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Garza MC, Kang SG, Kim C, Monleón E, van der Merwe J, Kramer DA, Fahlman R, Sim VL, Aiken J, McKenzie D, Cortez LM, Wille H. In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence towards Fibronectin's Protective Effects against Prion Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17525. [PMID: 38139358 PMCID: PMC10743696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinctive signature of the prion diseases is the accumulation of the pathogenic isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, in the central nervous system of prion-affected humans and animals. PrPSc is also found in peripheral tissues, raising concerns about the potential transmission of pathogenic prions through human food supplies and posing a significant risk to public health. Although muscle tissues are considered to contain levels of low prion infectivity, it has been shown that myotubes in culture efficiently propagate PrPSc. Given the high consumption of muscle tissue, it is important to understand what factors could influence the establishment of a prion infection in muscle tissue. Here we used in vitro myotube cultures, differentiated from the C2C12 myoblast cell line (dC2C12), to identify factors affecting prion replication. A range of experimental conditions revealed that PrPSc is tightly associated with proteins found in the systemic extracellular matrix, mostly fibronectin (FN). The interaction of PrPSc with FN decreased prion infectivity, as determined by standard scrapie cell assay. Interestingly, the prion-resistant reserve cells in dC2C12 cultures displayed a FN-rich extracellular matrix while the prion-susceptible myotubes expressed FN at a low level. In agreement with the in vitro results, immunohistopathological analyses of tissues from sheep infected with natural scrapie demonstrated a prion susceptibility phenotype linked to an extracellular matrix with undetectable levels of FN. Conversely, PrPSc deposits were not observed in tissues expressing FN. These data indicate that extracellular FN may act as a natural barrier against prion replication and that the extracellular matrix composition may be a crucial feature determining prion tropism in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Garza
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Chiye Kim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humana, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jacques van der Merwe
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - David A. Kramer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Leonardo M. Cortez
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (M.C.G.); (S.-G.K.); (J.v.d.M.); (V.L.S.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Ziegler U, Priemer G, Tauscher K, Köster F, Ackermann I, Fatola OI, Balkema D, Schinköthe J, Hammerschmidt B, Fast C, Ulrich R, Groschup MH. Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 32589123 PMCID: PMC8116782 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity in the blood of clinically affected sheep has been proven by intraspecies blood-transfusion experiments, this question has remained open in the case of BSE-affected cattle. Although the absence of infectivity can be anticipated from the restriction of the agent to neuronal tissues in this species, evidence for this was still lacking. This particularly concerns the production and use of medicinal products and other applications containing bovine blood or preparations thereof. We therefore performed a blood-transfusion experiment from cattle in the clinical end stage of disease after experimental challenge with either classical (C-BSE) or atypical (H- and l-) BSE into calves at 4–6 months of age. The animals were kept in a free-ranging group for 10 years. Starting from 24 months post-transfusion, a thorough clinical examination was performed every 6 weeks in order to detect early symptoms of a BSE infection. Throughout the experiment, the clinical picture of all animals gave no indication of a BSE infection. Upon necropsy, the brainstem samples were analysed by BSE rapid test as well as by the highly sensitive Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA), all with negative results. These results add resilient data to confirm the absence of BSE infectivity in the donor blood collected from C-, H- and l-BSE-affected cattle even in the final clinical phase of the disease. This finding has important implications for the risk assessment of bovine blood and blood products in the production of medicinal products and other preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Grit Priemer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Tauscher
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Frauke Köster
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ivett Ackermann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olanrewaju I Fatola
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniel Balkema
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bärbel Hammerschmidt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
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3
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Suzuki A, Sawada K, Yamasaki T, Denkers ND, Mathiason CK, Hoover EA, Horiuchi M. Involvement of N- and C-terminal region of recombinant cervid prion protein in its reactivity to CWD and atypical BSE prions in real-time quaking-induced conversion reaction in the presence of high concentrations of tissue homogenates. Prion 2020; 14:283-295. [PMID: 33345717 PMCID: PMC7757825 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1858694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) reaction is a sensitive and specific method for detecting prions. However, inhibitory factors present in tissue homogenates can easily interfere with this reaction. To identify the RT-QuIC condition under which low levels of chronic wasting disease (CWD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions can be detected in the presence of high concentrations of brain tissue homogenates, reactivities of various recombinant prion proteins (rPrPs) were tested. Among the tested rPrPs, recombinant cervid PrP (rCerPrP) showed a unique reactivity: the reactivity of rCerPrP to CWD and atypical BSE prions was not highly affected by high concentrations of normal brain homogenates. The unique reactivity of rCerPrP disappeared when the N-terminal region (aa 25-93) was truncated. Replacement of aa 23-149 of mouse (Mo) PrP with the corresponding region of CerPrP partially restored the unique reactivity of rCerPrP in RT-QuIC. Replacement of the extreme C-terminal region of MoPrP aa 219-231 to the corresponding region of CerPrP partially conferred the unique reactivity of rCerPrP to rMoPrP, suggesting the involvement of both N- and C-terminal regions. Additionally, rCerN-Mo-CerCPrP, a chimeric PrP comprising CerPrP aa 25-153, MoPrP aa 150-218, and CerPrP aa 223-233, showed an additive effect of the N- and C-terminal regions. These results provide a mechanistic implication for detecting CWD and atypical BSE prions using rCerPrP and are useful for further improvements of RT-QuIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhei Sawada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nathaniel D Denkers
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward A Hoover
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control. Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Priemer G, Ulrich R, Strobelt R, Hills B, Groschup MH. Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE. Prion 2020; 13:160-172. [PMID: 31476957 PMCID: PMC6746549 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1651180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of two atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) forms in France and Italy designated H- and L-BSE, the question arose whether these new forms differed from classical BSE (C-BSE) in their pathogenesis. Samples collected from cattle in the clinical stage of BSE during an intracranial challenge study with L- and H-BSE were analysed using biochemical and histological methods as well as in a transgenic mouse bioassay. Our results generally confirmed what had been described for C-BSE to be true also for both atypical BSE forms, namely the restriction of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc) and BSE infectivity to the nervous system. However, analysis of samples collected under identical conditions from both atypical H- and L-BSE forms allowed us a more precise assessment of the grade of involvement of different tissues during the clinical end stage of disease as compared to C-BSE. One important feature is the involvement of the peripheral nervous and musculoskeletal tissues in both L-BSE and H-BSE affected cattle. We were, however, able to show that in H-BSE cases, the PrPSc depositions in the central and peripheral nervous system are dominated by a glial pattern, whereas a neuronal deposition pattern dominates in L-BSE cases, indicating differences in the cellular and topical tropism of both atypical BSE forms. As a consequence of this cell tropism, H-BSE seems to spread more rapidly from the CNS into the periphery via the glial cell system such as Schwann cells, as opposed to L-BSE which is mostly propagated via neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Grit Priemer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Romano Strobelt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Bob Hills
- Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
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5
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Kumagai S, Daikai T, Onodera T. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2019; 7:21-47. [PMID: 31998585 PMCID: PMC6978881 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Since the first case was identified in the UK in 1986, BSE spread to other countries including Japan. Its incidence peaked in 1992 in the UK and from 2001 to 2006 in many other countries, but a feed ban aimed at eliminating the recycling of the BSE agent and other control measures aimed at preventing food and feed contamination with the agent were highly effective at reducing the spread of BSE. In 2004, two types of atypical BSE, H-type BSE (H-BSE) and L-type BSE (L-BSE), which differ from classical BSE (C-BSE), were found in France and Italy. Atypical BSE, which is assumed to occur spontaneously, has also been detected among cattle in other countries including Japan. The BSE agent including atypical BSE agent is a unique food-safety hazard with different chemical and biological properties from the microbial pathogens and toxic chemicals that contaminate food. In this review, we summarize the reported findings on the tissue distribution of BSE prions in infected cattle and other aspects of BSE, as well as the control measures against the disease employed in Japan. Topics that require further studies are discussed based on the summarized findings from the perspective of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kumagai
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
| | - Takateru Daikai
- Food Safety Commission of Japan Secretariat, Akasaka
Park Bld. 22F, Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 107-6122, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine,
Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka-shi,
Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
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6
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Sawada K, Suzuki A, Yamasaki T, Iwamaru Y, Matsuura Y, Miyazawa K, Masujin K, Atarashi R, Horiuchi M. Estimation of prion infectivity in tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE by real time-quaking induced conversion assay. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:846-850. [PMID: 30982806 PMCID: PMC6612489 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), first identified in 2004, poses a threat
due to the potential to spread the disease to cattle and other animals, including humans.
Here, we estimated prion titers in various tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE
using a real-time quaking-induced conversion assay that detects amyloid seeding activity
of a disease-specific prion protein, PrPSc, a major component of prions.
PrPSc was detected both in and outside of nerve tissues, and some of the
peripheral nerve tissues contained relatively high prion titers. Low titers of prions were
also observed in masseter, jejunum, and adrenal glands. Quantitative data on prion
infectivity in tissues of atypical BSE-affected cattle is useful to assess the risk of
atypical BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhei Sawada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nish 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nish 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nish 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwamaru
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, Nish 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
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7
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Houston F, Andréoletti O. Animal prion diseases: the risks to human health. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:248-262. [PMID: 30588682 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases of animals notably include scrapie in small ruminants, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE). As the transmission barrier phenomenon naturally limits the propagation of prions from one species to another, and the lack of epidemiological evidence for an association with human prion diseases, the zoonotic potential of these diseases was for a long time considered negligible. However, in 1996, C-BSE was recognized as the cause of a new human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), which triggered an unprecedented public health crisis in Europe. Large-scale epidemio-surveillance programs for scrapie and C-BSE that were implemented in the EU after the BSE crisis revealed that the distribution and prevalence of prion diseases in the ruminant population had previously been underestimated. They also led to the recognition of new forms of TSEs (named atypical) in cattle and small ruminants and to the recent identification of CWD in Europe. At this stage, the characterization of the strain diversity and zoonotic abilities associated with animal prion diseases remains largely incomplete. However, transmission experiments in nonhuman primates and transgenic mice expressing human PrP clearly indicate that classical scrapie, and certain forms of atypical BSE (L-BSE) or CWD may have the potential to infect humans. The remaining uncertainties about the origins and relationships between animal prion diseases emphasize the importance of the measures implemented to limit human exposure to these potentially zoonotic agents, and of continued surveillance for both animal and human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Houston
- Infection and Immunity Division, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225-IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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8
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Intra- and Interspecies Transmission of Atypical BSE - What Can We Learn from It? Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:121-129. [PMID: 32231916 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After the detection of the first cases of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) more than ten years ago, the etiology, pathogenesis and agent distribution of these novel BSE forms in cattle were completely unknown. Many studies have been performed in the meantime to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases. A wealth of data has been accumulated regarding the distribution of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, in tissues of affected cattle, confirming the general restriction of the PrPSc and agent distribution to the central and peripheral nervous system, albeit at slightly higher levels as compared to classical BSE. However, due to lack of data, the assumptions regarding the spontaneous etiology of both atypical BSE forms (H-BSE and L-BSE) and also the origin of the classical BSE epidemic are still mainly speculative. By performing subpassage experiments of both the atypical BSE forms in a variety of conventional and transgenic mice and Syrian Gold hamsters, we aimed to improve our understanding of the strain stability of these BSE forms. It turned out that under these experimental conditions, both the atypical BSE forms may alter their phenotypes and become indistinguishable from classical BSE. Information about the classical and atypical BSE strain characteristics help to improve our understanding of the correlation between all three BSE forms.
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Costassa EV, Iulini B, Mazza M, Acutis P, Maurella C, Meloni D, Pautasso A, Capucci L, Bozzetta E, Simmons MM, Zanusso G, Pocchiari M, Corona C, Casalone C. Pathogenesis and Transmission of Classical and Atypical BSE in Cattle. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:130-134. [PMID: 32231917 PMCID: PMC6989206 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mammalian species can be affected by prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). "Classical" bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) was the first prion disease recognized in cattle and it is the only known zoonotic prion disease, having caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. Based on the biochemical signatures of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), two distinct forms of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathies (H-BSE and L-BSE) have been distinguished from C-BSE since 2004. To date there is no comprehensive information about the origin of atypical BSEs (sporadic vs. acquired) and this has an influence on the interpretation of the knowledge gathered from experimental studies, regarding how well such models may represent the real distribution of the agent in the body of naturally affected animals. Moreover, there are only very limited data available concerning the pathogenesis of both atypical BSE forms, as compared to C-BSE. Thus, precautions that are presently taken to minimize the risk of prion contamination of the food supply might not be as effective at preventing the spread of these recently recognized strains. In the last few years a wide range of experimental transmission studies of atypical strains in different animal hosts have been performed. The most recent data on classical and atypical BSE studies concerning characteristics, pathogenesis and transmissions in cattle will be summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pautasso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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10
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Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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11
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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13
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Consideration of Risk Variations in Japan Derived from the Proposed Revisions of the Current Countermeasures against BSE. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2014. [DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2014019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Fukuda S, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Masujin K, Matsuura Y, Fujii T, Fujii K, Kageyama S, Yoshioka M, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. The presence of disease-associated prion protein in skeletal muscle of cattle infected with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:103-7. [PMID: 23986118 PMCID: PMC3979948 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in the skeletal muscle of cattle infected with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE). The study was carried out systematically in 12 different muscle samples from 43 (3 field and 40 experimental) cases of C-BSE; however, muscle spindles were not available in many of these cases. Therefore, analysis became restricted to a total of 31 muscles in 23 cattle. Even after this restriction, low levels of PrP(Sc) were detected in the muscle spindles of the masseter, intercostal, triceps brachii, psoas major, quadriceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles from 3 field and 6 experimental clinical-stage cases. The present data indicate that small amounts of PrP(Sc) are detectable by immunohistochemistry in the skeletal muscles of animals terminally affected with C-BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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15
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Scientific and technical assistance on the minimum sample size to test should an annual BSE statistical testing regime be authorised in healthy slaughtered cattle. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: A Tipping Point in One Health and Food Safety. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45791-7_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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