1
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Santos BMD, Przyborski JM, Garcia CRS. Changes in K + Concentration as a Signaling Mechanism in the Apicomplexa Parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087276. [PMID: 37108438 PMCID: PMC10138558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During their life cycle, apicomplexan parasites pass through different microenvironments and encounter a range of ion concentrations. The discovery that the GPCR-like SR25 in Plasmodium falciparum is activated by a shift in potassium concentration indicates that the parasite can take advantage of its development by sensing different ionic concentrations in the external milieu. This pathway involves the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in cytosolic calcium. In the present report, we summarize the information available in the literature regarding the role of potassium ions during parasite development. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms that allow the parasite to cope with ionic potassium changes contributes to our knowledge about the cell cycle of Plasmodium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito M Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig University, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Célia R S Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig University, 35390 Gießen, Germany
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2
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Decreased susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to both dihydroartemisinin and lumefantrine in northern Uganda. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6353. [PMID: 36289202 PMCID: PMC9605985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin partial resistance may facilitate selection of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to combination therapy partner drugs. We evaluated 99 P. falciparum isolates collected in 2021 from northern Uganda, where resistance-associated PfK13 C469Y and A675V mutations have emerged, and eastern Uganda, where these mutations are uncommon. With the ex vivo ring survival assay, isolates with the 469Y mutation (median survival 7.3% for mutant, 2.5% mixed, and 1.4% wild type) and/or mutations in Pfcoronin or falcipain-2a, had significantly greater survival; all isolates with survival >5% had mutations in at least one of these proteins. With ex vivo growth inhibition assays, susceptibility to lumefantrine (median IC50 14.6 vs. 6.9 nM, p < 0.0001) and dihydroartemisinin (2.3 vs. 1.5 nM, p = 0.003) was decreased in northern vs. eastern Uganda; 14/49 northern vs. 0/38 eastern isolates had lumefantrine IC50 > 20 nM (p = 0.0002). Targeted sequencing of 819 isolates from 2015-21 identified multiple polymorphisms associated with altered drug susceptibility, notably PfK13 469Y with decreased susceptibility to lumefantrine (p = 6 × 10-8) and PfCRT mutations with chloroquine resistance (p = 1 × 10-20). Our results raise concern regarding activity of artemether-lumefantrine, the first-line antimalarial in Uganda.
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3
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Mechanistic basis for multidrug resistance and collateral drug sensitivity conferred to the malaria parasite by polymorphisms in PfMDR1 and PfCRT. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001616. [PMID: 35507548 PMCID: PMC9067703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (pfmdr1) gene and the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene alter the malaria parasite’s susceptibility to most of the current antimalarial drugs. However, the precise mechanisms by which PfMDR1 contributes to multidrug resistance have not yet been fully elucidated, nor is it understood why polymorphisms in pfmdr1 and pfcrt that cause chloroquine resistance simultaneously increase the parasite’s susceptibility to lumefantrine and mefloquine—a phenomenon known as collateral drug sensitivity. Here, we present a robust expression system for PfMDR1 in Xenopus oocytes that enables direct and high-resolution biochemical characterizations of the protein. We show that wild-type PfMDR1 transports diverse pharmacons, including lumefantrine, mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, amodiaquine, methylene blue, and chloroquine (but not the antiviral drug amantadine). Field-derived mutant isoforms of PfMDR1 differ from the wild-type protein, and each other, in their capacities to transport these drugs, indicating that PfMDR1-induced changes in the distribution of drugs between the parasite’s digestive vacuole (DV) and the cytosol are a key driver of both antimalarial resistance and the variability between multidrug resistance phenotypes. Of note, the PfMDR1 isoforms prevalent in chloroquine-resistant isolates exhibit reduced capacities for chloroquine, lumefantrine, and mefloquine transport. We observe the opposite relationship between chloroquine resistance-conferring mutations in PfCRT and drug transport activity. Using our established assays for characterizing PfCRT in the Xenopus oocyte system and in live parasite assays, we demonstrate that these PfCRT isoforms transport all 3 drugs, whereas wild-type PfCRT does not. We present a mechanistic model for collateral drug sensitivity in which mutant isoforms of PfMDR1 and PfCRT cause chloroquine, lumefantrine, and mefloquine to remain in the cytosol instead of sequestering within the DV. This change in drug distribution increases the access of lumefantrine and mefloquine to their primary targets (thought to be located outside of the DV), while simultaneously decreasing chloroquine’s access to its target within the DV. The mechanistic insights presented here provide a basis for developing approaches that extend the useful life span of antimalarials by exploiting the opposing selection forces they exert upon PfCRT and PfMDR1.
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4
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Santos BM, Dias BKM, Nakabashi M, Garcia CRS. The Knockout for G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Like PfSR25 Increases the Susceptibility of Malaria Parasites to the Antimalarials Lumefantrine and Piperaquine but Not to Medicine for Malaria Venture Compounds. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638869. [PMID: 33790879 PMCID: PMC8006397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have reported that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-like PfSR25 in Plasmodium falciparum is a potassium (K+) sensor linked to intracellular calcium signaling and that knockout parasites (PfSR25-) are more susceptible to oxidative stress and antimalarial compounds. Here, we explore the potential role of PfSR25 in susceptibility to the antimalarial compounds atovaquone, chloroquine, dihydroartemisinin, lumefantrine, mefloquine, piperaquine, primaquine, and pyrimethamine and the Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) compounds previously described to act on egress/invasion (MMV006429, MMV396715, MMV019127, MMV665874, MMV665878, MMV665785, and MMV66583) through comparative assays with PfSR25- and 3D7 parasite strains, using flow cytometry assays. The IC50 and IC90 results show that lumefantrine and piperaquine have greater activity on the PfSR25- parasite strain when compared to 3D7. For MMV compounds, we found no differences between the strains except for the compound MMV665831, which we used to investigate the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mechanism. The results suggest that PfSR25 may be involved in the mechanism of action of the antimalarials lumefantrine and piperaquine. Our data clearly show that MMV665831 does not affect calcium entry in parasites after we depleted their internal calcium pools with thapsigargin. The results demonstrated here shed light on new possibilities on the antimalarial mechanism, bringing evidence of the involvement of the GPCR-like PfSR25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito M Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara K M Dias
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Myna Nakabashi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celia R S Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Shibeshi MA, Kifle ZD, Atnafie SA. Antimalarial Drug Resistance and Novel Targets for Antimalarial Drug Discovery. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4047-4060. [PMID: 33204122 PMCID: PMC7666977 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s279433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is among the most devastating and widespread tropical parasitic diseases in which most prevalent in developing countries. Antimalarial drug resistance is the ability of a parasite strain to survive and/or to multiply despite the administration and absorption of medicine given in doses equal to or higher than those usually recommended. Among the factors which facilitate the emergence of resistance to existing antimalarial drugs: the parasite mutation rate, the overall parasite load, the strength of drug selected, the treatment compliance, poor adherence to malaria treatment guideline, improper dosing, poor pharmacokinetic properties, fake drugs lead to inadequate drug exposure on parasites, and poor-quality antimalarial may aid and abet resistance. Malaria vaccines can be categorized into three categories: pre-erythrocytic, blood-stage, and transmission-blocking vaccines. Molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance are used to screen for the emergence of resistance and assess its spread. It provides information about the parasite genetics associated with resistance, either single nucleotide polymorphisms or gene copy number variations which are associated with decreased susceptibility of parasites to antimalarial drugs. Glucose transporter PfHT1, kinases (Plasmodium kinome), food vacuole, apicoplast, cysteine proteases, and aminopeptidases are the novel targets for the development of new antimalarial drugs. Therefore, this review summarizes the antimalarial drug resistance and novel targets of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melkamu Adigo Shibeshi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemene Demelash Kifle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seyfe Asrade Atnafie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Resistance to Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs): Do Not Forget the Partner Drug! Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010026. [PMID: 30717149 PMCID: PMC6473515 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have become the mainstay for malaria treatment in almost all malaria endemic settings. Artemisinin derivatives are highly potent and fast acting antimalarials; but they have a short half-life and need to be combined with partner drugs with a longer half-life to clear the remaining parasites after a standard 3-day ACT regimen. When introduced, ACTs were highly efficacious and contributed to the steep decrease of malaria over the last decades. However, parasites with decreased susceptibility to artemisinins have emerged in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), followed by ACTs’ failure, due to both decreased susceptibility to artemisinin and partner drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen and expand current resistance surveillance systems beyond the GMS to track the emergence or spread of artemisinin resistance. Great attention has been paid to the spread of artemisinin resistance over the last five years, since molecular markers of decreased susceptibility to artemisinin in the GMS have been discovered. However, resistance to partner drugs is critical, as ACTs can still be effective against parasites with decreased susceptibility to artemisinins, when the latter are combined with a highly efficacious partner drug. This review outlines the different mechanisms of resistance and molecular markers associated with resistance to partner drugs for the currently used ACTs. Strategies to improve surveillance and potential solutions to extend the useful therapeutic lifespan of the currently available malaria medicines are proposed.
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7
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Mechanisms of resistance to the partner drugs of artemisinin in the malaria parasite. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:71-80. [PMID: 30142480 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has been, and continues to be, integral to reducing the number of malaria cases and deaths. However, their efficacy is being increasingly jeopardized by the emergence and spread of parasites that are resistant (or partially resistant) to the artemisinin derivatives and to their partner drugs, with the efficacy of the latter being especially crucial for treatment success. A detailed understanding of the genetic determinants of resistance to the ACT partner drugs, and the mechanisms by which they mediate resistance, is required for the surveillance of molecular markers and to optimize the efficacy and lifespan of the partner drugs through resistance management strategies. We summarize new insights into the molecular basis of parasite resistance to the ACTs, such as recently-uncovered determinants of parasite susceptibility to the artemisinin derivatives, piperaquine, lumefantrine, and mefloquine, and outline the mechanisms through which polymorphisms in these determinants may be conferring resistance.
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8
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Ndung'u L, Langat B, Magiri E, Ng'ang'a J, Irungu B, Nzila A, Kiboi D. Amodiaquine resistance in Plasmodium berghei is associated with PbCRT His95Pro mutation, loss of chloroquine, artemisinin and primaquine sensitivity, and high transcript levels of key transporters. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 2:44. [PMID: 29946569 PMCID: PMC5998014 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11768.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has evolved complex drug evasion mechanisms to all available antimalarials. To date, the combination of amodiaquine-artesunate is among the drug of choice for treatment of uncomplicated malaria. In this combination, a short acting, artesunate is partnered with long acting, amodiaquine for which resistance may emerge rapidly especially in high transmission settings. Here, we used a rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA as a surrogate of P. falciparum to investigate the mechanisms of amodiaquine resistance. Methods: We used serial technique to select amodiaquine resistance by submitting the parasites to continuous amodiaquine pressure. We then employed the 4-Day Suppressive Test to monitor emergence of resistance and determine the cross-resistance profiles. Finally, we genotyped the resistant parasite by PCR amplification, sequencing and relative quantitation of mRNA transcript of targeted genes. Results: Submission of P. berghei ANKA to amodiaquine pressure yielded resistant parasite within thirty-six passages. The effective dosage that reduced 90% of parasitaemia (ED 90) of sensitive line and resistant line were 4.29mg/kg and 19.13mg/kg, respectively. After freezing at -80ºC for one month, the resistant parasite remained stable with an ED 90 of 18.22mg/kg. Amodiaquine resistant parasites are also resistant to chloroquine (6fold), artemether (10fold), primaquine (5fold), piperaquine (2fold) and lumefantrine (3fold). Sequence analysis of Plasmodium berghei chloroquine resistant transporter revealed His95Pro mutation. No variation was identified in Plasmodium berghei multidrug resistance gene-1 (Pbmdr1), Plasmodium berghei deubiquitinating enzyme-1 or Plasmodium berghei Kelch13 domain nucleotide sequences. Amodiaquine resistance is also accompanied by high mRNA transcripts of key transporters; Pbmdr1, V-type/H+ pumping pyrophosphatase-2 and sodium hydrogen ion exchanger-1 and Ca 2+/H + antiporter. Conclusions: Selection of amodiaquine resistance yielded stable "multidrug-resistant'' parasites and thus may be used to study common resistance mechanisms associated with other antimalarial drugs. Genome wide studies may elucidate other functionally important genes controlling AQ resistance in P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loise Ndung'u
- PAUSTI, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,KEMRI- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Benard Langat
- Department of Nursing and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kabianga, Kericho, 20200, Kenya
| | - Esther Magiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Joseph Ng'ang'a
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Irungu
- KEMRI- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Alexis Nzila
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dharan, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Kiboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,West Africa Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, 54 Legon, Ghana.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust, Collaborative Research Program, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
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Genetic resistance to purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2114-2119. [PMID: 29440412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525670115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most lethal form of human malaria and is a global health concern. The parasite responds to antimalarial therapies by developing drug resistance. The continuous development of new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action is a priority for drug combination therapies. The use of transition-state analog inhibitors to block essential steps in purine salvage has been proposed as a new antimalarial approach. Mutations that reduce transition-state analog binding are also expected to reduce the essential catalytic function of the target. We have previously reported that inhibition of host and P. falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP) by DADMe-Immucillin-G (DADMe-ImmG) causes purine starvation and parasite death in vitro and in primate infection models. P. falciparum cultured under incremental DADMe-ImmG drug pressure initially exhibited increased PfPNP gene copy number and protein expression. At increased drug pressure, additional PfPNP gene copies appeared with point mutations at catalytic site residues involved in drug binding. Mutant PfPNPs from resistant clones demonstrated reduced affinity for DADMe-ImmG, but also reduced catalytic efficiency. The catalytic defects were partially overcome by gene amplification in the region expressing PfPNP. Crystal structures of native and mutated PfPNPs demonstrate altered catalytic site contacts to DADMe-ImmG. Both point mutations and gene amplification are required to overcome purine starvation induced by DADMe-ImmG. Resistance developed slowly, over 136 generations (2136 clonal selection). Transition-state analog inhibitors against PfPNP are slow to induce resistance and may have promise in malaria therapy.
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Moraes MS, Budu A, Singh MK, Borges-Pereira L, Levano-Garcia J, Currà C, Picci L, Pace T, Ponzi M, Pozzan T, Garcia CRS. Plasmodium falciparum GPCR-like receptor SR25 mediates extracellular K + sensing coupled to Ca 2+ signaling and stress survival. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9545. [PMID: 28842684 PMCID: PMC5573319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is exposed, during its development, to major changes of ionic composition in its surrounding medium. We demonstrate that the P. falciparum serpentine-like receptor PfSR25 is a monovalent cation sensor capable of modulating Ca2+ signaling in the parasites. Changing from high (140 mM) to low (5.4 mM) KCl concentration triggers [Ca2+]cyt increase in isolated parasites and this Ca2+ rise is blocked either by phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition or by depleting the parasite’s internal Ca2+ pools. This response persists even in the absence of free extracellular Ca2+ and cannot be elicited by addition of Na+, Mg2+ or Ca2+. However, when the PfSR25 gene was deleted, no effect on [Ca2+]cyt was observed in response to changing KCl concentration in the knocked out (PfSR25−) parasite. Finally, we also demonstrate that: i) PfSR25 plays a role in parasite volume regulation, as hyperosmotic stress induces a significant decrease in parasite volume in wild type (wt), but not in PfSR25− parasites; ii) parasites lacking PfSR25 show decreased parasitemia and metacaspase gene expression on exposure to the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and iii), compared to PfSR25− parasites, wt parasites showed a better survival in albumax-deprived condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maneesh K Singh
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Borges-Pereira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Julio Levano-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Chiara Currà
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, N. Plastira 100, GR 700 13, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Leonardo Picci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, 0161, Roma, Italy
| | - Tomasino Pace
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, 0161, Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Ponzi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, 0161, Roma, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Unit, National Research Council, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Célia R S Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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Ndung'u L, Langat B, Magiri E, Ng'ang'a J, Irungu B, Nzila A, Kiboi D. Amodiaquine resistance in Plasmodium berghei is associated with PbCRT His95Pro mutation, loss of chloroquine, artemisinin and primaquine sensitivity, and high transcript levels of key transporters. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11768.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has evolved complex drug evasion mechanisms to all available antimalarials. To date, the combination of amodiaquine-artesunate is among the drug of choice for treatment of uncomplicated malaria. In this combination, a short acting, artesunate is partnered with long acting, amodiaquine for which resistance may emerge rapidly especially in high transmission settings. Here, we used a rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA as a surrogate of P. falciparum to investigate the mechanisms of amodiaquine resistance. Methods: We used serial technique to select amodiaquine resistance by submitting the parasites to continuous amodiaquine pressure. We then employed the 4-Day Suppressive Test to monitor emergence of resistance and determine the cross-resistance profiles. Finally, we genotyped the resistant parasite by PCR amplification, sequencing and relative quantitation of mRNA transcript of targeted genes. Results: Submission of P. berghei ANKA to amodiaquine pressure yielded resistant parasite within thirty-six passages. The effective dosage that reduced 90% of parasitaemia (ED90) of sensitive line and resistant line were 4.29mg/kg and 19.13mg/kg, respectively. After freezing at -80ºC for one month, the resistant parasite remained stable with an ED90 of 18.22mg/kg. Amodiaquine resistant parasites are also resistant to chloroquine (6fold), artemether (10fold), primaquine (5fold), piperaquine (2fold) and lumefantrine (3fold). Sequence analysis of Plasmodium berghei chloroquine resistant transporter revealed His95Pro mutation. No variation was identified in Plasmodium berghei multidrug resistance gene-1 (Pbmdr1), Plasmodium berghei deubiquitinating enzyme-1 or Plasmodium berghei Kelch13 domain nucleotide sequences. Amodiaquine resistance is also accompanied by high mRNA transcripts of key transporters; Pbmdr1, V-type/H+ pumping pyrophosphatase-2 and sodium hydrogen ion exchanger-1 and Ca2+/H+ antiporter. Conclusions: Selection of amodiaquine resistance yielded stable “multidrug-resistant’’ parasites and thus may be used to study common resistance mechanisms associated with other antimalarial drugs. Genome wide studies may elucidate other functionally important genes controlling AQ resistance in P. berghei.
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Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Subtelomeric (PHIST) Proteins, at the Center of Host Cell Remodeling. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:905-27. [PMID: 27582258 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00014-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the asexual cycle, Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels the human erythrocyte to make it a suitable host cell. A large number of exported proteins facilitate this remodeling process, which causes erythrocytes to become more rigid, cytoadherent, and permeable for nutrients and metabolic products. Among the exported proteins, a family of 89 proteins, called the Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) protein family, has been identified. While also found in other Plasmodium species, the PHIST family is greatly expanded in P. falciparum. Although a decade has passed since their first description, to date, most PHIST proteins remain uncharacterized and are of unknown function and localization within the host cell, and there are few data on their interactions with other host or parasite proteins. However, over the past few years, PHIST proteins have been mentioned in the literature at an increasing rate owing to their presence at various localizations within the infected erythrocyte. Expression of PHIST proteins has been implicated in molecular and cellular processes such as the surface display of PfEMP1, gametocytogenesis, changes in cell rigidity, and also cerebral and pregnancy-associated malaria. Thus, we conclude that PHIST proteins are central to host cell remodeling, but despite their obvious importance in pathology, PHIST proteins seem to be understudied. Here we review current knowledge, shed light on the definition of PHIST proteins, and discuss these proteins with respect to their localization and probable function. We take into consideration interaction studies, microarray analyses, or data from blood samples from naturally infected patients to combine all available information on this protein family.
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Balogun ST, Sandabe UK, Waziri IA, Jibrin J, Fehintola FA. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates to 4-aminoquinolines in Northeast Nigeria. MALARIAWORLD JOURNAL 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 38601349 PMCID: PMC11003210 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10818088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Widespread dr ug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains have challenged the pivotal role played by 4-aminoquinolines, including chloroquine (CQ), which has been delisted for the treatment of malaria in most parts of the world. This study assessed the in vitro sensitivity of P. falciparum clinical isolates (PfCIs) to amodiaquine (AQ) and CQ in Northeast Nigeria. Materials and methods PfCIs were collected from subjects with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Azare, Bauchi State and Maiduguri, Borno State following an informed consent. The in vitro sensitivity was assessed by micro-test (MarkIII) method and the IC50 of AQ and CQ was determined using HN-NonLin Version VI.1 software. The reference standard cut-off values for in vitro AQ and CQ resistance of 80 and 160 nmol/l, respectively, were used. Isolates that were inhibited by lower AQ and CQ concentrations were referred to as sensitive. Results Valid in vitro assay r esults were obtained for 88.9% (80/90) of the PfCIs; Azare had 93.3% (28/30) and Maiduguri had 86.7% (52/60) [χ2 = 0.35; df = 1; p = 0.486]. The geometric mean (GM) IC50 of AQ and CQ were 24.2 nmol/l (95% CI, 10.5 - 49.6 nmol/l) and 39.5 nmol/l (95% CI, 34.5 - 49.6 nmol/l), respectively. The AQ (p = 0.922) and CQ (p = 0.085) GM IC50 were similar between Azare and Maiduguri PfCIs. Only one isolate showed in vitro resistance to AQ giving a sensitivity of 98.8% (79/80) while 17 PfCIs showed in vitro resistance to CQ giving a sensitivity of 78.8% (63/80). The CQ sensitivity was similar between Azare (67.9%; 19/28) and Maiduguri (84.6%; 44/52) PfCIs (χ2 = 3.05; df = 1; p = 0.081). Conclusions The findings may suggest that the AQ in vitro sensitivity remains high and the isolates in Northeast Nigeria may appear more sensitive to CQ than isolates from other parts. These findings may affect malaria treatment and control policy in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulayman T. Balogun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Umar K. Sandabe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Isah A. Waziri
- Bauchi State College of Health Technology, Ningi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Justus Jibrin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Fatai A. Fehintola
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mallo N, Lamas J, DeFelipe AP, Sueiro RA, Fontenla F, Leiro JM. Enzymes Involved in Pyrophosphate and Calcium Metabolism as Targets for Anti-scuticociliate Chemotherapy. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:505-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mallo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología; Facultad de Biología; Instituto de Acuicultura; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ana-Paula DeFelipe
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rosa-Ana Sueiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología; Facultad de Biología; Instituto de Acuicultura; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Fontenla
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología; Facultad de Biología; Instituto de Acuicultura; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José-Manuel Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
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15
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Chemogenomic profiling of Plasmodium falciparum as a tool to aid antimalarial drug discovery. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15930. [PMID: 26541648 PMCID: PMC4635350 DOI: 10.1038/srep15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance highlights the urgency to discover new targets and chemical scaffolds. Unfortunately, lack of experimentally validated functional information about most P. falciparum genes remains a strategic hurdle. Chemogenomic profiling is an established tool for classification of drugs with similar mechanisms of action by comparing drug fitness profiles in a collection of mutants. Inferences of drug mechanisms of action and targets can be obtained by associations between shifts in drug fitness and specific genetic changes in the mutants. In this screen, P. falciparum, piggyBac single insertion mutants were profiled for altered responses to antimalarial drugs and metabolic inhibitors to create chemogenomic profiles. Drugs targeting the same pathway shared similar response profiles and multiple pairwise correlations of the chemogenomic profiles revealed novel insights into drugs’ mechanisms of action. A mutant of the artemisinin resistance candidate gene - “K13-propeller” gene (PF3D7_1343700) exhibited increased susceptibility to artemisinin drugs and identified a cluster of 7 mutants based on similar enhanced responses to the drugs tested. Our approach of chemogenomic profiling reveals artemisinin functional activity, linked by the unexpected drug-gene relationships of these mutants, to signal transduction and cell cycle regulation pathways.
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16
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Kiboi D, Irungu B, Orwa J, Kamau L, Ochola-Oyier LI, Ngángá J, Nzila A. Piperaquine and Lumefantrine resistance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA associated with increased expression of Ca2+/H+ antiporter and glutathione associated enzymes. Exp Parasitol 2014; 147:23-32. [PMID: 25448357 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms of resistance of two antimalarial drugs piperaquine (PQ) and lumefantrine (LM) using the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei as a surrogate of the human parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We analyzed the whole coding sequence of Plasmodium berghei chloroquine resistance transporter (Pbcrt) and Plasmodium berghei multidrug resistance gene 1(Pbmdr-1) for polymorphisms. These genes are associated with quinoline resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. No polymorphic changes were detected in the coding sequences of Pbcrt and Pbmdr1 or in the mRNA transcript levels of Pbmdr1. However, our data demonstrated that PQ and LM resistance is achieved by multiple mechanisms that include elevated mRNA transcript levels of V-type H(+) pumping pyrophosphatase (vp2), Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter (vcx1), gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase (ggcs) and glutathione-S-transferase (gst) genes, mechanisms also known to contribute to chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum and rodent malaria parasites. The increase in ggcs and gst transcript levels was accompanied by high glutathione (GSH) levels and elevated activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Pbcrt and Pbmdr1 are not associated with PQ and LM resistance in P. berghei ANKA, while vp2, vcx1, ggcs and gst may mediate resistance directly or modulate functional mutations in other unknown genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; KEMRI-Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Beatrice Irungu
- KEMRI-Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Orwa
- KEMRI-Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Luna Kamau
- KEMRI-Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joseph Ngángá
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexis Nzila
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 468, Dharan 31261, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Role of Different Pfcrt and Pfmdr-1 Mutations in Conferring Resistance to Antimalaria Drugs in Plasmodium falciparum. Malar Res Treat 2014; 2014:950424. [PMID: 25506039 PMCID: PMC4243603 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drugs resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum has augmented the scourge of malaria in endemic areas. Antimalaria drugs act on different intracellular targets. The majority of them interfere with digestive vacuoles (DVs) while others affect other organelles, namely, apicoplast and mitochondria. Prevention of drug accumulation or access into the target site is one of the mechanisms that plasmodium adopts to develop resistance. Plasmodia are endowed with series of transporters that shuffle drugs away from the target site, namely, pfmdr (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance transporter) and pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter) which exist in DV membrane and are considered as putative markers of CQ resistance. They are homologues to human P-glycoproteins (P-gh or multidrug resistance system) and members of drug metabolite transporter (DMT) family, respectively. The former mediates drifting of xenobiotics towards the DV while the latter chucks them outside. Resistance to drugs whose target site of action is intravacuolar develops when the transporters expel them outside the DVs and vice versa for those whose target is extravacuolar. In this review, we are going to summarize the possible pfcrt and pfmdr mutation and their role in changing plasmodium sensitivity to different anti-Plasmodium drugs.
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18
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Mbogo GW, Nankoberanyi S, Tukwasibwe S, Baliraine FN, Nsobya SL, Conrad MD, Arinaitwe E, Kamya M, Tappero J, Staedke SG, Dorsey G, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ. Temporal changes in prevalence of molecular markers mediating antimalarial drug resistance in a high malaria transmission setting in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:54-61. [PMID: 24799371 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard therapy for malaria in Uganda changed from chloroquine to chloroquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in 2000, and artemether-lumefantrine in 2004, although implementation of each change was slow. Plasmodium falciparum genetic polymorphisms are associated with alterations in drug sensitivity. We followed the prevalence of drug resistance-mediating P. falciparum polymorphisms in 982 samples from Tororo, a region of high transmission intensity, collected from three successive treatment trials conducted during 2003-2012, excluding samples with known recent prior treatment. Considering transporter mutations, prevalence of the mutant pfcrt 76T, pfmdr1 86Y, and pfmdr1 1246Y alleles decreased over time. Considering antifolate mutations, the prevalence of pfdhfr 51I, 59R, and 108N, and pfdhps 437G and 540E were consistently high; pfdhfr 164L and pfdhps 581G were uncommon, but most prevalent during 2008-2010. Our data suggest sequential selective pressures as different treatments were implemented, and they highlight the importance of genetic surveillance as treatment policies change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Mbogo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sheila Nankoberanyi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen Tukwasibwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Frederick N Baliraine
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Samuel L Nsobya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Melissa D Conrad
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Moses Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jordan Tappero
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah G Staedke
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Le Tourneau University, Longview, Texas; Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; University of California, San Francisco, California
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19
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Jovel IT, Ferreira PE, Veiga MI, Malmberg M, Mårtensson A, Kaneko A, Zakeri S, Murillo C, Nosten F, Björkman A, Ursing J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum V type H(+) pyrophosphatase gene (pfvp2) and their associations with pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 24:111-5. [PMID: 24657918 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been associated with pfcrt 76T (chloroquine resistance transporter gene) and pfmdr1 86Y (multidrug resistance gene 1) alleles. Pfcrt 76T enables transport of protonated chloroquine out of the parasites digestive vacuole resulting in a loss of hydrogen ions (H(+)). V type H(+) pyrophosphatase (PfVP2) is thought to pump H(+) into the digestive vacuole. This study aimed to describe the geographic distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in pfvp2 and their possible associations with pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms. METHODS Blood samples from 384 patients collected (1981-2009) in Honduras (n=35), Colombia (n=50), Liberia (n=50), Guinea Bissau (n=50), Tanzania (n=50), Iran (n=50), Thailand (n=49) and Vanuatu (n=50) were analysed. The pfcrt 72-76 haplotype, pfmdr1 copy numbers, pfmdr1 N86Y and pfvp2 V405I, K582R and P711S alleles were identified using PCR based methods. RESULTS Pfvp2 was amplified in 344 samples. The pfvp2 allele proportions were V405 (97%), 405I (3%), K582 (99%), 582R (1%), P711 (97%) and 711S (3%). The number of patients with any of pfvp2 405I, 582R and/or 711S were as follows: Honduras (2/30), Colombia (0/46), Liberia (7/48), Guinea-Bissau (4/50), Tanzania (3/48), Iran (3/50), Thailand (1/49) and Vanuatu (0/31). The alleles were most common in Liberia (P=0.01) and Liberia+Guinea-Bissau (P=0.01). The VKP haplotype was found in 189/194 (97%) and 131/145 (90%) samples harbouring pfcrt 76T and pfcrt K76 respectively (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS The VKP haplotype was dominant. Most pfvp2 405I, 582R and 711S SNPs were seen where CQ resistance was not highly prevalent at the time of blood sampling possibly due to greater genetic variation prior to the bottle neck event of spreading CQ resistance. The association between the pfvp2 VKP haplotype and pfcrt 76T, which may indicate that pfvp2 is involved in CQ resistance, should therefore be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tatiana Jovel
- Malaria Research, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 10, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Pedro Eduardo Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Malaria Research, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 10, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Malaria Research, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 10, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Malaria Research, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 10, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Global Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran.
| | - Claribel Murillo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot Tak, Thailand; Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Anders Björkman
- Malaria Research, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 10, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Ursing
- Malaria Research, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital/Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 10, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Conrad MD, LeClair N, Arinaitwe E, Wanzira H, Kakuru A, Bigira V, Muhindo M, Kamya MR, Tappero JW, Greenhouse B, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ. Comparative impacts over 5 years of artemisinin-based combination therapies on Plasmodium falciparum polymorphisms that modulate drug sensitivity in Ugandan children. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:344-53. [PMID: 24610872 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combination therapies, including artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), are recommended to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Sensitivities to components of AL and DP are impacted by polymorphisms in pfmdr1 and pfcrt. We monitored changes in prevalences of polymorphisms in Tororo, Uganda, from 2008 to 2012. METHODS Polymorphic loci in pfmdr1 and pfcrt were characterized in samples from 312 children randomized to AL or DP for each episode of uncomplicated malaria (50 samples per arm for each 3-month interval) utilizing a fluorescent microsphere assay. Treatment outcomes and impacts of prior therapies were also characterized. RESULTS Prevalence increased significantly over time for pfmdr1 N86 (AL: odds ratio [OR], 2.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.83-2.38]; DP: 1.41 [95% CI, 1.25-1.57]), pfmdr1 D1246 (AL: 1.46 [95% CI, 1.29-1.64]; DP: 1.36 [95% CI, 1.23-1.50]), and pfcrt K76 (AL: 3.37 [95% CI, 1.85-6.16]; DP: 5.84 [95% CI, 1.94-17.53], and decreased for pfmdr1 Y184 (AL: 0.78 [95% CI, .70-.86]; DP: 0.84 [95% CI, .76-1.50]); changes were consistently greater in the AL arm. Recent AL treatment selected for pfmdr1 N86, D1246, and 184F in subsequent episodes; DP selected for the opposite alleles. CONCLUSIONS Genotypes with decreased sensitivity to AL components increased over time. This increase was greater in children receiving AL, suggesting that the choice of treatment regimen can profoundly influence parasite genetics and drug sensitivity. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00527800.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert LeClair
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jordan W Tappero
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Na-Bangchang K, Karbwang J. Emerging artemisinin resistance in the border areas of Thailand. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:307-22. [PMID: 23656342 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of artemisinin resistance has been confirmed in Cambodia and the border areas of Thailand, the well-known hotspots of multidrug resistance Plasmodium falciparum. It appears to be spreading to the western border of Thailand along the Thai-Myanmar border, and will probably spread to other endemic areas of the world in the near future. This raises a serious concern on the long-term efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies, as these combination therapies currently constitute the last effective and most tolerable treatment for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Attempts have been made by a diverse array of stakeholders to prevent the emergence of new foci of artemisinin resistance, as well as to limit the spread of resistance to the original foci. The success in achieving this goal depends on effective integration of containment and surveillance programs with other malaria control measures, with support from both basic and operational research.
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Dried blood spots in bioanalysis of antimalarials: relevance and challenges in quantitative assessment of antimalarial drugs. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2171-86. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the leading parasitic disease in emerging countries. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimalarial drugs is becoming increasingly important due to their spreading resistance. Measuring systemic antimalarial drug concentrations is also vital for safety and PK evaluations during clinical development. The dried blood spot (DBS) technique is a convenient alternative sample-collection method to venipuncture, especially in resource -limited areas where the clinical studies of antimalarials are usually carried out. Various bioanalytical methods for antimalarial drug estimation utilizing DBS sampling have been reported. This review discusses the applicability and relevance of DBS in quantitative assessment of antimalarial drugs, the advantages and drawbacks of DBS, and the difficulties encountered during its implementation.
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Ogutu B. Artemether and lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:643-54. [PMID: 23419113 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.771167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION WHO Treatment Guidelines recommend that artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Artemether plus lumefantrine (AL) is currently approved in 86 countries, with 30 of the 47 sub-Saharan African countries using it as first-line therapy, and 8 as second-line therapy. The dispersible formulation of AL that facilitates administration to infants and children, being simpler for caregivers to prepare and administer than crushed tablets, and easier for sick children and infants to take is discussed. AREAS COVERED A descriptive summary of available literature from sub-Saharan Africa demonstrates consistently high efficacy and safety for over a decade, with the majority of reported 28-day PCR-corrected cure rates being above 95%. EXPERT OPINION AL is an important antimalarial that will play a major role as countries move towards the elimination of malaria. Further advances in best practice of ACT use will come through strategies to prolong the longevity of ACTs, improved access to ACTs, new data on the use of ACTs in pregnancy, asymptomatic patients and novel paediatric formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhards Ogutu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya.
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