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Zhang B, Fan M, Fan J, Luo Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu B, Sun Y, Zhao Q, Hiscox JA, Nan Y, Zhou EM. Avian Hepatitis E Virus ORF2 Protein Interacts with Rap1b to Induce Cytoskeleton Rearrangement That Facilitates Virus Internalization. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0226521. [PMID: 35138149 PMCID: PMC8826821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02265-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes liver diseases and multiple extrahepatic disorders in chickens. However, the mechanisms involved in avian HEV entry remain elusive. Herein, we identified the RAS-related protein 1b (Rap1b) as a potential HEV-ORF2 protein interacting candidate. Experimental infection of chickens and cells with an avian HEV isolate from China (CaHEV) led to upregulated expression and activation of Rap1b both in vivo and in vitro. By using CaHEV capsid as mimic of virion to treat cell in vitro, it appears that the interaction between the viral capsid and Rap1b promoted cell membrane recruitment of the downstream effector Rap1-interacting molecule (RIAM). In turn, RIAM further enhanced Talin-1 membrane recruitment and retention, which led to the activation of integrin α5/β1, as well as integrin-associated membrane protein kinases, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Meanwhile, FAK activation triggered activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 RAC1 cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), and LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1). Finally, F-actin rearrangement induced by Cofilin led to the formation of lamellipodia, filopodia, and stress fibers, contributes to plasma membrane remodeling, and might enhance CaHEV virion internalization. In conclusion, our data suggested that Rap1b activation was triggered during CaHEV infection and appeared to require interaction between CaHEV-ORF2 and Rap1b, thereby further inducing membrane recruitment of Talin-1. Membrane-bound Talin-1 then activates key Integrin-FAK-Cofilin cascades involved in modulation of actin kinetics, and finally leads to F-actin rearrangement and membrane remodeling to potentially facilitate internalization of CaHEV virions into permissive cells. IMPORTANCE Rap1b is a multifunctional protein that is responsible for cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. The inactive form of Rap1b is phosphorylated and distributed in the cytoplasm, while active Rap1b is prenylated and loaded with GTP to the cell membrane. In this study, the activation of Rap1b was induced during the early stage of avian HEV infection under the regulation of PKA and SmgGDS. Continuously activated Rap1b recruited its effector RIAM to the membrane, thereby inducing the membrane recruitment of Talin-1 that led to the activation of membrane α5/β1 integrins. The triggering of the signaling pathway-associated Integrin α5/β1-FAK-CDC42&RAC1-PAK1-LIMK1-Cofilin culminated in F-actin polymerization and membrane remodeling that might promote avian HEV virion internalization. These findings suggested a novel mechanism that is potentially utilized by avian HEV to invade susceptible cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengnan Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Manipulation of Focal Adhesion Signaling by Pathogenic Microbes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031358. [PMID: 33572997 PMCID: PMC7866387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) serve as dynamic signaling hubs within the cell. They connect intracellular actin to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and respond to environmental cues. In doing so, these structures facilitate important processes such as cell-ECM adhesion and migration. Pathogenic microbes often modify the host cell actin cytoskeleton in their pursuit of an ideal replicative niche or during invasion to facilitate uptake. As actin-interfacing structures, FA dynamics are also intimately tied to actin cytoskeletal organization. Indeed, exploitation of FAs is another avenue by which pathogenic microbes ensure their uptake, survival and dissemination. This is often achieved through the secretion of effector proteins which target specific protein components within the FA. Molecular mimicry of the leucine-aspartic acid (LD) motif or vinculin-binding domains (VBDs) commonly found within FA proteins is a common microbial strategy. Other effectors may induce post-translational modifications to FA proteins through the regulation of phosphorylation sites or proteolytic cleavage. In this review, we present an overview of the regulatory mechanisms governing host cell FAs, and provide examples of how pathogenic microbes have evolved to co-opt them to their own advantage. Recent technological advances pose exciting opportunities for delving deeper into the mechanistic details by which pathogenic microbes modify FAs.
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Takala H, Lehtivuori H, Hammarén H, Hytönen VP, Ihalainen JA. Connection between Absorption Properties and Conformational Changes in Deinococcus radiodurans Phytochrome. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7076-85. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501180s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Takala
- Nanoscience
Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heli Lehtivuori
- Nanoscience
Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Nanoscience
Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Henrik Hammarén
- School
of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Nanoscience
Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Zhang H, Chang YC, Brennan ML, Wu J. The structure of Rap1 in complex with RIAM reveals specificity determinants and recruitment mechanism. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 6:128-39. [PMID: 24287201 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rap1 induces integrin activation via an inside-out signaling pathway mediated by the Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM). Blocking this pathway may suppress tumor metastasis and other diseases that are related to hyperactive integrins. However, the molecular basis for the specific recognition of RIAM by Rap1 remains largely unknown. Herein we present the crystal structure of an active, GTP-bound GTPase domain of Rap1 in complex with the Ras association (RA)-pleckstrin homology (PH) structural module of RIAM at 1.65 Å. The structure reveals that the recognition of RIAM by Rap1 is governed by side-chain interactions. Several side chains are critical in determining specificity of this recognition, particularly the Lys31 residue in Rap1 that is oppositely charged compared with the Glu31/Asp31 residue in other Ras GTPases. Lys31 forms a salt bridge with RIAM residue Glu212, making it the key specificity determinant of the interaction. We also show that disruption of these interactions results in reduction of Rap1:RIAM association, leading to a loss of co-clustering and cell adhesion. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanism by which RIAM mediates Rap1-induced integrin activation. The crystal structure also offers new insight into the structural basis for the specific recruitment of RA-PH module-containing effector proteins by their small GTPase partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Wynne JP, Wu J, Su W, Mor A, Patsoukis N, Boussiotis VA, Hubbard SR, Philips MR. Rap1-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM) associates with the plasma membrane via a proximity detector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:317-30. [PMID: 23045549 PMCID: PMC3471229 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ras association and PH domains of RIAM function as a proximity detector for activated Rap1 and PI(4,5)P2. Adaptive immunity depends on lymphocyte adhesion that is mediated by the integrin lymphocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1). The small guanosine triphosphatase Rap1 regulates LFA-1 adhesiveness through one of its effectors, Rap1-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM). We show that RIAM was recruited to the lymphocyte plasma membrane (PM) through its Ras association (RA) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, both of which were required for lymphocyte adhesion. The N terminus of RIAM inhibited membrane translocation. In vitro, the RA domain bound both Rap1 and H-Ras with equal but relatively low affinity, whereas in vivo only Rap1 was required for PM association. The PH domain bound phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and was responsible for the spatial distribution of RIAM only at the PM of activated T cells. We determined the crystal structure of the RA and PH domains and found that, despite an intervening linker of 50 aa, the two domains were integrated into a single structural unit, which was critical for proper localization to the PM. Thus, the RA-PH domains of RIAM function as a proximity detector for activated Rap1 and PI(4,5)P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Wynne
- Cancer Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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