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Azzam T, Du JJ, Flowers MW, Ali AV, Hunn JC, Vijayvargiya N, Knagaram R, Bogacz M, Maravillas KE, Sastre DE, Fields JK, Mirzaei A, Pierce BG, Sundberg EJ. Combinatorially restricted computational design of protein-protein interfaces to produce IgG heterodimers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8157. [PMID: 38598628 PMCID: PMC11006224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Redesigning protein-protein interfaces is an important tool for developing therapeutic strategies. Interfaces can be redesigned by in silico screening, which allows for efficient sampling of a large protein space before experimental validation. However, computational costs limit the number of combinations that can be reasonably sampled. Here, we present combinatorial tyrosine (Y)/serine (S) selection (combYSelect), a computational approach combining in silico determination of the change in binding free energy (ΔΔG) of an interface with a highly restricted library composed of just two amino acids, tyrosine and serine. We used combYSelect to design two immunoglobulin G (IgG) heterodimers-combYSelect1 (L368S/D399Y-K409S/T411Y) and combYSelect2 (D399Y/K447S-K409S/T411Y)-that exhibit near-optimal heterodimerization, without affecting IgG stability or function. We solved the crystal structures of these heterodimers and found that dynamic π-stacking interactions and polar contacts drive preferential heterodimeric interactions. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of our combYSelect heterodimers by engineering both a bispecific antibody and a cytokine trap for two unique therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Maria W. Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adeela V. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Hunn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nina Vijayvargiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rushil Knagaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marek Bogacz
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kino E. Maravillas
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Diego E. Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James K. Fields
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ardalan Mirzaei
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G. Pierce
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20850, USA
| | - Eric J. Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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2
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Ma J, Mo Y, Tang M, Shen J, Qi Y, Zhao W, Huang Y, Xu Y, Qian C. Bispecific Antibodies: From Research to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626616. [PMID: 34025638 PMCID: PMC8131538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are antibodies with two binding sites directed at two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. The clinical therapeutic effects of BsAbs are superior to those of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), with broad applications for tumor immunotherapy as well as for the treatment of other diseases. Recently, with progress in antibody or protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology, various platforms for generating different types of BsAbs based on novel strategies, for various uses, have been established. More than 30 mature commercial technology platforms have been used to create and develop BsAbs based on the heterologous recombination of heavy chains and matching of light chains. The detailed mechanisms of clinical/therapeutic action have been demonstrated with these different types of BsAbs. Three kinds of BsAbs have received market approval, and more than 110 types of BsAbs are at various stages of clinical trials. In this paper, we elaborate on the classic platforms, mechanisms, and applications of BsAbs. We hope that this review can stimulate new ideas for the development of BsAbs and improve current clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Mo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglin Tang
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- IND Center, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanan Qi
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxu Zhao
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- IND Center, Chongqing Precision Biotech Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- IND Center, Chongqing Institute of Precision Medicine and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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3
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van der Horst M, Karamchand L, Bauer WS, Nel AJM, Blackburn JM, Wright DW. The cyanobacterial lectin, microvirin-N, enhances the specificity and sensitivity of lipoarabinomannan-based TB diagnostic tests. Analyst 2021; 146:1207-1215. [PMID: 33367346 PMCID: PMC8374243 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten causes of death globally, despite being treatable. The eradication of TB disease requires, amongst others, diagnostic tests with high specificity and sensitivity that will work at the point of care (POC) in low-resource settings. The TB surface glycolipid antigen, mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) currently serves as the only POC molecular diagnostic biomarker suitable for use in low cost immunoassays. Here, we demonstrate the high affinity and exceptional specificity of microvirin-N (MVN), a 14.3 kDa cyanobacterial lectin, toward H37Rv TB ManLAM and utilize it to develop a novel on-bead ELISA. MVN binds to ManLAM with sub-picomolar binding affinity, but does not bind to other variants of LAM expressed by non-pathogenic mycobacteria - a level of binding specificity and affinity that current commercially available anti-LAM antibodies cannot achieve. An on-bead ELISA was subsequently developed using MVN-functionalized magnetic beads which allows for the specific capture of ManLAM from human urine with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.14 ng mL-1 and no cross-reactivity when tested with PILAM, a variant of LAM found on non-pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan van der Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityStation B 351822NashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Leshern Karamchand
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesAnzio RoadObservatory7925South Africa
| | - Westley S. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityStation B 351822NashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Andrew J. M. Nel
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesAnzio RoadObservatory7925South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesAnzio RoadObservatory7925South Africa
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityStation B 351822NashvilleTN37235USA
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4
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Brock M, Hanlon D, Zhao M, Pollock NR. Detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in serum for diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 96:114937. [PMID: 31785971 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Urinary detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis is well characterized, but the utility of serum LAM detection remains unclear. We developed an assay for serum LAM detection using single-molecule array (Simoa), purified M. tuberculosis LAM, and anti-LAM monoclonal antibodies and evaluated performance on diluted/heat-treated serum samples from patients with and without active TB and/or HIV. The Simoa assay had a limit of detection of 0.35 pg/mL and lower limit of quantification of 0.942 pg/mL. Corrected serum LAM concentrations ranged from 0 to 132.0 pg/mL [median 1.71, interquartile range (IQR) 0.94-6.80] in 90 TB+ patients and from 0 to 2.29 pg/mL (median 1.03, IQR 0.47-1.69) in 55 TB- patients. Using a cutoff of 2.3 pg/mL for 100% specificity, assay sensitivity was 37% in all TB+ subjects (33/90; 95% CI 0.27-0.48), 47% in TB+/HIV+ subjects (26/55; 0.34-0.61), and 60% in TB+/HIV+/smear+ subjects (21/35; 0.42-0.76). Mycobacterial LAM is detectable in serum with high specificity and reasonable sensitivity using Simoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nira R Pollock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Broger T, Tsionksy M, Mathew A, Lowary TL, Pinter A, Plisova T, Bartlett D, Barbero S, Denkinger CM, Moreau E, Katsuragi K, Kawasaki M, Nahid P, Sigal GB. Sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassays for detecting lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and ESAT-6 in urine and serum from tuberculosis patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215443. [PMID: 30998715 PMCID: PMC6472883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) infection was responsible for an estimated 1.3 million deaths in 2017. Better diagnostic tools are urgently needed. We sought to determine whether accurate TB antigen detection in blood or urine has the potential to meet the WHO target product profiles for detection of active TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassays for Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and ESAT-6 detection with detection limits in the pg/ml range and used them to compare the concentrations of the two antigens in the urine and serum of 81 HIV-negative and -positive individuals with presumptive TB enrolled across diverse geographic sites. RESULTS LAM and ESAT-6 overall sensitivities in urine were 93% and 65% respectively. LAM and ESAT-6 overall sensitivities in serum were 55% and 46% respectively. Overall specificity was ≥97% in all assays. Sensitivities were higher in HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative patients for both antigens and both sample types, with signals roughly 10-fold higher on average in urine than in serum. The two antigens showed similar concentration ranges within the same sample type and correlated. CONCLUSIONS LAM and ESAT-6 can be detected in the urine and serum of TB patients, regardless of the HIV status and further gains in clinical sensitivity may be achievable through assay and reagent optimization. Accuracy in urine was higher with current methods and has the potential to meet the WHO accuracy target if the findings can be transferred to a point-of-care TB test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Tsionksy
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anu Mathew
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Plisova
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Bartlett
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Barbero
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Payam Nahid
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George B. Sigal
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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6
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Gupta J, Hoque M, Ahmad MF, Khan RH, Saleemuddin M. Acid pH promotes bispecific antibody formation by the redox procedure. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:469-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Correia-Neves M, Fröberg G, Korshun L, Viegas S, Vaz P, Ramanlal N, Bruchfeld J, Hamasur B, Brennan P, Källenius G. Biomarkers for tuberculosis: the case for lipoarabinomannan. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00115-2018. [PMID: 30775376 PMCID: PMC6368998 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00115-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered the most onerous of infectious diseases according to recent reports from the World Health Organization. Available tests for TB diagnosis present severe limitations, and a reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic test does not exist. Neither is there a test to discern between the different stages of TB, and in particular to predict which patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and no clinical signs are more at risk of advancing to overt disease. We here review the usefulness of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) as a diagnostic marker for active and latent TB and, also, aspects of the immune response to LAM relevant to such tests. There is a high potential for urinary LAM-based POC tests for the diagnosis of active TB. Some technical challenges to optimised sensitivity of the test will be detailed. A method to quantify LAM in urine or serum should be further explored as a test of treatment effect. Recent data on the immune response to LAM suggest that markers for host response to LAM should be investigated for a prognostic test to recognise individuals at the greatest risk of disease activation. There is a high potential for a urinary LAM-based point-of-care test to diagnose TB. Markers for host response to LAM should be explored to identify those at highest risk of developing active TB.http://ow.ly/FyCs30n4uFE
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Fröberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sofia Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Paula Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra o SIDA Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nehaben Ramanlal
- Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra o SIDA Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Biopromic AB, Solna, Sweden.,Dept of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Brennan
- Dept of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Owens NA, Young CC, Laurentius LB, De P, Chatterjee D, Porter MD. Detection of the tuberculosis biomarker mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in human serum: Impact of sample pretreatment with perchloric acid. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1046:140-147. [PMID: 30482291 PMCID: PMC6275550 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of an accurate and rapid diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB) to use at point of need is vital to efforts aimed at reducing the global burden from this disease. This paper builds on our previous studies of mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) as a serum biomarker for active TB infection by means of a heterogeneous immunoassay. That work found that complexation with components in serum (e.g., proteins) sterically hindered the capture and/or labeling of ManLAM in an immunoassay at levels <10 ng mL-1, compromising the clinical utility of this biomarker for detection of active TB infection. We also showed that the acidification of ManLAM-containing serum samples with perchloric acid improved the detectability of ManLAM by 250× by complex disruption when compared to measurements of untreated serum. The present study examined what effects the PCA treatment of serum samples may have on the recovery and structural integrity of ManLAM, owing to its potential susceptibility to acid hydrolysis. Recovery was assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The possible impact of acid hydrolysis on the ManLAM structure was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and carbohydrate chemical degradation methods. The ELISA study indicated that while the signal strength for ManLAM in the serum spike-in experiments was significantly stronger after PCA pretreatment when compared to untreated human serum, it was only ∼20% of the ManLAM measured in physiological buffer. This loss in detectability was shown by structural analysis to arise mainly from the acid-induced degradation of the arabinan domains of ManLAM that are targeted by antibodies used for antigen capture and/or tagging. The implications of these findings in terms of the detection of this important biomarker for TB are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Colin C Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Lars B Laurentius
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Prithwiraj De
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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9
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Sedykh SE, Prinz VV, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Bispecific antibodies: design, therapy, perspectives. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:195-208. [PMID: 29403265 PMCID: PMC5784585 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s151282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) containing two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule are called bispecific. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) were first described in the 1960s, the first monoclonal BsAbs were generated in the 1980s by hybridoma technology, and the first article describing the therapeutic use of BsAbs was published in 1992, but the number of papers devoted to BsAbs has increased significantly in the last 10 years. Particular interest in BsAbs is due to their therapeutic use. In the last decade, two BsAbs - catumaxomab in 2009 and blinatumomab in 2014, were approved for therapeutic use. Papers published in recent years have been devoted to various methods of BsAb generation by genetic engineering and chemical conjugation, and describe preclinical and clinical trials of these drugs in a variety of diseases. This review considers diverse BsAb-production methods, describes features of therapeutic BsAbs approved for medical use, and summarizes the prospects of practical application of promising new BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E Sedykh
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Prinz
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Crawford AC, Laurentius LB, Mulvihill TS, Granger JH, Spencer JS, Chatterjee D, Hanson KE, Porter MD. Detection of the tuberculosis antigenic marker mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in pretreated serum by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2018; 142:186-196. [PMID: 27924983 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02110g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health care priority. This paper describes the development and preliminary assessment of the clinical accuracy of a heterogeneous immunoassay that integrates a serum pretreatment process with readout by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the low-level detection of mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM). ManLAM is a major virulence factor in the infectious pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that has been found in the serum and other body fluids of infected patients. The effectiveness of ManLAM as a TB diagnostic marker, however, remains unproven for reasons not yet well understood. As reported herein, we have found that (1) ManLAM complexes with proteins and possibly other components in serum; (2) these complexes have a strongly detrimental impact on the ability to detect ManLAM using an immunoassay; (3) a simple pretreatment step can disrupt this complexation; and (4) disruption by pretreatment improves detection by 250×. We also describe the results from a preliminary assessment on the utility of serum pretreatment by running immunoassays on archived specimens from 24 TB-positive patients and 10 healthy controls. ManLAM was measurable in 21 of the 24 TB-positive specimens, but not in any of the 10 control specimens. These findings, albeit for a very small specimen set, translate to a clinical sensitivity of 87.5% and a clinical specificity of 100%. Together, these results both provide much needed evidence for the clinical utility of ManLAM as a TB marker, and demonstrate the potential utility of our overall approach to serve as a new strategy for the development of diagnostic tests for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Lars B Laurentius
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer H Granger
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kimberly E Hanson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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11
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Laurentius LB, Crawford AC, Mulvihill TS, Granger JH, Robinson R, Spencer JS, Chatterjee D, Hanson KE, Porter MD. Importance of specimen pretreatment for the low-level detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in human serum. Analyst 2018; 142:177-185. [PMID: 27934985 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02109c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patient care and prevention of disease outbreaks rely heavily on the performance of diagnostic tests. These tests are typically carried out in serum, urine, and other complex sample matrices, but are often plagued by a number of matrix effects such as nonspecific adsorption and complexation with circulating proteins. This paper demonstrates the importance of sample pretreatment to overcome matrix effects, enabling the low-level detection of a disease marker for tuberculosis (TB). The impact of pretreatment is illustrated by detecting a cell wall component unique to mycobacteria, lipoarabinomannan (LAM). LAM is a major virulence factor in the infectious pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and has been successfully detected in the body fluids of TB-infected individuals; however, its clinical sensitivity - identifying patients with active infection - remains problematic. This and the companion paper show that the detection of LAM in an immunoassay is plagued by its complexation with proteins and other components in serum. Herein, we present the procedures and results from an investigation of several different pretreatment schemes designed to disrupt complexation and thereby improve detection. These sample pretreatment studies, aimed at determining the optimal conditions for complex disruption, were carried out by using a LAM simulant derived from the nonpathogenic M. smegmatis, a mycobacterium often used as a model for Mtb. We have found that a perchloric acid-based pretreatment step improves the ability to detect this simulant by ∼1500× with respect to that in untreated serum. This paper describes the approach to pretreatment, how pretreatment improves the detection of the LAM simulant in human serum, and the results from a preliminary investigation to identify possible contributors to complexation by fractionating serum according to molecular weight. The companion paper applies this pretreatment approach to assays of TB patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B Laurentius
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Alexis C Crawford
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Jennifer H Granger
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Ryan Robinson
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kimberly E Hanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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12
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Gupta J, Hoque M, Zaman M, Khan RH, Saleemuddin M. A detergent-based procedure for the preparation of IgG-like bispecific antibodies in high yield. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39198. [PMID: 27982091 PMCID: PMC5159798 DOI: 10.1038/srep39198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), with the ability to recognize two different epitopes simultaneously, offer remarkable advantages in bioassays, cancer therapy, biosensors, and enzyme electrodes. Preparation and purification of BsAbs in adequate quantities remains a major hurdle in their use in various applications. Poor yield is also the principal limitation in the preparation of BsAbs by the redox procedure. IgG with reduced inter-heavy chain disulfides do not dissociate into half molecules at neutral pH. In this study, we report that the dissociation occurs in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and inclusion of the detergent during the redox procedure results in remarkable increase in the formation of the BsAbs. Exposure of antibodies to 0.1% (w/v) SDS causes only minor loss in secondary/tertiary structure and the ability to bind the antigen. The BsAbs prepared using the modified redox procedure that recognize the antigens HRP and α-LA were prepared and successfully employed for detecting α-LA in milk/dairy products by ELISA and dot blot techniques. BsAbs were also prepared from partially purified immunoglobulin gamma (IgG). This work shows for the first time that SDS, by dissociating IgG with reduced inter-heavy chain disulfides into half molecules, markedly enhances the formation of BsAbs by the redox procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gupta
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Masihuz Zaman
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - M Saleemuddin
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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13
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Finco AB, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Maciel R, De Moura J, Billiald P, Stinghen AEM, Alvarenga LM. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibody against Advanced Glycation End Products in chronic kidney disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:142-148. [PMID: 28955871 PMCID: PMC5600449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are toxins that are involved in structural and functional alterations of several organs and tissues, resulting in various pathologies. Several types of AGEs have been described but carboxymethyllysine (CML) is the major antigenic AGE compound. In this study, three different immunogenic carrier proteins (KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin; BSA, bovine serum albumin; and HSA, human serum albumin) were modified by glycation. The glycated molecules were used to produce epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies able to recognize the CML domain and to detect uremic toxins in the serum of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A competitive ELISA was standardized in order to quantify CML in the sera of CKD patients. An increase in uremic toxins can compromise the clinical condition of these patients, thus, the detection and quantification of these toxins should contribute to a better management and understanding of this disease. We isolated a monoclonal antibody able to recognize carboxymethyl lysine (CML) which is the major antigenic AGE compound. A sensitive immunoassay was developed to detect and quantify CML in biological samples. A correlation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) grade and the CML concentration deduced from the immunoassay was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Becker Finco
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rayana Maciel
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana De Moura
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Philippe Billiald
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Andrea Emilia Marques Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Alvarenga
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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14
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Zito A, Bromuro C, Mandili G, Chiani P, Horenstein AL, Malavasi F, Cauda R, Cassone A, Torosantucci A. A Murine, Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Simultaneously Recognizing β-Glucan and MP65 Determinants in Candida Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148714. [PMID: 26859561 PMCID: PMC4747543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a real medical need of new diagnostic tools for the early recognition of invasive Candida infections. We exploited a rather simple and rapid redox methodology to construct a bispecific monoclonal antibody (bsmAb) that combines a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against 1,3-β-D-glucan, a well-known, pan-fungal diagnostic biomarker, with a mAb recognizing MP65, a major immunogenic mannoprotein secreted by C.albicans and other Candida species. The bsmAb (MP65/bglu mAb) was successfully produced and purified at high yields and proved to bind and reveal simultaneously, with high sensitivity, the β-glucan and MP65 antigens in both purified and native forms. The MP65/bglu mAb is the first bispecific antibody generated against a fungal microorganism and may prove useful for the concurrent detection of different and clinically significant Candida biomarkers in patient sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zito
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino and Transplant Immunology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Bromuro
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino and Transplant Immunology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Torino, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Chiani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto L. Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino and Transplant Immunology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino and Transplant Immunology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Cauda
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassone
- Center of Functional Genomics, Genetics and Biology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Torosantucci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ganguly A, Malabadi RB, Bhatnagar PK, Tang X, Das D, Loebenberg R, Suresh MR, Sunwoo HH. Production and characterization of monospecific and bispecific antibodies against dengue virus NS1 protein. J Virol Methods 2015; 220:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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The diagnostic targeting of a carbohydrate virulence factor from M.Tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10281. [PMID: 25975873 PMCID: PMC4432570 DOI: 10.1038/srep10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current clinical management of TB is complicated by the lack of suitable diagnostic tests that can be employed in infrastructure and resource poor regions. The mannose-capped form of lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is unique to the surface envelope of slow-growing, pathogenic mycobacteria such as M.tuberculosis (M.tb) and facilitates passive invasion of mononuclear phagocytes. The detection of this virulence factor in urine, sputum and serum has engendered interest in its employment as a biomarker for M.tb infection. In this study, we utilize a subtractive screening methodology to engineer the first high affinity recombinant antibody (My2F12) with exquisite specificity for the α1-2 mannose linkages enriched in ManLAM from M.tb. My2F12 binds to pathogenic mycobacterial species but not fast growing non-pathogenic species. Testing on matched urine and serum samples from TB patients indicates that My2F12 works in patient cohorts missed by other diagnostic methodologies.
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Li D, Zhang C, Lu N, Mu L, He Y, Xu L, Yang J, Fan Y, Kang Y, Yang C. Cloning and characterization of Clp protease proteolytic subunit 2 and its implication in clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:5674-5682. [PMID: 25337208 PMCID: PMC4203179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clone, express, and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) ClpP2, and evaluated the potential usage of ClpP2 in clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis. METHODS Mtb ClpP2 was cloned into recombinant plasmid pET32a (+) and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of the recombinant protein. The immunogenicity of Mtb ClpP2 was assessed with epitope prediction and antibody titer assay. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the influence of stress conditions on ClpP2 expression. ClpP2 antigen and antibody in patients with pulmonary diseases were detected by indirect ELISA. ROC curve was constructed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of Mtb ClpP2 for tuberculosis. RESULTS We had cloned and expressed recombinant Mtb ClpP2 in E. coli. Our results showed that Mtb ClpP2 had potent immunogenicity, and our own prepared polyclonal antibody could be used in detection and diagnostic tests. Results from Western blot showed that ClpP2 was mainly located in M. bovis BCG cytoplasm, and real-time PCR indicated that stress conditions could enhance the mRNA expression of ClpP2. Indirect ELISA suggested that, in tuberculosis patients, both the levels of ClpP2 antigen and antibody were increased, and the positive rates of ClpP2 were elevated. ROC curve had demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity and specificity of ClpP2-based diagnosis for tuberculosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Mtb ClpP2 antigens would be used as a biomarker in tuberculosis pathogenesis. These findings highlight the feasibility of the application of Mtb ClpP2 in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dairong Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Liuqing Mu
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yonglin He
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuexi Kang
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Organisms, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
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Sarkar P, Biswas D, Sindhwani G, Rawat J, Kotwal A, Kakati B. Application of lipoarabinomannan antigen in tuberculosis diagnostics: current evidence. Postgrad Med J 2014; 90:155-63. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Ganguly A, Malabadi RB, Loebenberg R, Suresh MR, Sunwoo HH. Heterosandwich immunoswab assay for dengue virus Ns1 antigen detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Tasbiti AH, Bahrmand A, Shokrgozar MA, Ghanei M, Ghanaie M, Fateh A, Karimi A, Yari S. Evaluation of antigen detection test (chromatographic immunoassay): potential to replace the antibody assay using purified 45-kDa protein for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 28:70-6. [PMID: 24375567 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current strategy for combating tuberculosis (TB) is based on the early detection and treatment of patients to halt transmission. The present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic potential of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, 45-kDa, A60, and sonicated MTB antigen (SmTB-Ag), as antibody/antigen detection methods for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of TB. METHODS The SmTB-Ag and 45-kDa antigens were purified and A60 antigen was supplied by Anda-Biologicals, France. The 45-kDa and A60 antigens (for antibody detection procedures) and SmTB-Ag (for antigen detection test) were tested in the same study subjects. ELISA and immunochromatographic (rapid) test were performed on 201 sputum and serum samples. Ninety-eight samples from TB patients and 103 samples from control individuals were studied. RESULTS The mean absorbance value of antibodies against 45-kDa antigen in the TB patients were (1.17 ± 0.44, CI 1.09-1.26), significantly higher than in the non-TB group, (0.8 ± 0.28, CI 0.74-0.85, P < 0.05). The sensitivities of tests using two antigens, 84% for the 45-kDa antigen and 65% for the A60 antigen, were lower than SmTB-Ag(93%). The rapid test yielded 93% sensitivity and 92% specificity. CONCLUSION Findings highlighted the importance of antigen detection as a diagnostic tool. The rapid test evaluated in this study may be useful for diagnosis of TB.
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A tale of two specificities: bispecific antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:621-32. [PMID: 24094861 PMCID: PMC7114091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies are leading the rapid expansion of bispecific antibody formats. The therapeutic potential of bispecific antibodies is being realized through creative design. Bispecific antibodies are potentially underutilized reagents for diagnostics.
Artificial manipulation of antibody genes has facilitated the production of several unique recombinant antibody formats, which have highly important therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Although bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are not new, they are coming to the forefront as our knowledge of the potential efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics expands. The next generation of bsAbs is developing due to significant improvements in recombinant antibody technologies. This review focuses on recent advances with a particular focus on improvements in format and design that are contributing to the resurgence of bsAbs, and in particular, on innovative structures applicable to next generation point-of-care (POC) devices with applicability to low resource environments.
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