-blocking (T-B) antibodies, informing the design of the next-generation AnAPN1. Here, we functionally screened new immunogens and down-selected to the UF6b construct that has two glycine-linked copies of the T-B epitopes. We then established a process for manufacturing UF6b and evaluated in outbred female CD1 mice the immunogenicity of the preclinical product with the human-safe adjuvant Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant in a liposomal formulation with saponin QS21 (GLA-LSQ). UF6b:GLA-LSQ effectively immunofocused the humoral response to one of the key T-B epitopes resulting in potent T-B activity, underscoring UF6b as a prime TBV candidate to aid in malaria elimination and eradication efforts.
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5
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A mating-induced reproductive gene promotes Anopheles tolerance to Plasmodium falciparum infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008908. [PMID: 33347501 PMCID: PMC7785212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes have transmitted Plasmodium parasites for millions of years, yet it remains unclear whether they suffer fitness costs to infection. Here we report that the fecundity of virgin and mated females of two important vectors—Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi—is not affected by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, demonstrating that these human malaria parasites do not inflict this reproductive cost on their natural mosquito hosts. Additionally, parasite development is not impacted by mating status. However, in field studies using different P. falciparum isolates in Anopheles coluzzii, we find that Mating-Induced Stimulator of Oogenesis (MISO), a female reproductive gene strongly induced after mating by the sexual transfer of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), protects females from incurring fecundity costs to infection. MISO-silenced females produce fewer eggs as they become increasingly infected with P. falciparum, while parasite development is not impacted by this gene silencing. Interestingly, previous work had shown that sexual transfer of 20E has specifically evolved in Cellia species of the Anopheles genus, driving the co-adaptation of MISO. Our data therefore suggest that evolution of male-female sexual interactions may have promoted Anopheles tolerance to P. falciparum infection in the Cellia subgenus, which comprises the most important malaria vectors. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest form of human malaria, is transmitted when female Anopheles mosquitoes bite people and take a blood meal in order to develop eggs. To date, it is still poorly understood whether Anopheles mosquitoes that get infected with P. falciparum suffer fitness costs. Here, we find that the number of eggs produced by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi females is not affected by P. falciparum infection, and that the mating status of the mosquitoes does not impact the parasite. However, in field experiments infecting a related species, Anopheles coluzzii, with P. falciparum using blood from donors in Burkina Faso, we find that interfering with the expression of a gene normally triggered by the sexual transfer of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces increasing costs to egg development as females become more infected with P. falciparum, with no impacts on the parasite. The results of our study suggest that pathways triggered by mating may help Anopheles prevent reproductive costs associated with P. falciparum infection, providing new insights into evolutionary strategies adopted by anophelines in the face of a longstanding association with Plasmodium parasites.
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6
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Dantzler KW, Ma S, Ngotho P, Stone WJR, Tao D, Rijpma S, De Niz M, Nilsson Bark SK, Jore MM, Raaijmakers TK, Early AM, Ubaida-Mohien C, Lemgruber L, Campo JJ, Teng AA, Le TQ, Walker CL, Hermand P, Deterre P, Davies DH, Felgner P, Morlais I, Wirth DF, Neafsey DE, Dinglasan RR, Laufer M, Huttenhower C, Seydel K, Taylor T, Bousema T, Marti M. Naturally acquired immunity against immature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/495/eaav3963. [PMID: 31167926 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent decline in global malaria burden has stimulated efforts toward Plasmodium falciparum elimination. Understanding the biology of malaria transmission stages may provide opportunities to reduce or prevent onward transmission to mosquitoes. Immature P. falciparum transmission stages, termed stages I to IV gametocytes, sequester in human bone marrow before release into the circulation as mature stage V gametocytes. This process likely involves interactions between host receptors and potentially immunogenic adhesins on the infected red blood cell (iRBC) surface. Here, we developed a flow cytometry assay to examine immune recognition of live gametocytes of different developmental stages by naturally exposed Malawians. We identified strong antibody recognition of the earliest immature gametocyte-iRBCs (giRBCs) but not mature stage V giRBCs. Candidate surface antigens (n = 30), most of them shared between asexual- and gametocyte-iRBCs, were identified by mass spectrometry and mouse immunizations, as well as correlations between responses by protein microarray and flow cytometry. Naturally acquired responses to a subset of candidate antigens were associated with reduced asexual and gametocyte density, and plasma samples from malaria-infected individuals were able to induce immune clearance of giRBCs in vitro. Infected RBC surface expression of select candidate antigens was validated using specific antibodies, and genetic analysis revealed a subset with minimal variation across strains. Our data demonstrate that humoral immune responses to immature giRBCs and shared iRBC antigens are naturally acquired after malaria exposure. These humoral immune responses may have consequences for malaria transmission potential by clearing developing gametocytes, which could be leveraged for malaria intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W Dantzler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla Ngotho
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Will J R Stone
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands.,Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dingyin Tao
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sanna Rijpma
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Mariana De Niz
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sandra K Nilsson Bark
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthijs M Jore
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Hermand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), UMR 1135, ERL CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deterre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), UMR 1135, ERL CNRS 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - D Huw Davies
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Phil Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- UMR MIVEGEC UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miriam Laufer
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl Seydel
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands. .,Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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de Jong RM, Tebeje SK, Meerstein‐Kessel L, Tadesse FG, Jore MM, Stone W, Bousema T. Immunity against sexual stage Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:190-215. [PMID: 31840844 PMCID: PMC6973022 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficient spread of malaria from infected humans to mosquitoes is a major challenge for malaria elimination initiatives. Gametocytes are the only Plasmodium life stage infectious to mosquitoes. Here, we summarize evidence for naturally acquired anti-gametocyte immunity and the current state of transmission blocking vaccines (TBV). Although gametocytes are intra-erythrocytic when present in infected humans, developing Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes may express proteins on the surface of red blood cells that elicit immune responses in naturally exposed individuals. This immune response may reduce the burden of circulating gametocytes. For both P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, there is a solid evidence that antibodies against antigens present on the gametocyte surface, when co-ingested with gametocytes, can influence transmission to mosquitoes. Transmission reducing immunity, reducing the burden of infection in mosquitoes, is a well-acknowledged but poorly quantified phenomenon that forms the basis for the development of TBV. Transmission enhancing immunity, increasing the likelihood or intensity of transmission to mosquitoes, is more speculative in nature but is convincingly demonstrated for P. vivax. With the increased interest in malaria elimination, TBV and monoclonal antibodies have moved to the center stage of malaria vaccine development. Methodologies to prioritize and evaluate products are urgently needed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunomodulation
- Life Cycle Stages
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/transmission
- Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium vivax/growth & development
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos M. de Jong
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Lisette Meerstein‐Kessel
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Fitsum G. Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs M. Jore
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Will Stone
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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8
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Mohanty AK, Nina PB, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Parkar S, D'souza M, Zuo W, Gomes E, Chery L, Tuljapurkar S, Valecha N, Rathod PK, Kumar A. Susceptibility of wild and colonized Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium vivax infection. Malar J 2018; 17:225. [PMID: 29871629 PMCID: PMC5989471 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As much as 80% of global Plasmodium vivax infections occur in South Asia and there is a shortage of direct studies on infectivity of P. vivax in Anopheles stephensi, the most common urban mosquito carrying human malaria. In this quest, the possible effects of laboratory colonization of mosquitoes on infectivity and development of P. vivax is of interest given that colonized mosquitoes can be genetically less divergent than the field population from which they originated. Methods Patient-derived P. vivax infected blood was fed to age-matched wild and colonized An. stephensi. Such a comparison requires coordinated availability of same-age wild and colonized mosquito populations. Here, P. vivax infection are studied in colonized An. stephensi in their 66th–86th generation and fresh field-caught An. stephensi. Wild mosquitoes were caught as larvae and pupae and allowed to develop into adult mosquitoes in the insectary. Parasite development to oocyst and sporozoite stages were assessed on days 7/8 and 12/13, respectively. Results While there were batch to batch variations in infectivity of individual patient-derived P. vivax samples, both wild and colonized An. stephensi were roughly equally susceptible to oocyst stage Plasmodium infection. At the level of sporozoite development, significantly more mosquitoes with sporozoite load of 4+ were seen in wild than in colonized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Praveen Balabaskaran Nina
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Parkar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Wenyun Zuo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India.
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9
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Stone WJR, Campo JJ, Ouédraogo AL, Meerstein-Kessel L, Morlais I, Da D, Cohuet A, Nsango S, Sutherland CJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Siebelink-Stoter R, van Gemert GJ, Graumans W, Lanke K, Shandling AD, Pablo JV, Teng AA, Jones S, de Jong RM, Fabra-García A, Bradley J, Roeffen W, Lasonder E, Gremo G, Schwarzer E, Janse CJ, Singh SK, Theisen M, Felgner P, Marti M, Drakeley C, Sauerwein R, Bousema T, Jore MM. Unravelling the immune signature of Plasmodium falciparum transmission-reducing immunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:558. [PMID: 29422648 PMCID: PMC5805765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Plasmodium can elicit antibodies that inhibit parasite survival in the mosquito, when they are ingested in an infectious blood meal. Here, we determine the transmission-reducing activity (TRA) of naturally acquired antibodies from 648 malaria-exposed individuals using lab-based mosquito-feeding assays. Transmission inhibition is significantly associated with antibody responses to Pfs48/45, Pfs230, and to 43 novel gametocyte proteins assessed by protein microarray. In field-based mosquito-feeding assays the likelihood and rate of mosquito infection are significantly lower for individuals reactive to Pfs48/45, Pfs230 or to combinations of the novel TRA-associated proteins. We also show that naturally acquired purified antibodies against key transmission-blocking epitopes of Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 are mechanistically involved in TRA, whereas sera depleted of these antibodies retain high-level, complement-independent TRA. Our analysis demonstrates that host antibody responses to gametocyte proteins are associated with reduced malaria transmission efficiency from humans to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J R Stone
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | | | | - Lisette Meerstein-Kessel
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Dari Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sandrine Nsango
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Medecine and Pharmaceutical Science, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Siebelink-Stoter
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Graumans
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Sophie Jones
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Roos M de Jong
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda Fabra-García
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John Bradley
- Medical Research Council Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Will Roeffen
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Lasonder
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Giuliana Gremo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susheel K Singh
- Department for Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DK 2300, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, DK 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DK 2300, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, DK 2200, Denmark
| | - Phil Felgner
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Wellcome Center for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Matthijs M Jore
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Lefevre T, Ohm J, Dabiré KR, Cohuet A, Choisy M, Thomas MB, Cator L. Transmission traits of malaria parasites within the mosquito: Genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and consequences for control. Evol Appl 2017; 11:456-469. [PMID: 29636799 PMCID: PMC5891056 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the risk of emergence and transmission of vector‐borne diseases requires knowledge of the genetic and environmental contributions to pathogen transmission traits. Compared to the significant effort devoted to understanding the biology of malaria transmission from vertebrate hosts to mosquito vectors, the strategies that malaria parasites have evolved to maximize transmission from vectors to vertebrate hosts have been largely overlooked. While determinants of infection success within the mosquito host have recently received attention, the causes of variability for other key transmission traits of malaria, namely the duration of parasite development and its virulence within the vector, as well as its ability to alter mosquito behavior, remain largely unknown. This important gap in our knowledge needs to be bridged in order to obtain an integrative view of the ecology and evolution of malaria transmission strategies. Associations between transmission traits also need to be characterized, as they trade‐offs and constraints could have important implications for understanding the evolution of parasite transmission. Finally, theoretical studies are required to evaluate how genetic and environmental influences on parasite transmission traits can shape malaria dynamics and evolution in response to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefevre
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | - Johanna Ohm
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | - Kounbobr R Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Marc Choisy
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | - Lauren Cator
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment Imperial College London Ascot UK
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11
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Eldering M, Bompard A, Miura K, Stone W, Morlais I, Cohuet A, van Gemert GJ, Brock PM, Rijpma SR, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Graumans W, Siebelink-Stoter R, Da DF, Long CA, Morin MJ, Sauerwein RW, Churcher TS, Bousema T. Comparative assessment of An. gambiae and An. stephensi mosquitoes to determine transmission-reducing activity of antibodies against P. falciparum sexual stage antigens. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:489. [PMID: 29041962 PMCID: PMC5646129 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing interest in vaccines to interrupt malaria transmission, there is a demand for harmonization of current methods to assess Plasmodium transmission in laboratory settings. Potential vaccine candidates are currently tested in the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) that commonly relies on Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Other mosquito species including Anopheles gambiae are the dominant malaria vectors for Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Using human serum and monoclonal pre-fertilization (anti-Pfs48/45) and post-fertilization (anti-Pfs25) antibodies known to effectively inhibit sporogony, we directly compared SMFA based estimates of transmission-reducing activity (TRA) for An. stephensi and An. gambiae mosquitoes. Results In the absence of transmission-reducing antibodies, average numbers of oocysts were similar between An. gambiae and An. stephensi. Antibody-mediated TRA was strongly correlated between both mosquito species, and absolute TRA estimates for pre-fertilisation monoclonal antibodies (mAb) showed no significant difference between the two species. TRA estimates for IgG of naturally exposed individuals and partially effective concentrations of anti-Pfs25 mAb were higher for An. stephensi than for An. gambiae. Conclusion Our findings support the use of An. stephensi in the SMFA for target prioritization. As a vaccine moves through product development, better estimates of TRA and transmission-blocking activity (TBA) may need to be obtained in epidemiologically relevant parasite-species combination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2414-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Eldering
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anaïs Bompard
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Will Stone
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR MIVEGEC UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR MIVEGEC UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick M Brock
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sanna R Rijpma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter Graumans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Siebelink-Stoter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dari F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Carole A Long
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas S Churcher
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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12
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Plasmodium berghei P47 is essential for ookinete protection from the Anopheles gambiae complement-like response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6026. [PMID: 28729672 PMCID: PMC5519742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease affecting millions of people every year. The rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei has served as a model for human malaria transmission studies and played a pivotal role in dissecting the mosquito immune response against infection. The 6-cysteine protein P47, known to be important for P. berghei female gamete fertility, is shown to serve a different function in Plasmodium falciparum, protecting ookinetes from the mosquito immune response. Here, we investigate the function of P. berghei P47 in Anopheles gambiae mosquito infections. We show that P47 is expressed on the surface of both female gametocytes and ookinetes where it serves distinct functions in promoting gametocyte-to-ookinete development and protecting ookinetes from the mosquito complement-like response, respectively. The latter function is essential, as ookinetes lacking P47 are targeted for killing while traversing the mosquito midgut cells and eliminated upon exposure to hemolymph proteins of the complement-like system. Silencing key factors of the complement-like system restores oocyst development and disease transmission to rodent hosts. Our data establish a dual role of P. berghei P47 in vivo and reinforce the use of this parasite to study the impact of the mosquito immune response on human malaria transmission.
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13
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Habtewold T, Groom Z, Christophides GK. Immune resistance and tolerance strategies in malaria vector and non-vector mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:186. [PMID: 28420446 PMCID: PMC5395841 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Anopheles gambiae complex consists of species that vary greatly in their capacity to transmit malaria. The mosquito immune system has been identified as a key factor that can influence whether Plasmodium infection establishes within the mosquito vector. This study was designed to investigate the immune responses of An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus mosquitoes. The first two mosquito species are major vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, while the third is thought to be a non-vector. Methods All three mosquito species were reared in mixed cultures. Their capacity to eliminate P. berghei and regulate midgut bacteria was examined. Results Our results revealed large differences in mosquito resistance to P. berghei. In all three mosquito species, immune reactions involving the complement system were triggered when the number of parasites that mosquitoes were challenged with exceeded a certain level, i.e. immune tolerance threshold. This threshold was markedly lower in An. quadriannulatus compared to An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis. We also demonstrated that the level of immune tolerance to P. berghei infection in the haemolymph is inversely correlated with the level of immune tolerance to microbiota observed in the midgut lumen after a blood meal. The malaria non-vector mosquito species, An. quadriannulatus was shown to have a much higher level of tolerance to microbiota in the midgut than An. coluzzii. Conclusions We propose a model whereby an increased tolerance to microbiota in the mosquito midgut results in lower tolerance to Plasmodium infection. In this model, malaria non-vector mosquito species are expected to have increased immune resistance in the haemocoel, possibly due to complement priming by microbiota elicitors. We propose that this strategy is employed by the malaria non-vector mosquito, An. quadriannulatus, while An. coluzzii has reduced tolerance to bacterial infection in the midgut and consequently reduced immune resistance to Plasmodium infection at the haemocoel level. An in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating immune tolerance versus resistance in different mosquito vectors of malaria could guide the design of new vector and disease control strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2109-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibebu Habtewold
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Zoe Groom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Costello Medical Consulting, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Stanczyk NM, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM. Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: extrapolating data to the field. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 20:7-12. [PMID: 28602239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens have been shown to influence behavioral and other traits of their hosts and vectors across multiple systems, frequently in ways that enhance transmission. In malaria pathosystems, Plasmodium parasites have been reported to alter mosquito physiology, fitness and host-seeking behavior. Such effects on vector behavior have obvious medical relevance given their potential to influence disease transmission. However, most studies detailing these effects have faced methodological limitations, including experiments limited to laboratory settings with model vector/pathogen systems. Some recent studies indicate that similar effects may not be observed with natural field populations; furthermore, it has been suggested that previously reported effects on vectors might be explained by immune responses elicited due to the use of pathogen-vector systems that are not co-evolved. In light of these developments, further work is needed to determine the validity of extrapolation from laboratory studies to field conditions and to understand how parasite effects on vectors affect transmission dynamics in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Stanczyk
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Alout H, Foy BD. Ivermectin: a complimentary weapon against the spread of malaria? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:231-240. [PMID: 27960597 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1271713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ivermectin has transformed the treatment of parasitic diseases and led to incommensurable benefits to humans and animals. Ivermectin is effective in treating several neglected infectious diseases and recently it has been shown to reduce malaria parasite transmission. Areas covered: Malaria control strategies could benefit from the addition of ivermectin to interrupt the transmission cycle if it is a long lasting formulation or repeatedly administered. In turn, this will help also to control neglected infectious diseases where the elimination goal has been slower to achieve. Despite the relevance of using ivermectin for integrated and sustained disease control, there are still essential questions that remain to be addressed about safety and practicality. The efficacy in various malaria ecologies and the interaction between control tools, either drugs or insecticides, are also important to assess. Expert commentary: Overlapping distribution of several infectious diseases reveals the benefit of integrating control programs against several infectious diseases into one strategy for cost effectiveness and to reach the elimination goals. The use of ivermectin to control malaria transmission will necessitate development and testing of long-lasting formulations or repeated treatments, and implementation of these treatments with other disease control tools may increase the chance of successful and sustained control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- a Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology & Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Brian D Foy
- a Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology & Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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16
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Utilizing direct skin feeding assays for development of vaccines that interrupt malaria transmission: A systematic review of methods and case study. Vaccine 2016; 34:5863-5870. [PMID: 27789147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Shifting the malaria priorities from a paradigm of control and elimination to a goal of global eradication calls for renewed attention to the interruption of malaria transmission. Sustained progress toward eradication will require both improved understanding of infectious reservoirs and efficient development of novel transmission-blocking interventions, such as rapidly acting and highly efficacious therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we review the direct skin feeding assay (DSF), which has been proposed as a valuable tool for measuring the in natura transmission of malaria parasites from human hosts to mosquito vectors across heterogeneous populations. To capture the methodological breadth of this assay's use, we first systematically review and qualitatively synthesize previously published investigations using DSFs to study malaria transmission in humans. Then, using a recent Phase 1 trial in Mali of the Pfs25H-EPA/Alhydrogel® vaccine candidate (NCT01867463) designed to interrupt Plasmodium falciparum transmission as a case study, we describe the potential opportunities and current limitations of utilizing the endpoints measured by DSF in making early clinical decisions for individually randomized transmission-interrupting intervention candidates. Using simulations based on the data collected in the clinical trial, we demonstrate that the capacity of the DSF to serve as an evaluative tool is limited by the statistical power constraints of the "effective sample size" (i.e. the number of subjects that are capable of transmitting at the time of feeding). Altogether, our findings suggest DSFs have great potential utility for assessing the public health impacts of emerging antimalarial tools, but additional research is needed to address issues of scalability and to establish correlation with community-wide clinical endpoints as well as complementary in vitro measures, such as standard membrane feeding assays.
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17
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Neal AT, Ross MS, Schall JJ, Vardo-Zalik AM. Genetic differentiation over a small spatial scale of the sand fly Lutzomyia vexator (Diptera: Psychodidae). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:550. [PMID: 27756347 PMCID: PMC5070220 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The geographic scale and degree of genetic differentiation for arthropod vectors that transmit parasites play an important role in the distribution, prevalence and coevolution of pathogens of human and wildlife significance. We determined the genetic diversity and population structure of the sand fly Lutzomyia vexator over spatial scales from 0.56 to 3.79 km at a study region in northern California. The study was provoked by observations of differentiation at fine spatial scales of a lizard malaria parasite vectored by Lu. vexator. Methods A microsatellite enrichment/next-generation sequencing protocol was used to identify variable microsatellite loci within the genome of Lu. vexator. Alleles present at these loci were examined in four populations of Lu. vexator in Hopland, CA. Population differentiation was assessed using Fst and D (of Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards), and the program Structure was used to determine the degree of subdivision present. The effective population size for the sand fly populations was also calculated. Results Eight microsatellite markers were characterized and revealed high genetic diversity (uHe = 0.79–0.92, Na = 12–24) and slight but significant differentiation across the fine spatial scale examined (average pairwise D = 0.327; FST = 0.0185 (95 % bootstrapped CI: 0.0102–0.0264). Even though the insects are difficult to capture using standard methods, the estimated population size was thousands per local site. Conclusions The results argue that Lu. vexator at the study sites are abundant and not highly mobile, which may influence the overall transmission dynamics of the lizard malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum, and other parasites transmitted by this species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1826-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T Neal
- Department of Biology, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, 05663, USA
| | - Max S Ross
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Jos J Schall
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Anne M Vardo-Zalik
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, York, PA, 17403, USA.
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18
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Frederick J, Saint Jean Y, Lemoine JF, Dotson EM, Mace KE, Chang M, Slutsker L, Le Menach A, Beier JC, Eisele TP, Okech BA, Beau de Rochars VM, Carter KH, Keating J, Impoinvil DE. Malaria vector research and control in Haiti: a systematic review. Malar J 2016; 15:376. [PMID: 27443992 PMCID: PMC4957415 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haiti has a set a target of eliminating malaria by 2020. However, information on malaria vector research in Haiti is not well known. This paper presents results from a systematic review of the literature on malaria vector research, bionomics and control in Haiti. METHODS A systematic search of literature published in French, Spanish and English languages was conducted in 2015 using Pubmed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, EMBASE, JSTOR WHOLIS and Web of Science databases as well other grey literature sources such as USAID, and PAHO. The following search terms were used: malaria, Haiti, Anopheles, and vector control. RESULTS A total of 132 references were identified with 40 high quality references deemed relevant and included in this review. Six references dealt with mosquito distribution, seven with larval mosquito ecology, 16 with adult mosquito ecology, three with entomological indicators of malaria transmission, eight with insecticide resistance, one with sero-epidemiology and 16 with vector control. In the last 15 years (2000-2015), there have only been four published papers and three-scientific meeting abstracts on entomology for malaria in Haiti. Overall, the general literature on malaria vector research in Haiti is limited and dated. DISCUSSION Entomological information generated from past studies in Haiti will contribute to the development of strategies to achieve malaria elimination on Hispaniola. However it is of paramount importance that malaria vector research in Haiti is updated to inform decision-making for vector control strategies in support of malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frederick
- />Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Yvan Saint Jean
- />Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Ellen M. Dotson
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kimberly E. Mace
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Michelle Chang
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Laurence Slutsker
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - John C. Beier
- />Division of Environment & Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Thomas P. Eisele
- />Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Bernard A. Okech
- />Department of Environmental and Global Health College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Valery Madsen Beau de Rochars
- />Department of Health Service Research Management and Policy of College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, FL USA
- />The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Keith H. Carter
- />Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC USA
| | - Joseph Keating
- />Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Daniel E. Impoinvil
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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19
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Gonçalves BP, Tiono AB, Ouédraogo A, Guelbéogo WM, Bradley J, Nebie I, Siaka D, Lanke K, Eziefula AC, Diarra A, Pett H, Bougouma EC, Sirima SB, Drakeley C, Bousema T. Single low dose primaquine to reduce gametocyte carriage and Plasmodium falciparum transmission after artemether-lumefantrine in children with asymptomatic infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Med 2016; 14:40. [PMID: 26952094 PMCID: PMC4782330 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single low dose (0.25 mg/kg) of primaquine is recommended as a gametocytocide in combination with artemisinin-based combination therapies for Plasmodium falciparum but its effect on post-treatment gametocyte circulation and infectiousness to mosquitoes has not been quantified. METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 360 asymptomatic parasitaemic children aged 2-15 years were enrolled and assigned to receive: artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and a dose of placebo; AL and a 0.25 mg/kg primaquine dose; or AL and a 0.40 mg/kg primaquine dose. On days 0, 2, 3, 7, 10 and 14, gametocytes were detected and quantified by microscopy, Pfs25 mRNA quantitative nucleic acid sequence based amplification (QT-NASBA), and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). For a subset of participants, pre- and post-treatment infectiousness was assessed by mosquito feeding assays on days -1, 3, 7, 10 and 14. RESULTS Both primaquine arms had lower gametocyte prevalences after day 3 compared to the placebo arm, regardless of gametocyte detection method. The mean (95% confidence interval) number of days to gametocyte clearance in children with patent gametocytes on day 0 (N = 150) was 19.7 (14.6 - 24.8), 7.7 (6.3 - 9.1) and 8.2 (6.7 - 9.6) for the AL-placebo, the 0.25 mg/kg primaquine dose and the 0.40 mg/kg primaquine dose arms, respectively. While 38.0% (30/79) of selected gametocytaemic individuals were infectious before treatment, only 1/251 participant, from the AL-placebo group, infected mosquitoes after treatment. CONCLUSIONS We observed similar gametocyte clearance rates after 0.25 and 0.40 mg/kg primaquine doses. Infectivity to mosquitoes after AL was very low and absent in primaquine arms. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV REGISTRATION NCT01935882.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronner P Gonçalves
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Alfred B Tiono
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Alphonse Ouédraogo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbéogo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - John Bradley
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Issa Nebie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Débé Siaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alice C Eziefula
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Helmi Pett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Edith C Bougouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Fansiri T, Pongsiri A, Klungthong C, Ponlawat A, Thaisomboonsuk B, Jarman RG, Scott TW, Lambrechts L. No evidence for local adaptation of dengue viruses to mosquito vector populations in Thailand. Evol Appl 2016; 9:608-18. [PMID: 27099625 PMCID: PMC4831462 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their epidemiological importance, the evolutionary forces that shape the spatial structure of dengue virus genetic diversity are not fully understood. Fine-scale genetic structure of mosquito vector populations and evidence for genotype × genotype interactions between dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors are consistent with the hypothesis that the geographical distribution of dengue virus genetic diversity may reflect viral adaptation to local mosquito populations. To test this hypothesis, we measured vector competence in all sympatric and allopatric combinations of 14 low-passage dengue virus isolates and two wild-type populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes sampled in Bangkok and Kamphaeng Phet, two sites located about 300 km apart in Thailand. Despite significant genotype × genotype interactions, we found no evidence for superior vector competence in sympatric versus allopatric vector-virus combinations. Viral phylogenetic analysis revealed no geographical clustering of the 14 isolates, suggesting that high levels of viral migration (gene flow) in Thailand may counteract spatially heterogeneous natural selection. We conclude that it is unlikely that vector-mediated selection is a major driver of dengue virus adaptive evolution at the regional scale that we examined. Dengue virus local adaptation to mosquito vector populations could happen, however, in places or times that we did not test, or at a different geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyalak Fansiri
- Department of Entomology Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok Thailand
| | - Arissara Pongsiri
- Department of Entomology Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of Virology Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok Thailand
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok Thailand
| | - Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk
- Department of Virology Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok Thailand
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Department of Virology Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok Thailand; Present address: Viral Diseases Branch Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Thomas W Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis CA USA; Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions Group Department of Genomes and Genetics Institut Pasteur Paris France; Unité de Recherche Associée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris France
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21
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Plasmodium evasion of mosquito immunity and global malaria transmission: The lock-and-key theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15178-83. [PMID: 26598665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520426112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria originated in Africa and became global as humans migrated to other continents. During this journey, parasites encountered new mosquito species, some of them evolutionarily distant from African vectors. We have previously shown that the Pfs47 protein allows the parasite to evade the mosquito immune system of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Here, we investigated the role of Pfs47-mediated immune evasion in the adaptation of P. falciparum to evolutionarily distant mosquito species. We found that P. falciparum isolates from Africa, Asia, or the Americas have low compatibility to malaria vectors from a different continent, an effect that is mediated by the mosquito immune system. We identified 42 different haplotypes of Pfs47 that have a strong geographic population structure and much lower haplotype diversity outside Africa. Replacement of the Pfs47 haplotypes in a P. falciparum isolate is sufficient to make it compatible to a different mosquito species. Those parasites that express a Pfs47 haplotype compatible with a given vector evade antiplasmodial immunity and survive. We propose that Pfs47-mediated immune evasion has been critical for the globalization of P. falciparum malaria as parasites adapted to new vector species. Our findings predict that this ongoing selective force by the mosquito immune system could influence the dispersal of Plasmodium genetic traits and point to Pfs47 as a potential target to block malaria transmission. A new model, the "lock-and-key theory" of P. falciparum globalization, is proposed, and its implications are discussed.
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22
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Vantaux A, de Sales Hien DF, Yameogo B, Dabiré KR, Thomas F, Cohuet A, Lefèvre T. Host-seeking behaviors of mosquitoes experimentally infected with sympatric field isolates of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: no evidence for host manipulation. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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23
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Morlais I, Nsango SE, Toussile W, Abate L, Annan Z, Tchioffo MT, Cohuet A, Awono-Ambene PH, Fontenille D, Rousset F, Berry A. Plasmodium falciparum mating patterns and mosquito infectivity of natural isolates of gametocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123777. [PMID: 25875840 PMCID: PMC4397039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infections in malaria endemic areas often harbor multiple clones of parasites. However, the transmission success of the different genotypes within the mosquito vector has remained elusive so far. The genetic diversity of malaria parasites was measured by using microsatellite markers in gametocyte isolates from 125 asymptomatic carriers. For a subset of 49 carriers, the dynamics of co-infecting genotypes was followed until their development within salivary glands. Also, individual oocysts from midguts infected with blood from 9 donors were genotyped to assess mating patterns. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) was high both in gametocyte isolates and sporozoite populations, reaching up to 10 genotypes. Gametocyte isolates with multiple genotypes gave rise to lower infection prevalence and intensity. Fluctuations of genotype number occurred during the development within the mosquito and sub-patent genotypes, not detected in gametocyte isolates, were identified in the vector salivary glands. The inbreeding coefficient Fis was positively correlated to the oocyst loads, suggesting that P. falciparum parasites use different reproductive strategies according to the genotypes present in the gametocyte isolate. The number of parasite clones within an infection affects the transmission success and the mosquito has an important role in maintaining P. falciparum genetic diversity. Our results emphasize the crucial importance of discriminating between the different genotypes within an infection when studying the A. gambiae natural resistance to P. falciparum, and the need to monitor parasite diversity in areas where malaria control interventions are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Morlais
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandrine E. Nsango
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Luc Abate
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Zeinab Annan
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Parfait H. Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Antoine Berry
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
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24
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Pimenta PFP, Orfano AS, Bahia AC, Duarte APM, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Melo FF, Pessoa FAC, Oliveira GA, Campos KMM, Villegas LM, Rodrigues NB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Simões RC, Monteiro WM, Amino R, Traub-Cseko YM, Lima JBP, Barbosa MGV, Lacerda MVG, Tadei WP, Secundino NFC. An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:23-47. [PMID: 25742262 PMCID: PMC4371216 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the Amazon Forest, which extends across nine countries. One keystone step to understanding the Plasmodium life cycle in Anopheles species from the Amazon Region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. Several attempts to colonise Anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. In this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the perspective of its Amazon vectors. Currently, it is possible to develop experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of the colonised and field-captured vectors in laboratories located close to Amazonian endemic areas. We are also reviewing studies related to the immune response to P. vivax infection of Anopheles aquasalis, a coastal mosquito species. Finally, we discuss the importance of the modulation of Plasmodium infection by the vector microbiota and also consider the anopheline genomes. The establishment of experimental mosquito infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei parasites that could provide interesting models for studying malaria in the Amazonian scenario is important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the parasites in New World vectors is crucial in order to better determine the interaction process and vectorial competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo FP Pimenta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | - Ana C Bahia
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana PM Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | - Fabrício F Melo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | | | - Keillen MM Campos
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Rejane C Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris,
France
| | | | - José BP Lima
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria GV Barbosa
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Marcus VG Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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25
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Da DF, Churcher TS, Yerbanga RS, Yaméogo B, Sangaré I, Ouedraogo JB, Sinden RE, Blagborough AM, Cohuet A. Experimental study of the relationship between Plasmodium gametocyte density and infection success in mosquitoes; implications for the evaluation of malaria transmission-reducing interventions. Exp Parasitol 2014; 149:74-83. [PMID: 25541384 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of transmission reducing interventions (TRI) to control malaria widely uses membrane feeding assays. In such assays, the intensity of Plasmodium infection in the vector might affect the measured efficacy of the candidates to block transmission. Gametocyte density in the host blood is a determinant of the infection success in the mosquito, however, uncertain estimates of parasite densities and intrinsic characteristics of the infected blood can induce variability. To reduce this variation, a feasible method is to dilute infectious blood samples. We describe the effect of diluting samples of Plasmodium-containing blood samples to allow accurate relative measures of gametocyte densities and their impact on mosquito infectivity and TRI efficacy. Natural Plasmodium falciparum samples were diluted to generate a wide range of parasite densities, and fed to Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. This was compared with parallel dilutions conducted on Plasmodium berghei infections. We examined how blood dilution influences the observed blocking activity of anti-Pbs28 monoclonal antibody using the P. berghei/Anopheles stephensi system. In the natural species combination P. falciparum/An. coluzzii, blood dilution using heat-inactivated, infected blood as diluents, revealed positive near linear relationships, between gametocyte densities and oocyst loads in the range tested. A similar relationship was observed in the P. berghei/An. stephensi system when using a similar dilution method. In contrast, diluting infected mice blood with fresh uninfected blood dramatically increases the infectiousness. This suggests that highly infected mice blood contains inhibitory factors or reduced blood moieties, which impede infection and may in turn, lead to misinterpretation when comparing individual TRI evaluation assays. In the lab system, the transmission blocking activity of an antibody specific for Pbs28 was confirmed to be density-dependent. This highlights the need to carefully interpret evaluations of TRI candidates, regarding gametocyte densities in the P. berghei/An. stephensi system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dari F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso 01 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Thomas S Churcher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rakiswendé S Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso 01 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Bienvenue Yaméogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso 01 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Ibrahim Sangaré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso 01 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Jean Bosco Ouedraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso 01 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Robert E Sinden
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Blagborough
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso 01 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France.
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26
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Marie A, Holzmuller P, Tchioffo MT, Rossignol M, Demettre E, Seveno M, Corbel V, Awono-Ambéné P, Morlais I, Remoue F, Cornelie S. Anopheles gambiae salivary protein expression modulated by wild Plasmodium falciparum infection: highlighting of new antigenic peptides as candidates of An. gambiae bites. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:599. [PMID: 25526764 PMCID: PMC4287575 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the major parasitic disease worldwide caused by Plasmodium infection. The objective of integrated malaria control programs is to decrease malaria transmission, which needs specific tools to be accurately assessed. In areas where the transmission is low or has been substantially reduced, new complementary tools have to be developed to improve surveillance. A recent approach, based on the human antibody response to Anopheles salivary proteins, has been shown to be efficient in evaluating human exposure to Anopheles bites. The aim of the present study was to identify new An. gambiae salivary proteins as potential candidate biomarkers of human exposure to P. falciparum-infective bites. Methods Experimental infections of An. gambiae by wild P. falciparum were carried out in semi-field conditions. Then a proteomic approach, combining 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry, was used to identify the overexpressed salivary proteins in infected salivary glands compared to uninfected An. gambiae controls. Subsequently, a peptide design of each potential candidate was performed in silico and their antigenicity was tested by an epitope-mapping technique using blood from individuals exposed to Anopheles bites. Results Five salivary proteins (gSG6, gSG1b, TRIO, SG5 and long form D7) were overexpressed in the infected salivary glands. Eighteen peptides were designed from these proteins and were found antigenic in children exposed to the Anopheles bites. Moreover, the results showed that the presence of wild P. falciparum in salivary glands modulates the expression of several salivary proteins and also appeared to induce post-translational modifications. Conclusions This study is, to our knowledge, the first that compares the sialome of An. gambiae both infected and not infected by wild P. falciparum, making it possible to mimic the natural conditions of infection. This is a first step toward a better understanding of the close interactions between the parasite and the salivary gland of mosquitoes. In addition, these results open the way to define biomarkers of infective bites of Anopheles, which could, in the future, improve the estimation of malaria transmission and the evaluation of malaria vector control tools. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0599-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Marie
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD Département Systèmes Biologiques BIOS UMR 15 CMAEE "Contrôle des Maladies Exotiques et Emergentes", Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-15/G, Montpellier cedex 5, 34398, France.
| | - Majoline T Tchioffo
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Marie Rossignol
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Edith Demettre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U661, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, Montpellier, 34094, France.
| | - Martial Seveno
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U661, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, Montpellier, 34094, France.
| | - Vincent Corbel
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France. .,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambéné
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, BP 288, Cameroun.
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France. .,Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, BP 288, Cameroun.
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France. .,MIVEGEC- IRD- CREC, Cotonou, 01 BP4414 RP, Bénin.
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Grabias B, Zheng H, Mlambo G, Tripathi AK, Kumar S. A sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent-ELISA for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen in midguts of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 108:19-24. [PMID: 25455023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop a successful malaria vaccine are hampered due to lack of assays that are predictive of protective immunity without conducting large clinical studies. The effect of experimental vaccines and drugs on malaria transmission is yet more difficult to measure. Knowledge on the Plasmodium infection rate in mosquito populations will aid the measurement of effects from intervention measures for malaria control. Here, we report the development of a chemiluminescent sandwich ELISA (ECL-ELISA) that can detect Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (Pf CSP) produced in recombinant form at concentrations of 4.4pg and in P. falciparum sporozoites (Pf SPZ) derived from mosquito salivary glands at levels corresponding to 5 Pf SPZ. Most importantly, we demonstrate reliable Pf CSP-based detection of 0.056day 8 P. falciparum oocysts developing inside mosquito midguts in whole mosquito lysates. Cumulatively, the ECL-ELISA is 47× more sensitive for the detection of Pf CSP than a colorimetric ELISA while greatly simplifying sample preparation, obviating the need for cumbersome midgut dissections and allowing high throughput screening of Plasmodium infection in mosquito populations. The ECL-ELISA may also have broader application in diagnosis of infectious diseases and the prognostic value in cancer and other diseases such as auto-immunity and genetic disorders based on antigen detection, or quality validation of biological vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Grabias
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD USA.
| | - Hong Zheng
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD USA.
| | - Godfree Mlambo
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Abhai K Tripathi
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD USA.
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Alout H, Djègbè I, Chandre F, Djogbénou LS, Dabiré RK, Corbel V, Cohuet A. Insecticide exposure impacts vector-parasite interactions in insecticide-resistant malaria vectors. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140389. [PMID: 24850924 PMCID: PMC4046407 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a strong trend towards increasing insecticide-based vector control coverage in malaria endemic countries. The ecological consequence of insecticide applications has been mainly studied regarding the selection of resistance mechanisms; however, little is known about their impact on vector competence in mosquitoes responsible for malaria transmission. As they have limited toxicity to mosquitoes owing to the selection of resistance mechanisms, insecticides may also interact with pathogens developing in mosquitoes. In this study, we explored the impact of insecticide exposure on Plasmodium falciparum development in insecticide-resistant colonies of Anopheles gambiae s.s., homozygous for the ace-1 G119S mutation (Acerkis) or the kdr L1014F mutation (Kdrkis). Exposure to bendiocarb insecticide reduced the prevalence and intensity of P. falciparum oocysts developing in the infected midgut of the Acerkis strain, whereas exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane reduced only the prevalence of P. falciparum infection in the Kdrkis strain. Thus, insecticide resistance leads to a selective pressure of insecticides on Plasmodium parasites, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of genotype by environment interactions on vector competence in a natural Anopheles-Plasmodium combination. Insecticide applications would affect the transmission of malaria in spite of resistance and would reduce to some degree the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Salako Djogbénou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Sangare I, Dabire R, Yameogo B, Da DF, Michalakis Y, Cohuet A. Stress dependent infection cost of the human malaria agent Plasmodium falciparum on its natural vector Anopheles coluzzii. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:57-65. [PMID: 24747607 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling selective forces that shape vector-parasite interactions has critical implications for malaria control. However, it remains unclear whether Plasmodium infection induces a fitness cost to their natural mosquito vectors. Moreover, environmental conditions are known to affect infection outcome and may impact the effect of infection on mosquito fitness. We investigated in the laboratory the effects of exposition to and infection by field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum on fecundity and survival of a major vector in the field, Anopheles coluzzii under different conditions of access to sugar resources after blood feeding. The results evidenced fitness costs induced by exposition and infection. When sugar was available after blood meal, infected and exposed mosquitoes had either reduced or equal to survival to unexposed mosquitoes while fecundity was either increased or decreased depending on the blood donor. Under strong nutritional stress, survival was reduced for exposed and infected mosquitoes in all assays. We therefore provide here evidence of an environmental-dependant reduced survival in mosquitoes exposed to infection in a natural and one of the most important parasite-mosquito species associations for human malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sangare
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - R Dabire
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - B Yameogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - D F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Y Michalakis
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - A Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Lalubin F, Delédevant A, Glaizot O, Christe P. Natural malaria infection reduces starvation resistance of nutritionally stressed mosquitoes. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:850-7. [PMID: 24286465 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In disease ecology, there is growing evidence that environmental quality interacts with parasite and host to determine host susceptibility to an infection. Most studies of malaria parasites have focused on the infection costs incurred by the hosts, and few have investigated the costs on mosquito vectors. The interplay between the environment, the vector and the parasite has therefore mostly been ignored and often relied on unnatural or allopatric Plasmodium/vector associations. Here, we investigated the effects of natural avian malaria infection on both fecundity and survival of field-caught female Culex pipiens mosquitoes, individually maintained in laboratory conditions. We manipulated environmental quality by providing mosquitoes with different concentrations of glucose-feeding solution prior to submitting them to a starvation challenge. We used molecular-based methods to assess mosquitoes' infection status. We found that mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium had lower starvation resistance than uninfected ones only under low nutritional conditions. The effect of nutritional stress varied with time, with the difference of starvation resistance between optimally and suboptimally fed mosquitoes increasing from spring to summer, as shown by a significant interaction between diet treatment and months of capture. Infected and uninfected mosquitoes had similar clutch size, indicating no effect of infection on fecundity. Overall, this study suggests that avian malaria vectors may suffer Plasmodium infection costs in their natural habitat, under certain environmental conditions. This may have major implications for disease transmission in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Lalubin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Museum of Zoology, Place de la Riponne 6, CH-1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Delédevant
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Museum of Zoology, Place de la Riponne 6, CH-1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Basseri HR, Mohamadzadeh Hajipirloo H, Mohammadi Bavani M, Whitten MMA. Comparative susceptibility of different biological forms of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75413. [PMID: 24086525 PMCID: PMC3781038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are varying degrees of compatibility between malaria parasite-mosquito species, and understanding this compatibility may be crucial for developing effective transmission-blocking vaccines. This study investigates the compatibility of different biological forms of a malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, to Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Methods Several biologically different and allopatric forms of A. stephensi were studied. Three forms were isolated from different regions of southern Iran: the variety mysorensis, the intermediate form and the native type form, and an additional type form originated from India (Beech strain).The mosquitoes were experimentally infected with P. berghei to compare their susceptibility to parasitism. Anti-mosquito midgut antiserum was then raised in BALB/cs mice immunized against gut antigens from the most susceptible form of A. stephensi (Beech strain), and the efficacy of the antiserum was assessed in transmission-blocking assays conducted on the least susceptible mosquito biological form. Results The susceptibility of different biological forms of A. stephensi mosquito to P. berghei was specifically inter-type varied. The Beech strain and the intermediate form were both highly susceptible to infection, with higher oocyst and sporozoite infection rates than intermediate and mysorensis forms. The oocyst infection, and particularly sporozite infection, was lowest in the mysorensis strain. Antiserum raised against midgut proteins of the Indian Beech type form blocked infection in this mosquito population, but it was ineffective at blocking both oocyst and sporozoite development in the permissive but geographically distant intermediate form mosquitoes. This suggests that a strong degree of incompatibility exists between the mosquito strains in terms of midgut protein(s) acting as putative ookinete receptors. Conclusions The incompatibility in the midgut protein profiles between two biological forms of A. stephensi demonstrates a well-differentiated population structure according to geographical origin. Therefore, the design of potential transmission-blocking strategies should incorporate a more thorough understanding of intra-species variations in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Basseri
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Mohamadzadeh Hajipirloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Mulood Mohammadi Bavani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Miranda M. A. Whitten
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Alout H, Ndam NT, Sandeu MM, Djégbe I, Chandre F, Dabiré RK, Djogbénou LS, Corbel V, Cohuet A. Insecticide resistance alleles affect vector competence of Anopheles gambiae s.s. for Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63849. [PMID: 23704944 PMCID: PMC3660590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread insecticide resistance raises concerns for vector control implementation and sustainability particularly for the control of the main vector of human malaria, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. However, the extent to which insecticide resistance mechanisms interfere with the development of the malignant malaria parasite in its vector and their impact on overall malaria transmission remains unknown. We explore the impact of insecticide resistance on the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection in its natural vector using three An. gambiae strains sharing a common genetic background, one susceptible to insecticides and two resistant, one homozygous for the ace-1(R) mutation and one for the kdr mutation. Experimental infections of the three strains were conducted in parallel with field isolates of P. falciparum from Burkina Faso (West Africa) by direct membrane feeding assays. Both insecticide resistant mutations influence the outcome of malaria infection by increasing the prevalence of infection. In contrast, the kdr resistant allele is associated with reduced parasite burden in infected individuals at the oocyst stage, when compared to the susceptible strain, while the ace-1 (R) resistant allele showing no such association. Thus insecticide resistance, which is particularly problematic for malaria control efforts, impacts vector competence towards P. falciparum and probably parasite transmission through increased sporozoite prevalence in kdr resistant mosquitoes. These results are of great concern for the epidemiology of malaria considering the widespread pyrethroid resistance currently observed in Sub-Saharan Africa and the efforts deployed to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicaise Tuikue Ndam
- Institut des Sciences Biomédicale et Appliquées, Cotonou, Bénin
- IRD, UMR 216, Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marcel Maurice Sandeu
- IRD, UMR 216, Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Innocent Djégbe
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Anti-Pfs25 human plasma reduces transmission of Plasmodium falciparum isolates that have diverse genetic backgrounds. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1984-9. [PMID: 23509152 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00016-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pfs25 is a leading candidate for a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine whose potential has been demonstrated in a phase 1 trial with recombinant Pfs25 formulated with Montanide ISA51. Because of limited sequence polymorphism, the anti-Pfs25 antibodies induced by this vaccine are likely to have transmission-blocking or -reducing activity against most, if not all, field isolates. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated transmission-blocking activities by membrane feeding assay of anti-Pfs25 plasma from the Pfs25/ISA51 phase 1 trial against Plasmodium falciparum parasites from patients in two different geographical regions of the world, Thailand and Burkina Faso. In parallel, parasite isolates from these patients were sequenced for the Pfs25 gene and genotyped for seven microsatellites. The results indicate that despite different genetic backgrounds among parasite isolates, the Pfs25 sequences are highly conserved, with a single nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphism detected in 1 of 41 patients in Thailand and Burkina Faso. The anti-Pfs25 immune plasma had significantly higher transmission-reducing activity against parasite isolates from the two geographical regions than the nonimmune controls (P < 0.0001).
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Paaijmans KP, Cator LJ, Thomas MB. Temperature-dependent pre-bloodmeal period and temperature-driven asynchrony between parasite development and mosquito biting rate reduce malaria transmission intensity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55777. [PMID: 23383280 PMCID: PMC3561307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A mosquito needs to bite at least twice for malaria transmission to occur: once to acquire parasites and, after these parasites complete their development in their mosquito host, once to transmit the parasites to the next vertebrate host. Here we investigate the relationship between temperature, parasite development, and biting frequency in a mosquito-rodent malaria model system. We show that the pre-bloodmeal period (the time lag between mosquito emergence and first bloodmeal) increases at lower temperatures. In addition, parasite development time and feeding exhibit different thermal sensitivities such that mosquitoes might not be ready to feed at the point at which the parasite is ready to be transmitted. Exploring these effects using a simple theoretical model of human malaria shows that delays in infection and transmission can reduce the vectorial capacity of malaria mosquitoes by 20 to over 60%, depending on temperature. These delays have important implications for disease epidemiology and control, and should be considered in future transmission models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krijn P Paaijmans
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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Sangare I, Michalakis Y, Yameogo B, Dabire R, Morlais I, Cohuet A. Studying fitness cost of Plasmodium falciparum infection in malaria vectors: validation of an appropriate negative control. Malar J 2013; 12:2. [PMID: 23282172 PMCID: PMC3543248 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The question whether Plasmodium falciparum infection affects the fitness of mosquito vectors remains open. A hurdle for resolving this question is the lack of appropriate control, non-infected mosquitoes that can be compared to the infected ones. It was shown recently that heating P. falciparum gametocyte-infected blood before feeding by malaria vectors inhibits the infection. Therefore, the same source of gametocyte-infected blood could be divided in two parts, one heated, serving as the control, the other unheated, allowing the comparison of infected and uninfected mosquitoes which fed on exactly the same blood otherwise. However, before using this method for characterizing the cost of infection to mosquitoes, it is necessary to establish whether feeding on previously heated blood affects the survival and fecundity of mosquito females. Methods Anopheles gambiae M molecular form females were exposed to heated versus non-heated, parasite-free human blood to mimic blood meal on non-infectious versus infectious gametocyte-containing blood. Life history traits of mosquito females fed on blood that was heat-treated or not were then compared. Results The results reveal that heat treatment of the blood did not affect the survival and fecundity of mosquito females. Consistently, blood heat treatment did not affect the quantity of blood ingested. Conclusions The study indicates that heat inactivation of gametocyte-infected blood will only inhibit mosquito infection and that this method is suitable for quantifying the fitness cost incurred by mosquitoes upon infection by P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sangare
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Bousema T, Churcher TS, Morlais I, Dinglasan RR. Can field-based mosquito feeding assays be used for evaluating transmission-blocking interventions? Trends Parasitol 2012; 29:53-9. [PMID: 23273727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent meta-analysis of mosquito feeding assays to determine the Plasmodium falciparum transmission potential of naturally infected gametocyte carriers highlighted considerable variation in transmission efficiency between assay methodologies and between laboratories. This begs the question as to whether mosquito feeding assays should be used for the evaluation of transmission-reducing interventions in the field and whether these field-based mosquito assays are currently standardized sufficiently to enable accurate evaluations. Here, we address biological and methodological reasons for the observed variations, discuss whether these preclude the use of field-based mosquito feeding assays in field evaluations of transmission-blocking interventions, and propose how we can maximize the precision of estimates. Altogether, we underscore the significant advantages of field-based mosquito feeding assays in basic malaria research and field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Measuring the blockade of malaria transmission--an analysis of the Standard Membrane Feeding Assay. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:1037-44. [PMID: 23023048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) is currently considered to be the 'gold standard' for assessing the effectiveness of malaria transmission blocking interventions (TBIs) in vivo. The operation and analysis of SMFAs has varied between laboratories: field scientists often measure TBI efficacy as a reduction in the prevalence of infected mosquitoes whilst laboratory scientists are more likely to quote efficacy as a change in the number of oocysts within the mosquito. These metrics give outputs that differ widely, resulting in a need for greater understanding of how the SMFA informs TBI assessment. Using data from 536 different assays (conducted on Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei, in either Anopheles gambiae or Anopheles stephensi) it is shown that the relationship between these metrics is complex, yet predictable. Results demonstrate that the distribution of oocysts between mosquitoes is highly aggregated, making efficacy estimates based on reductions in intensity highly uncertain. Analysis of 30 SMFAs carried out on the same TBI confirms that the observed reduction in prevalence depends upon the parasite exposure (as measured by oocyst intensity in the control group), with assays which have lower exposure appearing more effective. By contrast, if efficacy is estimated as a reduction in oocyst intensity, then this candidate demonstrated constant efficacy, irrespective of the exposure level. To report transmission-blockade efficacy accurately, the results of SMFAs should give both the prevalence and intensity of oocysts in both the control and intervention group. Candidates should be assessed against a range of parasite exposures to allow laboratory results to be extrapolated to different field situations. Currently, many studies assessing TBIs are underpowered and uncertainties in efficacy estimates rarely reported. Statistical techniques that account for oocyst over-dispersion can reduce the number of mosquitoes that need to be dissected and allow TBI candidates from different laboratories to be accurately compared.
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Bousema T, Dinglasan RR, Morlais I, Gouagna LC, van Warmerdam T, Awono-Ambene PH, Bonnet S, Diallo M, Coulibaly M, Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Targett G, Drakeley C, Sutherland C, Robert V, Doumbo O, Touré Y, Graves PM, Roeffen W, Sauerwein R, Birkett A, Locke E, Morin M, Wu Y, Churcher TS. Mosquito feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42821. [PMID: 22936993 PMCID: PMC3425579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the era of malaria elimination and eradication, drug-based and vaccine-based approaches to reduce malaria transmission are receiving greater attention. Such interventions require assays that reliably measure the transmission of Plasmodium from humans to Anopheles mosquitoes. Methods We compared two commonly used mosquito feeding assay procedures: direct skin feeding assays and membrane feeding assays. Three conditions under which membrane feeding assays are performed were examined: assays with i) whole blood, ii) blood pellets resuspended with autologous plasma of the gametocyte carrier, and iii) blood pellets resuspended with heterologous control serum. Results 930 transmission experiments from Cameroon, The Gambia, Mali and Senegal were included in the analyses. Direct skin feeding assays resulted in higher mosquito infection rates compared to membrane feeding assays (odds ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.94–2.95) with evident heterogeneity between studies. Mosquito infection rates in membrane feeding assays and direct skin feeding assays were strongly correlated (p<0.0001). Replacing the plasma of the gametocyte donor with malaria naïve control serum resulted in higher mosquito infection rates compared to own plasma (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.68–2.19) while the infectiousness of gametocytes may be reduced during the replacement procedure (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.52–0.70). Conclusions Despite a higher efficiency of direct skin feeding assays, membrane feeding assays appear suitable tools to compare the infectiousness between individuals and to evaluate transmission-reducing interventions. Several aspects of membrane feeding procedures currently lack standardization; this variability makes comparisons between laboratories challenging and should be addressed to facilitate future testing of transmission-reducing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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