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Shaw RPH, Kolyvas P, Dang N, Hyon A, Bailey K, Anakk S. Loss of Hepatic Small Heterodimer Partner Elevates Ileal Bile Acids and Alters Cell Cycle-related Genes in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6572176. [PMID: 35451003 PMCID: PMC9113360 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (Shp) regulates several metabolic processes, including bile acid levels, but lacks the conserved DNA binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved genetic evolution of SHP, FXR, CYP7A1, and CYP8B1. Shp, although primarily studied as a downstream target of Farnesoid X Receptor (Fxr), has a distinct hepatic role that is poorly understood. Here, we report that liver-specific Shp knockout (LShpKO) mice have impaired negative feedback of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 on bile acid challenge and demonstrate that a single copy of the Shp gene is sufficient to maintain this response. LShpKO mice also exhibit elevated total bile acid pool with ileal bile acid composition mimicking that of cholic acid-fed control mice. Agonistic activation of Fxr (GW4064) in the LShpKO did not alter the elevated basal expression of Cyp8b1 but lowered Cyp7a1 expression. We found that deletion of Shp led to an enrichment of distinct motifs and pathways associated with circadian rhythm, copper ion transport, and DNA synthesis. We confirmed increased expression of metallothionein genes that can regulate copper levels in the absence of SHP. LShpKO livers also displayed a higher basal proliferation that was exacerbated specifically with bile acid challenge either with cholic acid or 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine but not with another liver mitogen, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene. Overall, our data indicate that hepatic SHP uniquely regulates certain proliferative and metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kolyvas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nathanlown Dang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Angela Hyon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith Bailey
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, PhD, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. E-mail:
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2
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Conti B, Porcu C, Viscomi C, Minutolo A, Costantini S, Corazzari M, Iannucci G, Barbaro B, Balsano C. Small heterodimer partner 1 directly interacts with NS5A viral protein and has a key role in HCV related liver cell transformation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84575-84586. [PMID: 27661118 PMCID: PMC5356682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV life cycle is strictly correlated with the hepatocyte lipid metabolism; moreover, the progression of HCV chronic hepatitis is accelerated by the presence of liver steatosis. Among the steatogenic genes deregulated during the HCV infection one of the most attractive is the Small Heterodimer Protein 1 (SHP1; NR0B2), that is involved in a remarkable number of metabolic functions. HCV NS5A is an essential and integral component of the HCV membranous-web replicon complex (RC) and plays an essential role to transfer the viral genome from the RCs to the surface of the lipid droplets (LDs) that, in turn, play a key function during HCV life cycle. With the help of a HCV infection model, we demonstrate a functional interaction between SHP1 and HCV NS5A protein. SHP1 silencing (siSHP1) reversed the pro-oncogenic effects of HCV infection, inducing a significant decrease in liver lipid accumulation and in NS5A protein expression. Moreover, siSHP1 causes a strong modulation of some genes involved in HCV-related EMT, such as: HNF4, a central regulators of hepatocyte differentiation, E-Cadherin, SNAILs. Our data suggest that SHP1 results not only to be strictly connected to the pathogenesis of HCV-related liver steatosis, but also to its progression towards the liver transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncoloy, Francesco Balsano Foundation, ex A. Cesalpino Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Porcu
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology (IBPM) - CNR (National Research Council), Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Viscomi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncoloy, Francesco Balsano Foundation, ex A. Cesalpino Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncoloy, Francesco Balsano Foundation, ex A. Cesalpino Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Susan Costantini
- CROM, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G.Pascale", IRCSS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Corazzari
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Gino Iannucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncoloy, Francesco Balsano Foundation, ex A. Cesalpino Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Barbaro
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology (IBPM) - CNR (National Research Council), Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Balsano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncoloy, Francesco Balsano Foundation, ex A. Cesalpino Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology (IBPM) - CNR (National Research Council), Rome, Italy
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Abstract
This review discusses the various histologic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focusing on their clinical features, pathologic features, immunohistochemical profiles, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical relevance of diagnosis. The WHO recognized variants of scirrhous HCC, fibrolamellar carcinoma, combined HCC-cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC), sarcomatoid HCC, undifferentiated carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like HCC are discussed in detail. Other subtypes including clear cell HCC, diffuse cirrhosis-like HCC, steatohepatitic HCC, transitional liver cell tumor, and CAP carcinoma are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafis Shafizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue, Woodland Hills, CA 91365, USA
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, 113B, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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4
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Zou A, Lehn S, Magee N, Zhang Y. New Insights into Orphan Nuclear Receptor SHP in Liver Cancer. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26504773 PMCID: PMC4618403 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) is a unique orphan nuclear receptor (NR) that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP is a transcriptional corepressor affecting diverse metabolic processes including bile acid synthesis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, glucose and energy homeostasis, and reproductive biology via interaction with multiple NRs and transcriptional factors (TFs). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most deadly human cancers worldwide with few therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Recently, it is becoming clear that SHP plays an antitumor role in the development of liver cancer. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the new SHP interaction partners, new structural insights into SHP’s gene repressing activity, and SHP protein posttranslational modifications by bile acids. We also discuss the pleiotropic role of SHP in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA methylation, and inflammation that are related to antitumor role of SHP in HCC. Improving our understanding of SHP’s antitumor role in the development of liver cancer will provide new insights into developing novel treatments or prevention strategies. Future research will focus on developing more efficacious and specific synthetic SHP ligands for pharmaceutical applications in liver cancer and several metabolic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sarah Lehn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nancy Magee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Xu L, Hazard FK, Zmoos AF, Jahchan N, Chaib H, Garfin PM, Rangaswami A, Snyder MP, Sage J. Genomic analysis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:50-63. [PMID: 25122662 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric tumors are relatively infrequent, but are often associated with significant lethality and lifelong morbidity. A major goal of pediatric cancer research has been to identify key drivers of tumorigenesis to eventually develop targeted therapies to enhance cure rate and minimize acute and long-term toxic effects. Here, we used genomic approaches to identify biomarkers and candidate drivers for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC), a very rare subtype of pediatric liver cancer for which limited therapeutic options exist. In-depth genomic analyses of one tumor followed by immunohistochemistry validation on seven other tumors showed expression of neuroendocrine markers in FL-HCC. DNA and RNA sequencing data further showed that common cancer pathways are not visibly altered in FL-HCC but identified two novel structural variants, both resulting in fusion transcripts. The first, a 400 kb deletion, results in a DNAJB1-PRKCA fusion transcript, which leads to increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in the index tumor case and other FL-HCC cases compared with normal liver. This PKA fusion protein is oncogenic in HCC cells. The second gene fusion event, a translocation between the CLPTM1L and GLIS3 genes, generates a transcript whose product also promotes cancer phenotypes in HCC cell lines. These experiments further highlight the tumorigenic role of gene fusions in the etiology of pediatric solid tumors and identify both candidate biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets for this lethal pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Genetics and
| | - Florette K Hazard
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Genetics and
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Safe S, Jin UH, Hedrick E, Reeder A, Lee SO. Minireview: role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer and potential as drug targets. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 28:157-72. [PMID: 24295738 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear orphan receptors for which endogenous ligands have not been identified include nuclear receptor (NR)0B1 (adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene), NR0B2 (small heterodimer partner), NR1D1/2 (Rev-Erbα/β), NR2C1 (testicular receptor 2), NR2C2 (testicular receptor 4), NR2E1 (tailless), NR2E3 (photoreceptor-specific NR [PNR]), NR2F1 chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 1 (COUP-TFI), NR2F2 (COUP-TFII), NR2F6 (v-erbA-related protein), NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), NR4A3 (Nor1), and NR6A1 (GCNF). These receptors play essential roles in development, cellular homeostasis, and disease including cancer where over- or underexpression of some receptors has prognostic significance for patient survival. Results of receptor knockdown or overexpression in vivo and in cancer cell lines demonstrate that orphan receptors exhibit tumor-specific pro-oncogenic or tumor suppressor-like activity. For example, COUP-TFII expression is both a positive (ovarian) and negative (prostate and breast) prognostic factor for cancer patients; in contrast, the prognostic activity of adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene for the same tumors is the inverse of COUP-TFII. Functional studies show that Nur77 is tumor suppressor like in acute leukemia, whereas silencing Nur77 in pancreatic, colon, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, cervical, ovarian, gastric, and some breast cancer cell lines induces one or more of several responses including growth inhibition and decreased survival, migration, and invasion. Although endogenous ligands for the orphan receptors have not been identified, there is increasing evidence that different structural classes of compounds activate, inactivate, and directly bind several orphan receptors. Thus, the screening and development of selective orphan receptor modulators will have important clinical applications as novel mechanism-based agents for treating cancer patients overexpressing one or more orphan receptors and also for combined drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (S.S., E.H., A.R.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77808; and Institute of Biosciences and Technology (S.S., U.-H.J., S.-O.L.), Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Torbenson M. Fibrolamellar carcinoma: 2012 update. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:743790. [PMID: 24278737 PMCID: PMC3820672 DOI: 10.6064/2012/743790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinomas are a unique type of primary liver cancer. They occur most commonly in children and young adults. Their etiology remains a mystery, as they are not associated with chronic liver disease. Fibrolamellar carcinomas are not indolent tumors, but have an overall better prognosis than typical hepatocellular carcinomas, in part because of the younger age at presentation and the lack of cirrhosis. The most important prognostic feature is whether the tumor is resectable. Histologically, the tumor is made up of large cells that contain abundant mitochondria. The nuclei of the tumor cells have prominent nucleoli. The tumor cells induce the formation of extensive intratumoral fibrosis, which often grows in parallel, or lamellar bands. The tumor cells clearly show hepatocellular features but are also unique in showing both biliary and neuroendocrine differentiation. The uniqueness of fibrolamellar carcinoma extends to their molecular findings. While the genetic abnormalities that lead to fibrolamellar carcinomas are not yet known, studies have shown that they lack mutations in the genes most commonly mutated in typical hepatocellular carcinoma (TP53 and CTNNB1). In this paper, the clinical, pathological, and basic science literature on fibrolamellar carcinoma is comprehensively reviewed. Key areas of needed research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Torbenson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room B314, 1503 E. Jefferson, Bond Street Building, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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