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Li W, Wang Y, Huang R, Lian F, Xu G, Wang W, Xue S. Rare and common coding variants in lipid metabolism-related genes and their association with coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:97. [PMID: 38336686 PMCID: PMC10858582 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex disease that is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between coding variants in lipid metabolism-related genes and CAD in a Chinese Han population. METHODS A total of 252 individuals were recruited for this study, including 120 CAD patients and 132 healthy control individuals. Rare and common coding variants in 12 lipid metabolism-related genes (ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, APOA1, APOA5, APOC1, APOC3, CETP, LDLR, LIPC, LPL, PCSK9 and SCARB1) were detected via next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based targeted sequencing. Associations between common variants and CAD were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. A gene-based association test of rare variants was performed by the sequence kernel association test-optimal (SKAT-O test). RESULTS We found 51 rare variants and 17 common variants in this study. One common missense variant, LIPC rs6083, was significantly associated with CAD after Bonferroni correction (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.29-0.76, p = 1.9 × 10- 3). Thirty-three nonsynonymous rare variants were identified, including two novel variants located in the ANGPTL4 (p.Gly47Glu) and SCARB1 (p.Leu233Phe) genes. We did not find a significant association between rare variants and CAD via gene-based analysis via the SKAT-O test. CONCLUSIONS Targeted sequencing is a powerful tool for identifying rare and common variants in CAD. The common missense variant LIPC rs6083 confers protection against CAD. The clinical relevance of rare variants in CAD aetiology needs to be investigated in larger sample sizes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yongyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ritai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Feng Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Genxing Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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AL-Eitan LN, Almasri AY, Alnaamneh AH, Mihyar A. Effect of MEF2A and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene polymorphisms on warfarin sensitivity and responsiveness in Jordanian cardiovascular patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294226. [PMID: 37948393 PMCID: PMC10637663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to investigate the influence of MEF2A and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA polymorphisms on cardiovascular disease susceptibility and responsiveness to warfarin medication in Jordanian patients, during the initiation and maintenance phases of treatment. BACKGROUNDS Several candidate genes have been reported to be involved in warfarin metabolism and studying such genes may help in finding an accurate way to determine the needed warfarin dose to lower the risk of adverse drug effects, resulting in more safe anticoagulant therapy. METHODS The study population included 212 cardiovascular patients and 213 healthy controls. Genotyping of MEF2A and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA polymorphisms was conducted to examine their effects on warfarin efficiency and cardiovascular disease susceptibility using PCR-based methods. RESULTS One SNP (SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA rs10455872) has been associated with cardiovascular disease in the Jordanian population, whereas the other SNPs in the MEF2A gene and SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster did not have any significant differences between cardiovascular patients and healthy individuals. Moreover, SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA rs10455872 was correlated with moderate warfarin sensitivity, the other SNPs examined in the current study have not shown any significant associations with warfarin sensitivity and responsiveness. CONCLUSION Our data refer to a lack of correlation between the MEF2A polymorphism and the efficacy of warfarin treatment in both phases of treatment, the initiation, and maintenance phases. However, only rs10455872 SNP was associated with sensitivity to warfarin during the initiation phase. Furthermore, rs3125050 has been found to be associated with the international normalized number treatment outcomes in the maintenance phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N. AL-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ayah Y. Almasri
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Adan H. Alnaamneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Coban N, Erkan AF, Ozuynuk-Ertugrul AS, Ekici B. Investigation of miR-26a-5p and miR-19a-3p expression levels in angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol 2023; 78:945-956. [PMID: 37376990 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2023.2227484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs have been found to have an essential role in cardiovascular diseases. In previous experiments, the changed expressions of miR-26a-5p and miR-19a-3p were confirmed in patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis by miRNA microarrays. However, the role of two miRNAs in coronary artery diseases (CAD) still needs to be investigated further. Our current study aimed to analyse two miRNAs in angiographically confirmed CAD and non-CAD with insignificant coronary stenosis. This study aimed to identify the potential diagnostic value of circulating miRNA with CAD. METHODS The CAD patients (n = 50) and non-CAD controls (n = 43) were studied. miRNAs (miR-26a-5p and miR-19a-3p) were quantified by TaqMan miRNA assays using real-time PCR. We subsequently assessed the diagnostic value of the miRNAs and correlations of miRNA with clinical parameters. Target prediction tools were utilised to identify miRNA target genes. RESULTS The expression of miR-26a-5p was significantly increased in CAD compared to non-CAD controls (p < 0.05). Tertile groups were formed according to the expression levels of miRNAs, and high expression tertile (T3) was compared with low expression tertile (T1). It was found that CAD presence was more prevalent in T3 of miR-26a-5p, and the frequency of diabetes was higher in T3 of miR-19a-3p. There were significant correlations between miRNAs and diabetes risk factors such as HbA1c, glucose levels, and BMI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that miR-26a-5p expression is altered in CAD presence while miR-19a-3p expression is different in diabetes. Both miRNAs are closely related to risk factors of CAD, therefore, could be therapeutic targets for CAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Coban
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aycan F Erkan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aybike Sena Ozuynuk-Ertugrul
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul University Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ekici
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Liu B, Ou WC, Fang L, Tian CW, Xiong Y. Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2A Plays a Central Role in the Regulatory Networks of Cellular Physiopathology. Aging Dis 2022; 14:331-349. [PMID: 37008050 PMCID: PMC10017154 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell regulatory networks are the determinants of cellular homeostasis. Any alteration to these networks results in the disturbance of cellular homeostasis and induces cells towards different fates. Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) is one of four members of the MEF2 family of transcription factors (MEF2A-D). MEF2A is highly expressed in all tissues and is involved in many cell regulatory networks including growth, differentiation, survival and death. It is also necessary for heart development, myogenesis, neuronal development and differentiation. In addition, many other important functions of MEF2A have been reported. Recent studies have shown that MEF2A can regulate different, and sometimes even mutually exclusive cellular events. How MEF2A regulates opposing cellular life processes is an interesting topic and worthy of further exploration. Here, we reviewed almost all MEF2A research papers published in English and summarized them into three main sections: 1) the association of genetic variants in MEF2A with cardiovascular disease, 2) the physiopathological functions of MEF2A, and 3) the regulation of MEF2A activity and its regulatory targets. In summary, multiple regulatory patterns for MEF2A activity and a variety of co-factors cause its transcriptional activity to switch to different target genes, thereby regulating opposing cell life processes. The association of MEF2A with numerous signaling molecules establishes a central role for MEF2A in the regulatory network of cellular physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benrong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Benrong Liu, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China. E-mail: ; or Yujuan Xiong, Panyu Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China. .
| | - Wen-Chao Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chao-Wei Tian
- General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yujuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Panyu Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Benrong Liu, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China. E-mail: ; or Yujuan Xiong, Panyu Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China. .
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5
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Qi L, Zhu W, Qian W, Xu L, He Y, Zhao F. The Performance of a Spherical-tip Catheter for Stent Post-dilation: Finite Element Analysis and Experiments. Front Physiol 2021; 12:734565. [PMID: 34531765 PMCID: PMC8438231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.734565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most effective treatment of coronary artery stenosis. However, in case post-dilation of the stent is needed, the tip of the commonly used post-dilation balloon catheter cannot always pass through the stent smoothly, especially when it is situated in the curved part of the vessel. To improve the performance of traditional post-dilation balloon catheter, a preliminary design of a novel catheter with a spherical-tip is proposed. Since the performance of this spherical-tip catheter is still unclear, in this study, finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation of blood vessel with different curvature radii were performed to test and evaluate the performance of the spherical-tip catheter design. The comparative results between the two types of catheters demonstrate that in the simulated post-dilation process, the spherical-tip catheter is easier to pass through the stent placed in the curved vessel without the deformation of the stent strut, and can theoretically reduce the operation time and improve the safety of the operation. Furthermore, the strong consistency between simulation and experiment indicates that the finite element (FE) model can be a helpful tool for future optimization and evaluation of novel catheters, so as to save time and budget in product development and reduce/replace animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging and Intelligent Analysis, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lisheng Xu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging and Intelligent Analysis, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Feihu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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6
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Chaudhary R, Agarwal V, Kaushik AS, Rehman M. Involvement of myocyte enhancer factor 2c in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06854. [PMID: 33981903 PMCID: PMC8082549 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a family of transcription factor of MADS (minichromosome maintenance 1, agamous, deficiens and serum response factor)-box family needed in the growth and differentiation of a variety of human cells, such as neural, immune, endothelial, and muscles. As per existing literature, MEF2 transcription factors have also been associated with synaptic plasticity, the developmental mechanisms governing memory and learning, and several neurologic conditions, like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recent genomic findings have ascertained a link between MEF2 defects, particularly in the MEF2C isoform and the ASD. In this review, we summarized a concise overview of the general regulation, structure and functional roles of the MEF2C transcription factor. We further outlined the potential role of MEF2C as a risk factor for various neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD, MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arjun Singh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mujeeba Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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7
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Li Y, Tan W, Ye F, Wen S, Hu R, Cai X, Wang K, Wang Z. Inflammation as a risk factor for stroke in atrial fibrillation: data from a microarray data analysis. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520921671. [PMID: 32367757 PMCID: PMC7222654 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520921671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Stroke is a severe complication of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to
discover key genes and microRNAs related to stroke risk in patients with AF
using bioinformatics analysis. Methods GSE66724 microarray data, including peripheral blood samples from eight
patients with AF and stroke and eight patients with AF without stroke, were
downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially
expressed genes (DEGs) between AF patients with and without stroke were
identified using the GEO2R online tool. Functional enrichment analysis was
performed using the DAVID database. A protein–protein interaction (PPI)
network was obtained using the STRING database. MicroRNAs (miRs) targeting
these DEGs were obtained from the miRNet database. A miR–DEG network was
constructed using Cytoscape software. Results We identified 165 DEGs (141 upregulated and 24 downregulated). Enrichment
analysis showed enrichment of certain inflammatory processes. The miR–DEG
network revealed key genes, including MEF2A,
CAND1, PELI1, and
PDCD4, and microRNAs, including miR-1, miR-1-3p,
miR-21, miR-21-5p, miR-192, miR-192-5p, miR-155, and miR-155-5p. Conclusion Dysregulation of certain genes and microRNAs involved in inflammation may be
associated with a higher risk of stroke in patients with AF. Evaluating
these biomarkers could improve prediction, prevention, and treatment of
stroke in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wulin Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kebing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Qiao Q, Zhao CM, Yang CX, Gu JN, Guo YH, Zhang M, Li RG, Qiu XB, Xu YJ, Yang YQ. Detection and functional characterization of a novel MEF2A variation responsible for familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59:955-963. [PMID: 33554560 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents the most frequent form of cardiomyopathy, leading to heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and death. Accumulating evidence convincingly demonstrates the crucial role of genetic defects in the pathogenesis of DCM, and over 100 culprit genes have been implicated with DCM. However, DCM is of substantial genetic heterogeneity, and the genetic determinants underpinning DCM remain largely elusive. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatical analyses were implemented in a consanguineous Chinese family with DCM. A total of 380 clinically annotated control individuals and 166 more DCM index cases then underwent Sanger sequencing analysis for the identified genetic variation. The functional characteristics of the variant were delineated by utilizing a dual-luciferase assay system. RESULTS A heterozygous variation in the MEF2A gene (encoding myocyte enhancer factor 2A, a transcription factor pivotal for embryonic cardiogenesis and postnatal cardiac adaptation), NM_001365204.1: c.718G>T; p. (Gly240*), was identified, and verified by Sanger sequencing to segregate with autosome-dominant DCM in the family with complete penetrance. The nonsense variation was neither detected in 760 control chromosomes nor found in 166 more DCM probands. Functional analyses revealed that the variant lost transactivation on the validated target genes MYH6 and FHL2, both causally linked to DCM. Furthermore, the variation nullified the synergistic activation between MEF2A and GATA4, another key transcription factor involved in DCM. CONCLUSIONS The findings firstly indicate that MEF2A loss-of-function variation predisposes to DCM in humans, providing novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of DCM and suggesting potential implications for genetic testing and prognostic evaluation of DCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ning Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Han Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Gu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Biao Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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9
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Myocyte enhancer factor 2A delays vascular endothelial cell senescence by activating the PI3K/p-Akt/SIRT1 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3768-3784. [PMID: 31182679 PMCID: PMC6594820 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) dysfunction is closely related to the occurrence of senile diseases such as cardiocerebrovascular diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we studied the effects of MEF2A on the senescent phenotype of vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and downstream signaling pathway, and the association between plasma MEF2A levels and coronary artery disease (CAD). Results showed that MEF2A silencing promoted cell senescence and down-regulated PI3K/p-AKT/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. MEF2A overexpression delayed cell senescence and up-regulated PI3K/p-AKT/SIRT1. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment induced cellular senescence and down-regulated the expression of MEF2A and PI3K/p-AKT/SIRT1. MEF2A overexpression inhibited cellular senescence and the down-regulation of PI3K/p-AKT/SIRT1 induced by H2O2. Further study revealed that MEF2A directly up-regulated the expression of PIK3CA and PIK3CG through MEF2 binding sites in the promoter region. Pearson correlation and logistic regression analysis showed that the plasma level of MEF2A was negatively correlated with CAD, and with age in the controls. These results suggested that MEF2A can directly up-regulate PI3K gene expression, and one of the molecular mechanisms of delaying effect of MEF2A on VEC cell senescence was SIRT1-expression activation through the PI3K/p-Akt pathway. Moreover, the plasma MEF2A levels may be a potential biomarker for CAD risk prediction.
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10
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Xiong Y, Wang L, Jiang W, Pang L, Liu W, Li A, Zhong Y, Ou W, Liu B, Liu SM. MEF2A alters the proliferation, inflammation-related gene expression profiles and its silencing induces cellular senescence in human coronary endothelial cells. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:8. [PMID: 30885136 PMCID: PMC6423757 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Functional deletion or mutation in MEF2A predisposes individuals to cardiovascular disease mainly caused by vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, the effect of the inhibition of MEF2A expression on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) is unclear. In this study, expression of MEF2A was inhibited by specific small interference RNA (siRNA), and changes in mRNA profiles in response to MEF2A knockdown were analyzed using an Agilent human mRNA array. Results Silencing of MEF2A in HCAECs accelerated cell senescence and suppressed cell proliferation. Microarray analysis identified 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the MEF2A knockdown group and the negative control group. Annotation clustering analysis showed that the DEGs were preferentially enriched in gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to proliferation, development, survival, and inflammation. Furthermore, 61 of the 578 downregulated DEGs have at least one potential MEF2A binding site in the proximal promoter and were mostly enriched in the GO terms “reproduction” and “cardiovascular.” The protein–protein interaction network analyzed for the downregulated DEGs and the DEGs in the GO terms “cardiovascular” and “aging” revealed that PIK3CG, IL1B, IL8, and PRKCB were included in hot nodes, and the regulation of the longevity-associated gene PIK3CG by MEF2A has been verified at the protein level, suggesting that PIK3CG might play a key role in MEF2A knockdown induced HCAEC senescence. Conclusions MEF2A knockdown accelerates HCAEC senescence, and the underlying molecular mechanism may be involved in down-regulation of the genes related with cell proliferation, development, inflammation and survival, in which PIK3CG may play a key role. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0125-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Ou
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Benrong Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Variants in MEF2A gene in relation with coronary artery disease in Saudi population. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:289. [PMID: 29963349 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association of variants in myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) gene with coronary artery disease (CAD) via case control study on Saudi population. Several studies have indicated a high expression of MEF2A in the human coronary endothelium. The entire (exon 11 putative susceptibility exon) of MEF2A gene was sequenced using direct DNA sequencing method in 120 sporadic patients and 100 controls. Total number of variants were identified and crude odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. In total, three variants were identified, namely, CAG repeats, AGC deletion, and SNP rs: 325400. No significant link was observed between the common (CAG) n polymorphism, AGC deletion, and CAD risk as reported in other populations, but interestingly, rs325400 (G1323T) in Saudis was found to be associated with the CAD with odds ratio 2.0102 (CI = 1.3405-3.0146) and significance of p = 0.00048. None of Saudi subjects (normal as well as diseased) showed 21-bp deletion as reported previously for other populations. In addition, genotype TT of rs325400 is associated with significantly higher levels of LDL-C and lower level of HDL-C. Among the quantitative parameters, lower HDL-C and higher LDL-C was found to be associated with disease. We report that MEF2A gene based on SNP rs325400 (G1323T) can be considered as a susceptibility factor for CAD and presence of T allele makes Saudis at more risk to CAD, while other variants detected in this gene do not have any association in Saudi population.
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12
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Kim J, Shimizu C, Kingsmore SF, Veeraraghavan N, Levy E, Ribeiro dos Santos AM, Yang H, Flatley J, Hoang LT, Hibberd ML, Tremoulet AH, Harismendy O, Ohno-Machado L, Burns JC. Whole genome sequencing of an African American family highlights toll like receptor 6 variants in Kawasaki disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170977. [PMID: 28151979 PMCID: PMC5289527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common acquired pediatric heart disease. We analyzed Whole Genome Sequences (WGS) from a 6-member African American family in which KD affected two of four children. We sought rare, potentially causative genotypes by sequentially applying the following WGS filters: sequence quality scores, inheritance model (recessive homozygous and compound heterozygous), predicted deleteriousness, allele frequency, genes in KD-associated pathways or with significant associations in published KD genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and with differential expression in KD blood transcriptomes. Biologically plausible genotypes were identified in twelve variants in six genes in the two affected children. The affected siblings were compound heterozygous for the rare variants p.Leu194Pro and p.Arg247Lys in Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), which affect TLR6 signaling. The affected children were also homozygous for three common, linked (r2 = 1) intronic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in TLR6 (rs56245262, rs56083757 and rs7669329), that have previously shown association with KD in cohorts of European descent. Using transcriptome data from pre-treatment whole blood of KD subjects (n = 146), expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses were performed. Subjects homozygous for the intronic risk allele (A allele of TLR6 rs56245262) had differential expression of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a function of genotype (p = 0.0007) and a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate at diagnosis. TLR6 plays an important role in pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, and sequence variations may affect binding affinities that in turn influence KD susceptibility. This integrative genomic approach illustrates how the analysis of WGS in multiplex families with a complex genetic disease allows examination of both the common disease–common variant and common disease–rare variant hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JK); (JCB)
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen F. Kingsmore
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Narayanan Veeraraghavan
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Levy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andre M. Ribeiro dos Santos
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hai Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Flatley
- Illumina, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Martin L. Hibberd
- Depatment of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lucila Ohno-Machado
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JK); (JCB)
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13
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Jiang Y, Liu HB. Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2A Gene Mutation and Coronary Artery Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:2688-91. [PMID: 26415812 PMCID: PMC4736860 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.166021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are common in the general population, and frequent PVCs may result in the poor quality of life or even the damage of cardiac function. We examined the efficacy and safety of a traditional Chinese medicine Wenxin Keli for the treatment of frequent PVCs among a relatively large Chinese cohort. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial. A total of 1200 eligible participants were randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to receive Wenxin Keli or the placebo for 4 weeks. The primary and secondary endpoint was the change of PVC numbers and PVC-related symptoms after a 4-week treatment compared with baseline, respectively. In addition, vital signs, laboratory values, and electrocardiographic parameters were assessed in a safety analysis. RESULTS At the initial evaluation, no significant differences in the baseline characteristics were observed between the Wenxin Keli group and the placebo group. A smaller number of PVCs was observed after the 4-week treatment than at baseline, in both the Wenxin Keli group (5686 ± 5940 vs. 15,138 ± 7597 beats/d, P < 0.001) and the placebo group (10,592 ± 8009 vs. 14,529 ± 5929 beats/d, P < 0.001); moreover, the Wenxin Keli group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in the frequency of PVCs than the placebo group (P < 0.001). In a full analysis set, patients in the Wenxin Keli group exhibited significantly higher total effective responses in the reduction of PVCs compared to those in the placebo group (83.8% vs. 43.5%,P < 0.001). The per-protocol analysis yielded similar results (83.0% vs. 39.3%,P < 0.001). Treatment with Wenxin Keli also demonstrated superior performance compared to the placebo with respect to PVC-related symptoms. No severe adverse effects attributable to Wenxin Keli were reported. CONCLUSIONS Wenxin Keli treatment effectively reduced the overall number of PVCs and alleviated PVC-related symptoms in patients without structural heart diseases and had no severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong-Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology of South Building, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
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14
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Dai X, Wiernek S, Evans JP, Runge MS. Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:1-23. [PMID: 26839654 PMCID: PMC4728103 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) comprises a broad spectrum of clinical entities that include asymptomatic subclinical atherosclerosis and its clinical complications, such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death. CAD continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialized society. The long-recognized familial clustering of CAD suggests that genetics plays a central role in its development, with the heritability of CAD and MI estimated at approximately 50% to 60%. Understanding the genetic architecture of CAD and MI has proven to be difficult and costly due to the heterogeneity of clinical CAD and the underlying multi-decade complex pathophysiological processes that involve both genetic and environmental interactions. This review describes the clinical heterogeneity of CAD and MI to clarify the disease spectrum in genetic studies, provides a brief overview of the historical understanding and estimation of the heritability of CAD and MI, recounts major gene discoveries of potential causal mutations in familial CAD and MI, summarizes CAD and MI-associated genetic variants identified using candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and summarizes the current status of the construction and validations of genetic risk scores for lifetime risk prediction and guidance for preventive strategies. Potential protective genetic factors against the development of CAD and MI are also discussed. Finally, GWAS have identified multiple genetic factors associated with an increased risk of in-stent restenosis following stent placement for obstructive CAD. This review will also address genetic factors associated with in-stent restenosis, which may ultimately guide clinical decision-making regarding revascularization strategies for patients with CAD and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Dai
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Szymon Wiernek
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - James P Evans
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Xuming Dai, Szymon Wiernek, Marschall S Runge, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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15
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Beaudoin M, Gupta RM, Won HH, Lo KS, Do R, Henderson CA, Lavoie-St-Amour C, Langlois S, Rivas D, Lehoux S, Kathiresan S, Tardif JC, Musunuru K, Lettre G. Myocardial Infarction-Associated SNP at 6p24 Interferes With MEF2 Binding and Associates With PHACTR1 Expression Levels in Human Coronary Arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1472-1479. [PMID: 25838425 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary artery disease (CAD), including myocardial infarction (MI), is the main cause of death in the world. Genome-wide association studies have identified dozens of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with CAD/MI. One of the most robust CAD/MI genetic associations is with intronic SNPs in the gene PHACTR1 on chromosome 6p24. How these PHACTR1 SNPs influence CAD/MI risk, and whether PHACTR1 itself is the causal gene at the locus, is currently unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using genetic fine-mapping and DNA resequencing experiments, we prioritized an intronic SNP (rs9349379) in PHACTR1 as causal variant. We showed that this variant is an expression quantitative trait locus for PHACTR1 expression in human coronary arteries. Experiments in endothelial cell extracts confirmed that alleles at rs9349379 are differentially bound by the transcription factors myocyte enhancer factor-2. We engineered a deletion of this myocyte enhancer factor-2-binding site using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing methodology. Heterozygous endothelial cells carrying this deletion express 35% less PHACTR1. Finally, we found no evidence that PHACTR1 expression levels are induced when stimulating human endothelial cells with vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, or shear stress. CONCLUSIONS Our results establish a link between intronic SNPs in PHACTR1, myocyte enhancer factor-2 binding, and transcriptional functions at the locus, PHACTR1 expression levels in coronary arteries and CAD/MI risk. Because PHACTR1 SNPs are not associated with the traditional risk factors for CAD/MI (eg, blood lipids or pressure, diabetes mellitus), our results suggest that PHACTR1 may influence CAD/MI risk through as yet unknown mechanisms in the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Beaudoin
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger Street, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Rajat M Gupta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Center of Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger Street, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Ron Do
- Center of Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Henderson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - Simon Langlois
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger Street, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Daniel Rivas
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lehoux
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center of Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger Street, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger Street, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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16
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Zhou WP, Zhang H, Zhao YX, Liu GQ, Zhang JY. RNA interference of myocyte enhancer factor 2A accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121823. [PMID: 25793529 PMCID: PMC4368513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Myocyte enhancer factor-2A (MEF 2A) has been shown to be involved in atherosclerotic lesion development, but its role in preexisting lesions is still unclear. In the present study we aim to assess the role of MEF 2A in the progression of pre-existing atherosclerosis. Methods Eighty apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (APOE KO) were randomly allocated to control, scramble and MEF 2A RNA interference (RNAi) groups, and constrictive collars were used to induce plaque formation. Six weeks after surgery, lentiviral shRNA construct was used to silence the expression of MEF 2A. Carotid plaques were harvested for analysis 4 weeks after viral vector transduction. Inflammatory gene expression in the plasma and carotid plaques was determined by using ELISAs and real-time RT-PCR. Results The expression level of MEF 2A was significantly reduced in plasma and plaque in the RNAi group, compared to the control and NC groups, whereas the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was markedly increased. Silencing MEF 2A using lentiviral shRNA significantly reduced the plaque collagen content and fibrous cap thickness, as well as increased plaque area. However, silencing MEF 2A had no obvious effect on plaque lipid content. Conclusions Lentivirus-mediated MEF 2A shRNA accelerates inflammation and atherosclerosis in APOE KO mice, but has no effect on lipoprotein levels in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-ping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-xia Zhao
- Department of Medical Equipment, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Gang-qiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Jin-ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Suchkova IO, Pavlinova LI, Larionova EE, Alenina NV, Solovyov KV, Baranova TV, Belotserkovskaya EV, Sasina LK, Bader M, Denisenko AD, Mustafina OE, Khusnutdinova EK, Patkin EL. Length polymorphism of the B2-VNTR minisatellite repeat of the bradykinin B2 receptor gene in healthy Russians and patients with coronary heart disease. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Foroughmand AM, Shahbazi Z, Galehdari H, Purmahdi Borujeni M, Dinarvand P, Golabgirkhademi K. Association of MEF2A gene polymorphisms with coronary artery disease. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e13533. [PMID: 25389475 PMCID: PMC4222001 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death worldwide. MEF2A directly regulates target genes in the process of muscle development. This gene product is a transcription factor. MEF2A protein in homodimer or heterodimer forms binds to A/T-rich cis elements with conserved sequence in promoter, regulator, and enhancer of many genes, which are determining in evolution and development of skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle cells, especially endothelial cells. In fact, this protein maximizes the activity of these elements. Objectives: The two MEF2A gene polymorphisms that were proposed to have an association with CAD are rs34851361 (A/G) and rs325400 (T/G) SNPs. This study aimed to examine these associations. Patients and Methods: This study was a molecular case-control study. Blood samples were collected from 300 patients with CAD and 150 healthy people from Golestan and Imam Khomeini Hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran. In both groups, angiography had confirmed the presence or lack of stenosis. Association of rs34851361 and rs325400 with CAD was evaluated by PCR and then restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed. Results: Chi square test showed no association between rs34851361 SNP and CAD (χ2 = 3.59, df = 2, and P = 0.16); however, there was an association between rs325400 SNP and CAD (χ2 = 24.77, df = 2, and P < 0.001). A/T haplotype showed association with CAD and G/G and G/T showed protective effect against CAD. Conclusions: The results of this study show that rs325400 polymorphism is in association with CAD; meanwhile, none of the rs34851361 genotypes was associated with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Shahbazi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Zahra Shahbazi, Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9380889172, E-mail:
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Purmahdi Borujeni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Parvane Dinarvand
- Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Khadije Golabgirkhademi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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19
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Maiwald S, Sivapalaratnam S, Motazacker MM, van Capelleveen JC, Bot I, de Jager SC, van Eck M, Jolley J, Kuiper J, Stephens J, Albers CA, Vosmeer CR, Kruize H, Geerke DP, van der Wal AC, van der Loos CM, Kastelein JJP, Trip MD, Ouwehand WH, Dallinga-Thie GM, Hovingh GK. Mutation in KERA identified by linkage analysis and targeted resequencing in a pedigree with premature atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98289. [PMID: 24879339 PMCID: PMC4039470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Genetic factors explain a proportion of the inter-individual variation in the risk for atherosclerotic events, but the genetic basis of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis in families with Mendelian forms of premature atherosclerosis is incompletely understood. We set out to unravel the molecular pathology in a large kindred with an autosomal dominant inherited form of premature atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Parametric linkage analysis was performed in a pedigree comprising 4 generations, of which a total of 11 members suffered from premature vascular events. A parametric LOD-score of 3.31 was observed for a 4.4 Mb interval on chromosome 12. Upon sequencing, a non-synonymous variant in KERA (c.920C>G; p.Ser307Cys) was identified. The variant was absent from nearly 28,000 individuals, including 2,571 patients with premature atherosclerosis. KERA, a proteoglycan protein, was expressed in lipid-rich areas of human atherosclerotic lesions, but not in healthy arterial specimens. Moreover, KERA expression in plaques was significantly associated with plaque size in a carotid-collar Apoe-/- mice (r2 = 0.69; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION A rare variant in KERA was identified in a large kindred with premature atherosclerosis. The identification of KERA in atherosclerotic plaque specimen in humans and mice lends support to its potential role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Maiwald
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mahdi M. Motazacker
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia C. de Jager
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon Stephens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius A. Albers
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C. Ruben Vosmeer
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen Kruize
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daan P. Geerke
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - John J. P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke D. Trip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Mutation in ST6GALNAC5 identified in family with coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3595. [PMID: 24399302 PMCID: PMC3884232 DOI: 10.1038/srep03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify the genetic cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) in an Iranian pedigree. Genetic linkage analysis identified three loci with an LOD score of 2.2. Twelve sequence variations identified by exome sequencing were tested for segregation with disease. A p.Val99Met causing mutation in ST6GALNAC5 was considered the likely cause of CAD. ST6GALNAC5 encodes sialyltransferase 7e. The variation affects a highly conserved amino acid, was absent in 800 controls, and was predicted to damage protein function. ST6GALNAC5 is positioned within loci previously linked to CAD-associated parameters. While hypercholesterolemia was a prominent feature in the family, clinical and genetic data suggest that this condition is not caused by the mutation in ST6GALNAC5. Sequencing of ST6GALNAC5 in 160 Iranian patients revealed a candidate causative stop-loss mutation in two other patients. The p.Val99Met and stop-loss mutations both caused increased sialyltransferase activity. Sequence data from combined Iranian and US controls and CAD affected individuals provided evidence consistent with potential role of ST6GALNAC5 in CAD. We conclude that ST6GALNAC5 mutations can cause CAD. There is substantial literature suggesting a relation between sialyltransferase and sialic acid levels and coronary disease. Our findings provide strong evidence for the existence of this relation.
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Association of A561C and G98T polymorphisms in E-selectin gene with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79301. [PMID: 24260191 PMCID: PMC3832468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective E-selectin (SELE) mediates the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes on activated endothelial cells and plays a critial role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Associatons between the A561C and G98T polymorphisms of the SELE gene and CAD risk were investigated broadly, but the results were inconsistent. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the associations between the two polymorphisms and the risk of CAD. Methods Comprehensive research was conducted to identify relevant studies. The fixed or random effect model was selected based on the heterogeneity among studies, which was evaluated with Q-test and Ι2. Meta-regression was used to explore the potential sources of between-study heterogeneity. Peters's linear regression test was used to estimate the publication bias. Results Overall, 24 articles involving 3694 cases and 3469 controls were included. After excluding articles deviating from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in controls and sensitive analysis, our meta-analysis showed a significant association between the A561C ploymprphism and CAD in dominant (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.56–2.16) and codominant (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.49–2.03) models. As for the G98T polymorphism, significantly increased CAD risk was observed in dominant (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.16–1.87) and codominant (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.18–1.86) models, but after subgroup analysis, the association was not significant among Caucasians in dominant (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.73–3.41) and codominant (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.79–3.20) models. Conclusions Despite some limitations, our meta-analysis suggested that the SELE gene polymorphisms (A561C, G98T) were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD. However, after subgroup analysis no significant association was found among Caucasians for the G98T polymorphism, which may be due to the small sample size and other confounding factors. Future investigations with multicenter, large-scale, and multi-ethnic groups are needed.
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Inanloorahatloo K, Zand Parsa AF, Huse K, Rasooli P, Davaran S, Platzer M, Fan JB, Amini S, Steemers F, Elahi E. Mutation in CYP27A1 identified in family with coronary artery disease. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:655-60. [PMID: 24080357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Myocardial infarction is the most severe outcome of CAD. Despite extensive efforts, the genetics of CAD is poorly understood. We aimed to identify the genetic cause of CAD in a pedigree with several affected individuals. Exome sequencing led to identification of a mutation in CYP27A1 that causes p.Arg225His in the encoded protein sterol 27-hydroxylase as the likely cause of CAD in the pedigree. The enzyme is multifunctional, and several of its functions including its functions in vitamin D metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) are relevant to the CAD phenotype. Measurements of vitamin D levels suggested that the mutation does not affect CAD by affecting this parameter. We suggest that the mutation may cause CAD by affecting RCT. Screening of all coding regions of the CYP27A1 in 100 additional patients led to finding four variations (p.Arg14Gly, p.Arg26Lys, p.Ala27Arg, and p.Val86Met) in seven patients that may contribute to their CAD status. CYP27A1 is the known causative gene of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, a disorder which is sometimes accompanied by early onset atherosclerosis. This and the observation of potentially harmful variations in unrelated CAD patients provide additional evidence for the suggested causative role of the p.Arg225His mutation in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsoum Inanloorahatloo
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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Inanloo Rahatloo K, Davaran S, Elahi E. Lack of Association between the MEF2A Gene and Coronary Artery Disease in Iranian Families. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 16:950-4. [PMID: 24106602 PMCID: PMC3786110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Coronary artery disease (CAD) which may lead to myocardial infarction (MI) is a complex one. Great effort has been devoted to identification of genes that increase susceptibility to CAD or provide protection. A 21-bp deletion in the MEF2A gene, which encodes a member of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 family of transcription factors, has been reported in patients of a single pedigree that exhibited autosomal-dominant inheritance of CAD. Subsequent analysis of genetic variants within the gene in CAD and MI case-control settings produced inconsistent results. Here, we aimed at assessing the contribution of MEF2A to CAD in a cohort of Iranian CAD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exon 11 of MEF2A wherein the above mentioned 21-bp deletion and a polyglutamine (CAG)n polymorphism are positioned was sequenced by the dideoxy-nucleotide termination protocol. In 52 CAD patients from 12 families (3-7 affected members per family) and 76 Iranian control individuals. All exons of the gene were sequenced in 10 patients and 10 controls. RESULTS The 21-bp deletion was observed neither among the patients nor the control individuals. Four alleles of the polyglutamine (CAG)n polymorphism were found, but there were no significant differences in allelic frequencies between patients and controls. Sequencing of all exons of MEF2A revealed the presence of 12 novel sequence variations in introns and flanking regions of MEF2A gene, not associated with disease status. CONCLUSION Our data do not support a role for MEF2A in coronary artery disease in the Iranian patients studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, University College of Science, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Elahe Elahi. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Peng P, Lian J, Huang RS, Xu L, Huang Y, Ba Y, Yang X, Huang X, Dong C, Zhang L, Ye M, Zhou J, Duan S. Meta-analyses of KIF6 Trp719Arg in coronary heart disease and statin therapeutic effect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50126. [PMID: 23236363 PMCID: PMC3517591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The goal of our study is to assess the contribution of KIF6 Trp719Arg to both the risk of CHD and the efficacy of statin therapy in CHD patients. Methods and Results Meta-analysis of 8 prospective studies among 77,400 Caucasians provides evidence that 719Arg increases the risk of CHD (P<0.001, HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.15–1.41). However, another meta-analysis of 7 case-control studies among 65,200 individuals fails to find a significant relationship between Trp719Arg and the risk of CHD (P = 0.642, OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.95–1.08). This suggests that the contribution of Trp719Arg to CHD varies in different ethnic groups. Additional meta-analysis also shows that statin therapy only benefit the vascular patients carry 719Arg allele (P<0.001, relative ratio (RR) = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.54–0.67). To examine the role of this genetic variant in CHD risk in Han Chinese, we have conducted a case-control study with 289 CHD cases, 193 non-CHD controls, and 329 unrelated healthy volunteers as healthy controls. On post hoc analysis, significant allele frequency difference of 719Arg is observed between female CHD cases and female total controls under the dominant model (P = 0.04, χ2 = 4.228, df = 1, odd ratio (OR) = 1.979, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.023–3.828). Similar trends are observed for post hoc analysis between female CHD cases and female healthy controls (dominant model: P = 0.04, χ2 = 4.231, df = 1, OR = 2.015, 95% CI = 1.024–3.964). Non-genetic CHD risk factors are not controlled in these analyses. Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrates the role of Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene in the risk of CHD in Caucasians. The meta-analysis also suggests the role of this variant in statin therapeutic response in vascular diseases. Our case-control study suggests that Trp719Arg of KIF6 gene is associated with CHD in female Han Chinese through a post hoc analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Peng
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangfang Lian
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - R. Stephanie Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Limin Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanna Ba
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changzhen Dong
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqing Zhou
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SD)
| | - Shiwei Duan
- The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SD)
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