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Kida R, Takemura Y, Inoue M, Ichikawa N, Koyanagi H. Nursing management for temporary lodging facilities in Japan in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: A multiple-case study. Jpn J Nurs Sci 2022; 20:e12507. [PMID: 35920351 PMCID: PMC9538801 DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Temporary lodging facilities which were non-medical facilities were established to secure beds for severely and moderately ill patients with COVID-19, as well as for isolation, non-contact observation, and care of mildly ill and asymptomatic patients in Japan. This study aims to understand nursing management practices adopted in these facilities by examining cases of their establishment and operation. METHODS A multiple-case study design was used. Interviews for qualitative data collection were conducted from August to October 2020. After analyzing the nursing management practices in four temporary lodging facilities, common points were collated and integrated. RESULTS For the establishment and operation of temporary lodging facilities, a three-layer structure based on disaster management methods was adopted: headquarters at the helm as overseers, field supervisors in the middle, and frontline nursing staff at the base. The structure had clear roles, facilitated information exchange, and provided efficient and effective nursing care. Field supervisors mainly provided psychological and clinical support for staff and served as information and interprofessional hubs. CONCLUSION It is recommended that temporary lodging facilities should be organized based on principles of the division of labor. The workforce should comprise nursing staff, and experienced nursing professionals should be recruited to the higher echelons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kida
- Department of Nursing Administration, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yukie Takemura
- Nursing DepartmentThe University of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Maho Inoue
- Department of Nursing Administration, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Naoko Ichikawa
- Department of Nursing Administration, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroe Koyanagi
- Research Center for Implementation Nursing Science Initiative, School of Health ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeJapan
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Yang B, Yang KD. Immunopathogenesis of Different Emerging Viral Infections: Evasion, Fatal Mechanism, and Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690976. [PMID: 34335596 PMCID: PMC8320726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different emerging viral infections may emerge in different regions of the world and pose a global pandemic threat with high fatality. Clarification of the immunopathogenesis of different emerging viral infections can provide a plan for the crisis management and prevention of emerging infections. This perspective article describes how an emerging viral infection evolves from microbial mutation, zoonotic and/or vector-borne transmission that progresses to a fatal infection due to overt viremia, tissue-specific cytotropic damage or/and immunopathology. We classified immunopathogenesis of common emerging viral infections into 4 categories: 1) deficient immunity with disseminated viremia (e.g., Ebola); 2) pneumocytotropism with/without later hyperinflammation (e.g., COVID-19); 3) augmented immunopathology (e.g., Hanta); and 4) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with altered immunity (e.g., Dengue). A practical guide to early blocking of viral evasion, limiting viral load and identifying the fatal mechanism of an emerging viral infection is provided to prevent and reduce the transmission, and to do rapid diagnoses followed by the early treatment of virus neutralization for reduction of morbidity and mortality of an emerging viral infection such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Yang
- Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Kuender D. Yang
- DIvision of Medical Research, Mackay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Risk factors and protective measures for healthcare worker infection during highly infectious viral respiratory epidemics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 43:639-650. [PMID: 33487203 PMCID: PMC8564050 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate risk factors for HCW infection in viral respiratory pandemics (SARS-CoV-2, MERS, SARS CoV-1, influenza A H1N1, influenza H5N1) and improve understanding of HCW risk management amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from conception until July 2020 for studies comparing infected HCWs (cases) and non-infected HCWs (controls) and risk factors for infection. Outcomes included HCW types, infection prevention practices, and medical procedures. Pooled effect estimates with pathogen-specific stratified meta-analysis and inverse variance meta-regression analysis were completed. GRADE framework was used to rate certainty of evidence. PROSPERO (CRD42020176232) 6 April 2020. RESULTS Fifty-four comparative studies were included (n=191,004 HCWs). Compared to non-frontline HCWs, frontline HCWs were at increased infection risk (OR 1.66 95%CI 1.24 to 2.22) and greater for HCWs involved in endotracheal intubations (risk difference [95%CI]: 35.2% [21.4 to 47.9]). Use of gloves, gown, surgical mask, N95 respirator, face protection, and infection training were each strongly protective against infection. Meta-regression showed reduced infection risk in frontline HCWs working in facilities with infection designated wards (OR -1.04, 95%CI -1.53 to -0.33, p=0.004) and performing aerosol-generating medical procedures in designated centres (OR -1.30 95%CI -2.52 to -0.08; p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS During highly infectious respiratory pandemics, widely available protective measures such as use of gloves, gowns, and face masks are strongly protective against infection and should be instituted, preferably in dedicated settings, to protect frontline HCW during waves of respiratory virus pandemics.
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Sharififar S, Jahangiri K, Zareiyan A, Khoshvaghti A. Factors affecting hospital response in biological disasters: A qualitative study. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:21. [PMID: 32551310 PMCID: PMC7293813 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The fatal pandemics of infectious diseases and the possibility of using microorganisms as biological weapons are both rising worldwide. Hospitals are vital organizations in response to biological disasters and have a crucial role in the treatment of patients. Despite the advances in studies about hospital planning and performance during crises, there are no internationally accepted standards for hospital preparedness and disaster response. Thus, this study was designed to explain the effective factors in hospital performance during biological disasters. Methods: Qualitative content analysis with conventional approach was used in the present study. The setting was Ministry of Health and related hospitals, and other relevant ministries responsible at the time of biologic events in Islamic Republic of Iran (IR of Iran) in 2018. Participants were experts, experienced individuals providing service in the field of biological disaster planning and response, policymakers in the Ministry of Health, and other related organizations and authorities responsible for the accreditation of hospitals in IR of Iran. Data were collected using 12 semi-structured interviews in Persian language. Analysis was performed according to Graneheim method. Results: After analyzing 12 interviews, extraction resulted in 76 common codes, 28 subcategories, and 8 categories, which are as follow: detection; treatment and infection control; coordination, Resources; training and exercises; communication and information system; construction; and planning and assessment. Conclusion: Hospital management in outbreaks of infectious diseases (intentional or unintentional) is complex and requires different actions than during natural disasters. In such disasters, readiness to respond and appropriate action is a multifaceted operation. In IR of Iran, there have been few researches in the field of hospital preparation in biologic events, and the possibility of standardized assessment has be reduced due to lack of key skills in confronting biological events. It is hoped that the aggregated factors in the 8 groups of this study can evaluate hospital performance more coherently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simintaj Sharififar
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Jahangiri
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Zareiyan
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Khoshvaghti
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kao PF, Liu JC, Hsu YP, Sung LC, Yang TY, Hao WR, Lin YC, Wu SY. Influenza vaccination might reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: A population-based cohort study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112697-112711. [PMID: 29348857 PMCID: PMC5762542 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with the risk of ischemic stroke, regardless of the administration of appropriate antithrombotic prophylaxis. This study investigated whether influenza vaccination is associated with the risk of ischemic stroke, to determine a solution to reduce this risk in patients with AF. Methods We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The study cohort comprised all patients diagnosed as having AF (n = 14 454) before January 1, 2005; these patients were followed until December 31, 2012. The index date was January 1, 2005. A propensity score was derived using a logistic regression model to estimate the effect of vaccination by accounting for covariates that predict receiving the intervention (vaccine). A Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) of ischemic stroke in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with AF. Results We included 6570 patients (2547 [38.77%] with and 4023 [61.23%] without influenza vaccination). The adjusted HRs (aHRs) of ischemic stroke were lower in the vaccinated patients than in the unvaccinated patients (influenza season, noninfluenza season, and all seasons: aHRs = 0.59, 0.50, and 0.55; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Influenza vaccination might exert a dose-response effect against ischemic stroke in patients with AF who have risk factors for ischemic stroke by reducing the incidence of ischemic stroke, particularly in those aged 65–74 and ≥75 y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Feng Kao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yeh Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Shung Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Infektionsschutz und spezielle Hygienemaßnahmen in klinischen Disziplinen. KRANKENHAUS- UND PRAXISHYGIENE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152143 DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-22312-9.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smith SMS, Sonego S, Wallen GR, Waterer G, Cheng AC, Thompson P. Use of non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the transmission of influenza in adults: A systematic review. Respirology 2015; 20:896-903. [PMID: 25873071 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During seasonal influenza epidemics and pandemics, virus transmission causes significant public health concern. Reduction of viral transmission by non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) has a significant appeal and is often recommended. However, the efficacy of such interventions is unclear. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify and evaluate the published literature on NPI efficacy to prevent human transmission of influenza virus in adults. Reviewers assessed the quality of eligible studies utilizing the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for bias and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network for methodological quality. Studies were assessed for risk of bias domains of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, attribution bias, selective reporting and blinding. Relevant citations of 2247 were reduced to 100 for full-text evaluation. Only seven met all selection criteria and pooled analysis was not feasible. Of the seven studies, two were randomized controlled trials (RCT) and five were cluster RCT. The main NPI studied were disinfection and hygiene; barriers; and combined NPI. However, these seven RCT had significant design flaws. Only two studies used laboratory confirmed influenza and poor statistical power was a major problem. Positive significant interventions included professional oral hygiene intervention in the elderly and hand washing. Despite the potential for NPI in preventing influenza transmission, there is very limited data available. Hand washing and dental hygiene may be useful, but other interventions have not been fully assessed. Properly designed studies evaluating large populations including 'at risk' patients and in a variety of communities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree M S Smith
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, London, UK
| | - Sandra Sonego
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gwenyth R Wallen
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Grant Waterer
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Thompson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Queen Elizabeth II Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,The Lung Health Clinic, Hollywood Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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9
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Healthcare workers as vectors of infectious diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1477-88. [PMID: 24798250 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Healthcare workers (HCWs) may serve as vectors of many infectious diseases, many of which are not often primarily considered as healthcare-associated. The probability of pathogen transmission to patients depends on several factors, such as the characteristics of a pathogen, HCW and patient. Pathogens with high transmission potential from HCWs to patients include norovirus, respiratory infections, measles and influenza. In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis are unlikely to be transferred. The prevention of HCW-associated transmission of pathogens include systematic vaccinations towards preventable diseases, continuous education, hand hygiene surveillance, active feedback and adequate staff resources.
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Wang L, Chang LS, Lee IK, Tang KS, Li CC, Eng HL, You HL, Yang KD. Clinical diagnosis of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in children with negative rapid influenza diagnostic test by lymphopenia and lower C-reactive protein levels. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 8:91-8. [PMID: 24373294 PMCID: PMC4177802 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The sensitivity of rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) of children with influenza-like illness (ILI) remains low. Objective We compare the parameters between pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza with negative RIDT and ILI not H1N1 for improving the low sensitivity of RIDT for children with ILI. Methods In a cohort of consecutive laboratory-confirmed H1N1 influenza, we identified 150 H1N1 children with positive RIDT, 152 H1N1 children with negative RIDT, and 75 children with ILI not H1N1. Viral load in throat, complete blood count (CBC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels between H1N1 children with negative RIDT and children with ILI not H1N1 were assessed. Results The diagnostic sensitivity of the RIDT was 45·5%. An analysis of CBC and CRP levels indicated that H1N1 children with negative RIDT had lower total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and basophil counts, and serum CRP levels (P < 0·01). Lymphocyte counts less than 1500 cells/mm3 and CRP levels <15 mg/l, determined by a receiver operating characteristic curve, showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 52·5% and 80·7%, respectively. Combining the lymphocyte counts and CRP levels provided a diagnostic sensitivity of 91·5%. Moreover, H1N1 children with negative RIDT had a lower viral load than those with positive RIDT (3·33 versus 4·48 log10 copies/ml, P < 0·001); the viral load was negatively correlated to the lymphocyte count (P < 0·001). Conclusions A combination of a low lymphocyte count and a low CRP level could, in the early disease phase, provide a useful screening for H1N1 children with false-negative RIDT, potentially facilitating differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine (KCGMH-CGU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ambrose CS, Antonova EN. The healthcare and societal burden associated with influenza in vaccinated and unvaccinated European and Israeli children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:569-75. [PMID: 24091746 PMCID: PMC3953551 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few data exist regarding the healthcare and societal burden of culture-confirmed influenza illness in European and Israeli children. The current analysis describes this burden in vaccinated and unvaccinated children 2-17 years of age. Healthcare and societal burden outcomes were prospectively collected for culture-confirmed influenza illness in three previous randomized studies: a study of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) versus placebo in children aged <48 months attending day care (N = 846-973), and studies of LAIV versus inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children aged <72 months with recurrent respiratory infections (N = 1,609) and in children aged 6-17 years with asthma (N = 2,211). The incidence of each endpoint among enrolled subjects and subjects with influenza was determined by treatment group and by country. Among subjects with influenza, 57-91% missed school or day care, 45-90% used non-antibiotic medications, 29-55% of parents missed work, 17-55% used antibiotics, 11-62% had additional provider visits, and 9-20% had acute otitis media. Where evaluated, rates of outcomes were generally similar between countries. Among all children enrolled, LAIV recipients missed 324-902 and 150 fewer days of day care per 1,000 children than those of placebo and IIV recipients, respectively; parents of LAIV recipients missed 197-340 and 76 fewer days of work per 1,000 children than those of placebo and IIV recipients, respectively. Influenza illness in European and Israeli children 2-17 years of age resulted in a considerable absenteeism and healthcare utilization that was similar across the countries studied. These data underscore the potential benefits of annual vaccination of children against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ambrose
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA,
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López-Medrano F, Cordero E, Gavaldá J, Cruzado JM, Marcos MÁ, Pérez-Romero P, Sabé N, Gómez-Bravo MÁ, Delgado JF, Cabral E, Carratalá J. Management of influenza infection in solid-organ transplant recipients: consensus statement of the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplant Recipients (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) and the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:526.e1-526.e20. [PMID: 23528341 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at greater risk than the general population for complications and mortality from influenza infection. METHODS Researchers and clinicians with experience in SOT infections have developed this consensus document in collaboration with several Spanish scientific societies and study networks related to transplant management. We conducted a systematic review to assess the management and prevention of influenza infection in SOT recipients. Evidence levels based on the available literature are given for each recommendation. This article was written in accordance with international recommendations on consensus statements and the recommendations of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II). RESULTS Recommendations are provided on the procurement of organs from donors with suspected or confirmed influenza infection. We highlight the importance of the possibility of influenza infection in any SOT recipient presenting upper or lower respiratory symptoms, including pneumonia. The importance of early antiviral treatment of SOT recipients with suspected or confirmed influenza infection and the necessity of annual influenza vaccination are emphasized. The microbiological techniques for diagnosis of influenza infection are reviewed. Guidelines for the use of antiviral prophylaxis in inpatients and outpatients are provided. Recommendations for household contacts of SOT recipients with influenza infection and health care workers in close contact with transplant patients are also included. Finally antiviral dose adjustment guidelines are presented for cases of impaired renal function and for pediatric populations. CONCLUSIONS The latest scientific information available regarding influenza infection in the context of SOT is incorporated into this document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Medrano
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica 12 de Octubre (i+12), Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Lee IK, Liu JW, Wang L, Yang KD, Li CC, Eng HL. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): clinical and laboratory characteristics in pediatric and adult patients and in patients with pulmonary involvement. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:e152-61. [PMID: 22846046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand clinical and laboratory characteristics in children, adults, and patients with lung involvement suffering 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1). METHODS A total of 442 patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Comparing to their adult counterpart (n=55), pediatric patients (n=387) had significantly higher frequencies of fever, rhinorrhea, cough, sore throat, nausea/vomiting, and longer length of fever; lower frequencies of chest pain and dyspnea; higher incidence of lymphopenia; and lower incidence of elevated serum C-reactive protein. Among the 227 patients with radiographs available, lung involvement was found in 19 (8.4%) (52.6% consolidation and 47.4% interstitial infiltrations), including 18 children and one adult. One child with lung consolidation died of multiorgan failure. Significant findings in patients with lung involvement included predominant young age (≤ 10 years), prolonged fever, and delayed oseltamivir therapy (≥ 48 hours after onset of illness); higher frequencies of dyspnea, nausea/vomiting, and altered consciousness; and higher incidences of leukopenia, elevated serum creative kinase, and lactic dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1), we found significant difference in clinical manifestations between children and adults, and significant differences in clinical and laboratory manifestations between patients with lung involvement and those without. On the basis of data from this study and the existing literature, early treatment with oseltamivir is recommended for patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1), regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Kit Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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