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Ogbodo UC, Enejoh OA, Okonkwo CH, Gnanasekar P, Gachanja PW, Osata S, Atanda HC, Iwuchukwu EA, Achilonu I, Awe OI. Computational identification of potential inhibitors targeting cdk1 in colorectal cancer. Front Chem 2023; 11:1264808. [PMID: 38099190 PMCID: PMC10720044 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1264808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite improved treatment options, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a huge public health concern with a significant impact on affected individuals. Cell cycle dysregulation and overexpression of certain regulators and checkpoint activators are important recurring events in the progression of cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), a key regulator of the cell cycle component central to the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells, has been reportedly implicated in CRC. This study aimed to identify CDK1 inhibitors with potential for clinical drug research in CRC. Methods: Ten thousand (10,000) naturally occurring compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory efficacies against CDK1 through molecular docking studies. The stability of the lead compounds in complex with CDK1 was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulation for one thousand (1,000) nanoseconds. The top-scoring candidates' ADME characteristics and drug-likeness were profiled using SwissADME. Results: Four hit compounds, namely, spiraeoside, robinetin, 6-hydroxyluteolin, and quercetagetin were identified from molecular docking analysis to possess the least binding scores. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that robinetin and 6-hydroxyluteolin complexes were stable within the binding pocket of the CDK1 protein. Discussion: The findings from this study provide insight into novel candidates with specific inhibitory CDK1 activities that can be further investigated through animal testing, clinical trials, and drug development research for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ojochenemi A. Enejoh
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chinelo H. Okonkwo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Pauline W. Gachanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shamim Osata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Halimat C. Atanda
- Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel A. Iwuchukwu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olaitan I. Awe
- Department of Computer Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Moghimi P, Sabet-Sarvestani H, Shiri A. Synthesis, molecular docking and dynamics studies of pyridazino[4,5- b]quinoxalin-1(2 H)-ones as targeting main protease of COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13198-13210. [PMID: 36951505 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a crisis in public health. Because, the 3CLpro, the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, possesses a critical role in coronavirus replication, many efforts have been devoted to developing various inhibitors to prevent the fast spread of COVID-19. In the current work, a number of various pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxalin-1(2H)-one derivatives bearing thiadiazine and thiadiazole fragments has been prepared via a straightforward and practical strategy involving the reaction of 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-formylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide with thiocarbohydrazide under reflux conditions. To determine the bioavailability of pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxalin-1(2H)-one derivatives, Lipinski's rule of five has been carried out. Regarding this rule, none of the synthesized compounds exhibit any deviation from Lipinski's rule of five. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics approaches have been implemented to figure out the potential interactions of products with SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The outcomes of molecular docking studies demonstrate that the phenyl and nitrophenyl substituted pyridazino[4,5-b]quinoxalin-1(2H)-one show the lowest binding affinity among the other compounds, indicating a favorable orientation in the active site of the chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease. In addition, the MD simulation performed to evaluate the stability of the protein-ligand complex represents that the average binding energy of the nitrophenyl complex is less than that of the phenyl complex. Therefore, according to the in silico results, the inhibitory effect of the nitrophenyl complex is more significant than the phenyl complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Moghimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Begum F, Rehman NU, Khan A, Iqbal S, Paracha RZ, Uddin J, Al-Harrasi A, Lodhi MA. 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole clubbed hydrazone for Alzheimer’s therapy: In vitro, kinetic, in silico, and in vivo potentials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:946134. [PMID: 36059999 PMCID: PMC9428891 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.946134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that affects the affected person’s thinking, memory, and behavior. It is a multifactorial disease, developed by the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The present study was designed to evaluate potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase that could be used as a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For this course, synthetic compounds of the Schiff bases class of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole hydrazone derivatives (9–14) were determined to be potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with IC50 values varying between 37.64 ± 0.2 and 74.76 ± 0.3 μM. The kinetic studies showed that these are non-competitive inhibitors of AChE. Molecular docking studies revealed that all compounds accommodate well in the active site and are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of selected potent inhibitors confirm their stability in the active site of the enzyme. Moreover, all compounds showed antispasmodic and Ca2+ antagonistic activities. Among the selected compounds of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole hydrazone derivatives, compound 11 exhibited the highest activity on spontaneous and K+-induced contractions, followed by compound 13. Therefore, the Ca2+ antagonistic, AChE inhibition potential, and safety profile of these compounds in the human neutrophil viability assay make them potential drug candidates against AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Oman
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Oman
- *Correspondence: Ajmal Khan, ; Ahmed Al-Harrasi, ; Muhammad Arif Lodhi,
| | - Sajid Iqbal
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Raman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Oman
- *Correspondence: Ajmal Khan, ; Ahmed Al-Harrasi, ; Muhammad Arif Lodhi,
| | - Muhammad Arif Lodhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Ajmal Khan, ; Ahmed Al-Harrasi, ; Muhammad Arif Lodhi,
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Integration of Ligand-Based and Structure-Based Methods for the Design of Small-Molecule TLR7 Antagonists. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134026. [PMID: 35807273 PMCID: PMC9268101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is activated in response to the binding of single-stranded RNA. Its over-activation has been implicated in several autoimmune disorders, and thus, it is an established therapeutic target in such circumstances. TLR7 small-molecule antagonists are not yet available for therapeutic use. We conducted a ligand-based drug design of new TLR7 antagonists through a concerted effort encompassing 2D-QSAR, 3D-QSAR, and pharmacophore modelling of 54 reported TLR7 antagonists. The developed 2D-QSAR model depicted an excellent correlation coefficient (R2training: 0.86 and R2test: 0.78) between the experimental and estimated activities. The ligand-based drug design approach utilizing the 3D-QSAR model (R2training: 0.95 and R2test: 0.84) demonstrated a significant contribution of electrostatic potential and steric fields towards the TLR7 antagonism. This consolidated approach, along with a pharmacophore model with high correlation (Rtraining: 0.94 and Rtest: 0.92), was used to design quinazoline-core-based hTLR7 antagonists. Subsequently, the newly designed molecules were subjected to molecular docking onto the previously proposed binding model and a molecular dynamics study for a better understanding of their binding pattern. The toxicity profiles and drug-likeness characteristics of the designed compounds were evaluated with in silico ADMET predictions. This ligand-based study contributes towards a better understanding of lead optimization and the future development of potent TLR7 antagonists.
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Yu W, Wu X, Zhao Y, Chen C, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ren J, Wang Y, Wu C, Li C, Chen R, Wang X, Zheng W, Liao H, Yuan X. Computational Simulation of HIV Protease Inhibitors to the Main Protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for COVID-19 Drugs Design. Molecules 2021; 26:7385. [PMID: 34885967 PMCID: PMC8659229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is highly homologous to SARS-CoV. To date, the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is regarded as an important drug target for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some experiments confirmed that several HIV protease inhibitors present the inhibitory effects on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting Mpro. However, the mechanism of action has still not been studied very clearly. In this work, the interaction mechanism of four HIV protease inhibitors Darunavir (DRV), Lopinavir (LPV), Nelfinavir (NFV), and Ritonavire (RTV) targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was explored by applying docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM-GBSA methods using the broad-spectrum antiviral drug Ribavirin (RBV) as the negative and nonspecific control. Our results revealed that LPV, RTV, and NFV have higher binding affinities with Mpro, and they all interact with catalytic residues His41 and the other two key amino acids Met49 and Met165. Pharmacophore model analysis further revealed that the aromatic ring, hydrogen bond donor, and hydrophobic group are the essential infrastructure of Mpro inhibitors. Overall, this study applied computational simulation methods to study the interaction mechanism of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and the findings provide useful insights for the development of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chun Chen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jiayi Ren
- Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China;
| | - Yueming Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Changwen Wu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chengming Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weihong Zheng
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Huaxin Liao
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Shang L, Gao H, Du X, Li F, Gao Y, Qi G, Guo W, Qu Z, Dong T. Immunological Study of Reconstructed Common Ancestral Sequence of Adenovirus Hexon Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:717047. [PMID: 34777273 PMCID: PMC8578728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.717047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To reconstruct the ancestral sequence of human adenoviral hexon protein by combining sequence variations and structural information. And to provide a candidate hexon protein for developing new adenoviral vector capable of escaping the pre-existing immunity in healthy populations. Methods: The sequences of 74 adenovirus-type strains were used to predict the ancestral sequence of human adenovirus hexon protein using FastML and MEGA software. The three-dimensional structure model was built using homology modeling methods. The immunological features of ancestral loop 1 and loop 2 regions of sequences were tested using protein segments expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and polypeptides synthesized with human serum samples. Results: The tower region of the hexon protein had the highest sequence variability, while the neck and base regions remained constant among different types. The modern strains successfully predicted the common ancestral sequence of the human adenovirus hexon. The positive sera against neutralizing epitopes on the common ancestor of adenoviral hexon were relatively rare among healthy adults. Conclusion: The existing strains inferred the common ancestor of human adenoviruses, with epitopes never observed in the current human strains. The predicted common ancestor hexon is a good prospect in the improvement of adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiqiao Du
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Falong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyun Qi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyuan Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhangyi Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Natural Focus Disease Control, Institute of Environment-Associated Disease, Sino-Russia Joint Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tuo Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Sikdar A, Gupta R, Boura E. Reviewing Antiviral Research Against Viruses Causing Human Diseases - A Structure Guided Approach. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:306-337. [PMID: 34348638 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210804152836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The littlest of all the pathogens, viruses have continuously been the foremost strange microorganisms to consider. Viral Infections can cause extreme sicknesses as archived by the HIV/AIDS widespread or the later Ebola or Zika episodes. Apprehensive framework distortions are too regularly watched results of numerous viral contaminations. Besides, numerous infections are oncoviruses, which can trigger different sorts of cancer. Nearly every year a modern infection species rises debilitating the world populace with an annihilating episode. Subsequently, the need of creating antivirals to combat such rising infections. In any case, from the innovation of to begin with antiviral medicate Idoxuridine in 1962 to the revelation of Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza) that was FDA-approved in 2018, the hone of creating antivirals has changed significantly. In this article, different auxiliary science strategies have been described that can be referral for therapeutics innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sikdar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Ave, P.O.Box-38103, Memphis, Tennessee. United States
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. United States
| | - Evzen Boura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 542/2, P.O. Box:16000, Prague. Czech Republic
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Laha A, Panja AS, Bandopadhyay R. Structural Phylogeny of Different Allergens May Reveal Common Epitopic Footprint. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1099-1107. [PMID: 34161203 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210622145710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of allergy is increasing at an alarming rate for the last few decades. OBJECTIVE Our present study is focused on finding out the structurally homologous motifs present in different proteinaceous allergens Methods: Significant number of protein sequences and their corresponding structures of various pollen, fungal, bacterial, and food allergens were retrieved, and the sequence and structural identity were analyzed. RESULTS Intra- and inter-sequence and their structural analysis of the proteinaceous allergens, resulted in no significant relationships among them. A few, but not negligible number of high structural similarities were observed within different groups of allergens from fungus, angiosperms, and animals (Aves and Mammalia). CONCLUSION Our in silico study on thirty-six different allergens showed a significant level of structural similarities among themselves, regardless of their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhab Laha
- Department of Botany, Chandernagore College, Chandernagore-712136, Hooghly, West Bengal, India.,UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan - 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Sundar Panja
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Bandopadhyay
- UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan - 713104, West Bengal, India
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Saha JK, Raihan MJ. The binding mechanism of ivermectin and levosalbutamol with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Struct Chem 2021; 32:1985-1992. [PMID: 33867777 PMCID: PMC8039806 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the binding mechanism of two FDA-approved drugs (ivermectin and levosalbutamol) with the spike protein of SARs-CoV-2 using three different computational modeling techniques. Molecular docking results predict that ivermectin shows a large binding affinity for spike protein (− 9.0 kcal/mol) compared to levosalbutamol (− 4.1 kcal/mol). Ivermectin binds with LEU492, GLN493, GLY496, and TRY505 residues in the spike protein through hydrogen bonds and levosalbutamol binds with TYR453 and TYR505 residues. Using density functional theory (DFT) studies, we have calculated the binding energies between ivermectin and levosalbutamol with residues in spike protein which favor their binding are − 22.4 kcal/mol and − 21.08 kcal/mol, respectively. The natural bond orbital (NBO) charge analysis has been performed to estimate the amount of charge transfer that occurred by two drugs during interaction with residues. Molecular dynamics (MD) study confirms the stability of spike protein bound with ivermectin through RMSD and RMSF analyses. Three different computer modeling techniques reveal that ivermectin is more stable than levosalbutamol in the active site of spike protein where hACE2 binds. Therefore, ivermectin can be a suitable inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 to enter into the human cell through hACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md. Jahir Raihan
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100 Bangladesh
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Isakova-Sivak I, Matyushenko V, Stepanova E, Matushkina A, Kotomina T, Mezhenskaya D, Prokopenko P, Kudryavtsev I, Kopeykin P, Sivak K, Rudenko L. Recombinant Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Viruses Carrying Conserved T-cell Epitopes of Human Adenoviruses Induce Functional Cytotoxic T-Cell Responses and Protect Mice against Both Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E196. [PMID: 32344618 PMCID: PMC7349758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (AdVs) are one of the most common causes of acute respiratory viral infections worldwide. Multiple AdV serotypes with low cross-reactivity circulate in the human population, making the development of an effective vaccine very challenging. In the current study, we designed a cross-reactive AdV vaccine based on the T-cell epitopes conserved among various AdV serotypes, which were inserted into the genome of a licensed cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) backbone. We rescued two recombinant LAIV-AdV vaccines by inserting the selected AdV T-cell epitopes into the open reading frame of full-length NA and truncated the NS1 proteins of the H7N9 LAIV virus. We then tested the bivalent vaccines for their efficacy against influenza and human AdV5 in a mouse model. The vaccine viruses were attenuated in C57BL/6J mice and induced a strong influenza-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity, fully protecting the mice against virulent influenza virus infection. The CD8 T-cell responses induced by both LAIV-AdV candidates were functional and efficiently killed the target cells loaded either with influenza NP366 or AdV DBP418 peptides. In addition, high levels of recall memory T cells targeted to an immunodominant H2b-restricted CD8 T-cell epitope were detected in the immunized mice after the AdV5 challenge, and the magnitude of these responses correlated with the level of protection against pulmonary pathology caused by the AdV5 infection. Our findings suggest that the developed recombinant vaccines can be used for combined protection against influenza and human adenoviruses and warrant further evaluation on humanized animal models and subsequent human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Anastasia Matushkina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Pavel Kopeykin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Konstantin Sivak
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (I.K.); (P.K.); (L.R.)
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11
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Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation of Human Anti-Complement Factor H (CFH) Antibody Ab42 and CFH Polypeptide. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102568. [PMID: 31130605 PMCID: PMC6566401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the interaction between the antibody and its targeted antigen and knowing of the epitopes are critical for the development of monoclonal antibody drugs. Complement factor H (CFH) is implied to play a role in tumor growth and metastasis. An autoantibody to CHF is associated with anti-tumor cell activity. The interaction of a human monoclonal antibody Ab42 that was isolated from a cancer patient with CFH polypeptide (pCFH) antigen was analyzed by molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, free energy calculation, and computational alanine scanning (CAS). Experimental alanine scanning (EAS) was then carried out to verify the results of the theoretical calculation. Our results demonstrated that the Ab42 antibody interacts with pCFH by hydrogen bonds through the Tyr315, Ser100, Gly33, and Tyr53 residues on the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), respectively, with the amino acid residues of Pro441, Ile442, Asp443, Asn444, Ile447, and Thr448 on the pCFH antigen. In conclusion, this study has explored the mechanism of interaction between Ab42 antibody and its targeted antigen by both theoretical and experimental analysis. Our results have important theoretical significance for the design and development of relevant antibody drugs.
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12
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Abstract
Human mastadenovirus (HAdVs) can cause a broad spectrum of diseases in both children and adults, including acute respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Populations susceptible to adenovirus infection include children, immunocompromised patients and military recruits. To date, seven species (A-G) including more than 79 genotypes have been characterized, of which HAdV-B3, B4, B7 and the recently reemerged types 14 and 55 often lead to severe pneumonia. The live oral enteric-coated adenovirus type 4 and 7 vaccine, which was approved for use in US military personnel of 17 through 50 years of age, had been shown to be safe and highly effective in numerous clinical trials and by ongoing surveillance of febrile respiratory illness. However, there is currently no vaccine approved for general use in children and adults in any part of the world. This review article will summarize the epidemiological data available for adenovirus and the effectiveness of the adenovirus vaccine in the US military. It will also provide a brief overview of innovative vaccine strategies, animal models for vaccine evaluation, and issues regarding vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
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13
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Ma Q, Tian X, Jiang Z, Huang J, Liu Q, Lu X, Luo Q, Zhou R. Neutralizing epitopes mapping of human adenovirus type 14 hexon. Vaccine 2015; 33:6659-65. [PMID: 26546264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses 14 (HAdV-14) caused several clusters of acute respiratory disease (ARD) outbreaks in both civilian and military settings. The identification of the neutralizing epitopes of HAdV-14 is important for the surveillance and control of infection. Since the previous studies had indicated that the adenoviruses neutralizing epitopes were likely to be exposed on the surface of the hexon, four epitope peptides, A14R1 (residues 141-157), A14R2 (residues 181-189), A14R4 (residues 252-260) and A14R7 (residues 430-442) were predicted and mapped onto the 3D structures of hexon by homology modeling approach. Then the four peptides were synthesized, and all the four putative epitopes were identified as neutralizing epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization tests (NT). Finally we incorporated the four epitopes into human adenoviruses 3 (HAdV-3) vectors using the "antigen capsid-incorporation" strategy, and two chimeric adenoviruses, A14R2A3 and A14R4A3, were successfully obtained which displayed A14R2 and A14R4 respectively on the hexon surface of HAdV-3 virions. Further analysis showed that the two chimeric viruses antiserum could neutralize both HAdV-14 and HAdV-3 infection. The neutralization titers of anti-A14R4A3 group were significantly higher than the anti-KLH-A14R4 group (P=0.0442). These findings have important implications for the development of peptide-based broadly protective HAdV-14 and HAdV-3 bivalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China; Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan 523325, China.
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China; Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan 523325, China.
| | - Zaixue Jiang
- Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan 523325, China.
| | - Junfeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan 523325, China.
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan 523325, China.
| | - Qingming Luo
- Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan 523325, China.
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China.
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14
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Identification and Application of Neutralizing Epitopes of Human Adenovirus Type 55 Hexon Protein. Viruses 2015; 7:5632-42. [PMID: 26516903 PMCID: PMC4632404 DOI: 10.3390/v7102896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV55) is a newly identified re-emergent acute respiratory disease (ARD) pathogen with a proposed recombination of hexon gene between HAdV11 and HAdV14 strains. The identification of the neutralizing epitopes is important for the surveillance and vaccine development against HAdV55 infection. In this study, four type-specific epitope peptides of HAdV55 hexon protein, A55R1 (residues 138 to 152), A55R2 (residues 179 to 187), A55R4 (residues 247 to 259) and A55R7 (residues 429 to 443), were predicted by multiple sequence alignment and homology modeling methods, and then confirmed with synthetic peptides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization tests (NT). Finally, the A55R2 was incorporated into human adenoviruses 3 (HAdV3) and a chimeric adenovirus rAd3A55R2 was successfully obtained. The chimeric rAd3A55R2 could induce neutralizing antibodies against both HAdV3 and HAdV55. This current study will contribute to the development of novel adenovirus vaccine candidate and adenovirus structural analysis.
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15
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Zhao S, Wan C, Ke C, Seto J, Dehghan S, Zou L, Zhou J, Cheng Z, Jing S, Zeng Z, Zhang J, Wan X, Wu X, Zhao W, Zhu L, Seto D, Zhang Q. Re-emergent human adenovirus genome type 7d caused an acute respiratory disease outbreak in Southern China after a twenty-one year absence. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7365. [PMID: 25482188 PMCID: PMC4258649 DOI: 10.1038/srep07365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are highly contagious pathogens causing acute respiratory disease (ARD), among other illnesses. Of the ARD genotypes, HAdV-7 presents with more severe morbidity and higher mortality than the others. We report the isolation and identification of a genome type HAdV-7d (DG01_2011) from a recent outbreak in Southern China. Genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) comparisons with past pathogens indicate HAdV-7d has re-emerged in Southern China after an absence of twenty-one years. Recombination analysis reveals this genome differs from the 1950s-era prototype and vaccine strains by a lateral gene transfer, substituting the coding region for the L1 52/55 kDa DNA packaging protein from HAdV-16. DG01_2011 descends from both a strain circulating in Southwestern China (2010) and a strain from Shaanxi causing a fatality and outbreak (Northwestern China; 2009). Due to the higher morbidity and mortality rates associated with HAdV-7, the surveillance, identification, and characterization of these strains in population-dense China by REA and/or whole genome sequencing are strongly indicated. With these accurate identifications of specific HAdV types and an epidemiological database of regional HAdV pathogens, along with the HAdV genome stability noted across time and space, the development, availability, and deployment of appropriate vaccines are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhui Zhao
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Jason Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
| | - Shoaleh Dehghan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
| | - Lirong Zou
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Zetao Cheng
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shuping Jing
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xianbo Wu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Donald Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Tian X, Su X, Xue C, Li X, Zhou Z, Zhou R. Antigenic variability among two subtypes of human adenovirus serotype 7. Virus Genes 2014; 49:22-9. [PMID: 24760574 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) is one of the major serotypes responsible for acute respiratory infection. It is important to investigate the antigenic variabilities of different HAdV-7 genomic subtypes for vaccine development. Phylogenetic analysis of global HAdV-7 strains and major antigen proteins showed that HAdV-7 could be classified into two subtypes. There were three highly variable regions (HVR1, HVR4, and HVR7) in the hexon protein that varied between subtypes. Within each of the subtypes, these regions were conserved. Two subtype HAdV-7 strains isolated in China were used to immunize mice for antigenic characterization. Mice immunized with one subtype strain showed 4-8-fold lower neutralizing antibody titers against another subtype strain. ELISA results showed that the variation in HVR1, 4, and 7 regions contributed to antigenic change, and it may be concluded that the three regions contain subtype-specific epitopes. In summary, strains of HAdV-7 could be divided into two subtypes using genome sequence and antigenic analysis; our results could be important for HAdV-7 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China,
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17
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A novel antibody humanization method based on epitopes scanning and molecular dynamics simulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80636. [PMID: 24278299 PMCID: PMC3836750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
1-17-2 is a rat anti-human DEC-205 monoclonal antibody that induces internalization and delivers antigen to dendritic cells (DCs). The potentially clinical application of this antibody is limited by its murine origin. Traditional humanization method such as complementarity determining regions (CDRs) graft often leads to a decreased or even lost affinity. Here we have developed a novel antibody humanization method based on computer modeling and bioinformatics analysis. First, we used homology modeling technology to build the precise model of Fab. A novel epitope scanning algorithm was designed to identify antigenic residues in the framework regions (FRs) that need to be mutated to human counterpart in the humanization process. Then virtual mutation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were used to assess the conformational impact imposed by all the mutations. By comparing the root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs) of CDRs, we found five key residues whose mutations would destroy the original conformation of CDRs. These residues need to be back-mutated to rescue the antibody binding affinity. Finally we constructed the antibodies in vitro and compared their binding affinity by flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. The binding affinity of the refined humanized antibody was similar to that of the original rat antibody. Our results have established a novel method based on epitopes scanning and MD simulation for antibody humanization.
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18
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Tian X, Li C, Xue C, Li X, Zhou Z, Zhou R. Epitope mapping and characterization of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human adenovirus type 3. Virus Res 2013; 177:189-93. [PMID: 24018287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus serotype 3 (HAdV-3) has occurred as a global epidemic in recent years causing serious diseases such as pneumonia in pediatric and adult patients. Development of reliable diagnostic reagents and identification of neutralizing epitopes is important for the surveillance and control of infection. In this study, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) MAb 1B6 was generated using the HAdV-3 virion. MAb 1B6 specially recognized the HAdV-3 virus particles and the HAdV-3 hexon protein, but not the virus particles or the hexon protein of HAdV-7 and HAdV-4 by western-blot analysis and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis using a series of peptides from the hexon protein and chimeric adenovirus (Ad) particles of epitope mutants revealed that MAb 1B6 bound to the exposed region (amino acid positions 414-424 of hexon) in hypervariable region 7 (HVR7). ELISA demonstrated that MAb 1B6 could recognize the corresponding regions of other HAdV-3 genotypes that have some residues substituted. The identification of the neutralizing epitope and the generation of MAb 1B6 may be useful for clinical serotype-specific diagnosis, subunit vaccine construction for HAdV-3 infection, and virion structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingui Tian
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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19
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Yuan XH, Wang YC, Qu ZY, Ren JY, Wu XM, Wang JF. Phylogenetic and structural analysis of major surface proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of novel avian influenza virus A H7N9 from chinese patient. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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