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Smeda JR, Smith HA, Mutschler MA. The amount and chemistry of acylsugars affects sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) oviposition and development, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus incidence, in field grown tomato plants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275112. [PMID: 38011130 PMCID: PMC10681267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to ascertain the impact of endogenous production of trichome-exuded acylsugars on insects and insect transmitted virus by evaluating tomato lines and their hybrids bred for acylsugar production under field settings on whiteflies and the whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Specifically, we utilized a diverse array of tomato lines and hybrids bred for changes in acylsugar amount or type, grown in three field trials under natural whitefly and virus pressure, to investigate whether the amount of accumulated acylsugars and or the chemical profile of the acylsugars were associated with greater resistance to whiteflies and reduced incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. There was considerable variation in the abundance of whitefly eggs and nymphs and incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus across experiments and between entries. Increasing amount of acylsugars accumulated by the tomato entries was associated with a reduction in the abundance of whitefly eggs and nymphs and a reduction in the incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Additionally, we identified lines with changes in several acylsugar fatty acids that were associated with decreased abundance of whitefly eggs and nymphs and reduced incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. These results inform the utility of acylsugars as a host plant defense system for improving resistance to whiteflies and their transmitted viruses, with potential for reducing insecticides as a control method for whiteflies and provide breeding targets for optimization of existing acylsugar tomato lines to create lines with the most efficacious amount and chemistry of acylsugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Smeda
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hugh A. Smith
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Riahi C, Urbaneja A, Fernández-Muñoz R, Fortes IM, Moriones E, Pérez-Hedo M. Induction of Glandular Trichomes to Control Bemisia tabaci in Tomato Crops: Modulation by the Natural Enemy Nesidiocoris tenuis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1677-1685. [PMID: 36998120 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0440-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted viruses are one of the biggest threats to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growing worldwide. Strategies based on the introgression of resistance traits from wild relatives are promoted to control tomato pests and diseases. Recently, a trichome-based resistance characterizing the wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium was introgressed into a cultivated tomato. An advanced backcross line (BC5S2) exhibiting the presence of acylsugar-associated type IV trichomes, which are lacking in cultivated tomatoes, was effective at controlling whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and limiting the spread of whitefly-transmitted viruses. However, at early growth stages, type IV trichome density and acylsugar production are limited; thus, protection against whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses remains irrelevant. In this work, we demonstrate that young BC5S2 tomato plants feeding-punctured by the zoophytophagous predator Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Miridae) displayed an increase (above 50%) in type IV trichome density. Acylsugar production was consistently increased in N. tenuis-punctured BC5S2 plants, which was more likely associated with upregulated expression of the BCKD-E2 gene related to acylsugar biosynthesis. In addition, the infestation of BC5S2 plants with N. tenuis effectively induced the expression of defensive genes involved in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, resulting in strong repellence to Bemisia tabaci and attractiveness to N. tenuis. Thus, through preplant release of N. tenuis in tomato nurseries carried out in some integrated pest management programs, type IV trichome-expressing plants can be prepared to control whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses at early growth stages. This study emphasizes the advantage of reinforcing constitutive resistance using defense inducers to guarantee robust protection against pests and transmitted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaymaa Riahi
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel M Fortes
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Rahman Shah MM, Zhang Z, Hu J, Gaber A, Hossain A. Impact of leaf trichomes of tomatoes and weeds on the host selection and developmental bioassays of Bemisia tabaci Q and A cryptic species. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20077. [PMID: 37809545 PMCID: PMC10559822 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The whiteflies of Bemisia tabaci complex, composed of >44 cryptic species, are economically important pests of tomatoes for their direct feeding and virus transmission. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of leaf trichomes on the host selection and development of whitefly; comparative invasiveness between B. tabaci Q and A cryptic species; and the ability of weeds as hosts of the population of insect whitefly. We carried out our investigation through adult host selection and oviposition in multi-choice conditions, immature development and survival, and adult survival and oviposition in no-choice conditions. We investigated leaf trichomes type and densities on the leaves of four tomato varieties and two weed species. Results showed that the leaf trichomes of tomatoes and weeds impact the host selection and immature development differently on the cryptic species B. tabaci Q and A. In the multi-choice case, B. tabaci Q adults preferred tomato varieties Ao-Ni-Er and He-Fen for both settling and oviposition whereas B. tabaci A preferred Ao-Ni-Er, He-Fen, and Billy-Goat-Weed for settling but oviposited more eggs on both weed species Billy-Goat-Weed and False-Mallow. Both B. tabaci Q and A adults refused Ye-Sheng either settling or oviposition. In the case of immature development, B. tabaci Q developed faster than B. tabaci A. Concerning plant, B. tabaci Q developed faster on Ao-Ni-Er, He-Fen and Billy-Goat-Weed but B. tabaci A on Billy-Goat-Weed, False-Mallow and Ao-Ni-Er. The immature survival of Q was higher than that of A. Immature of B. tabaci Q survived well (68.6-86.8%) on all plants except Ye-Sheng (49.3%) but B. tabaci A survived very less (0-17.6%) on any tomatoes where 70.4% on Billy-Goat-Weed and 60.5% on False-Mallow. After seven days of adult infestation, both B. tabaci Q and A died on Ye-Sheng where 52.5-78.1% survivorships were observed on other plants. In seven days, B. tabaci Q laid more eggs compared to B. tabaci A. Considering the plants, both species laid more eggs on Ao-Ni-Er, He-Fen and False-Mallow, whereas the lowest number was laid on Ye-Sheng. The highest number of glandular trichome Type IV was observed on Ye-Sheng which showed resistance against both B. tabaci Q and A cryptic species. The cryptic species B. tabaci Q showed a wider range adaptation ability on plants than that of A. Weeds can play a significant role as an infestation source of whiteflies to tomatoes and other crops. These findings suggest that glandular trichomes may be used in plant breeding programmes for the development of whitefly-resistant crop cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafizur Rahman Shah
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
- Division of Entomology, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akbar Hossain
- Division of Soil Science, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
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Devi MG, Rustia DJA, Braat L, Swinkels K, Espinosa FF, van Marrewijk BM, Hemming J, Caarls L. Eggsplorer: a rapid plant-insect resistance determination tool using an automated whitefly egg quantification algorithm. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:49. [PMID: 37210517 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-known method for evaluating plant resistance to insects is by measuring insect reproduction or oviposition. Whiteflies are vectors of economically important viral diseases and are, therefore, widely studied. In a common experiment, whiteflies are placed on plants using clip-on-cages, where they can lay hundreds of eggs on susceptible plants in a few days. When quantifying whitefly eggs, most researchers perform manual eye measurements using a stereomicroscope. Compared to other insect eggs, whitefly eggs are many and very tiny, usually 0.2 mm in length and 0.08 mm in width; therefore, this process takes a lot of time and effort with and without prior expert knowledge. Plant insect resistance experiments require multiple replicates from different plant accessions; therefore, an automated and rapid method for quantifying insect eggs can save time and human resources. RESULTS In this work, a novel automated tool for fast quantification of whitefly eggs is presented to accelerate the determination of plant insect resistance and susceptibility. Leaf images with whitefly eggs were collected from a commercial microscope and a custom-built imaging system. A deep learning-based object detection model was trained using the collected images. The model was incorporated into an automated whitefly egg quantification algorithm, deployed in a web-based application called Eggsplorer. Upon evaluation on a testing dataset, the algorithm was able to achieve a counting accuracy as high as 0.94, r2 of 0.99, and a counting error of ± 3 eggs relative to the actual number of eggs counted by eye. The automatically collected counting results were used to determine the resistance and susceptibility of several plant accessions and were found to yield significantly comparable results as when using the manually collected counts for analysis. CONCLUSION This is the first work that presents a comprehensive step-by-step method for fast determination of plant insect resistance and susceptibility with the assistance of an automated quantification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Gracianna Devi
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dan Jeric Arcega Rustia
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lize Braat
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kas Swinkels
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart M van Marrewijk
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Hemming
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Po Box 384, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yang F, Zhang X, Shen H, Xue H, Tian T, Zhang Q, Hu J, Tong H, Zhang Y, Su Q. Flavonoid-producing tomato plants have a direct negative effect on the zoophytophagous biological control agent Orius sauteri. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:173-184. [PMID: 35633508 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is often used for biological control of small arthropod pests in greenhouse vegetable production systems in Asia. In addition to feeding on arthropod prey, O. sauteri consumes small quantities of plant material. Previous studies demonstrated that tomato plant chemistry confers antixenosis resistance to phloem-feeding whiteflies, but the potential nontarget effects of phytochemicals on the beneficial predator O. sauteri are unknown. Comparison of O. sauteri confined to near-isogenic lines (NILs) of tomatoes producing high levels of flavonoids (NIL-purple hypocotyl; resistant to whiteflies) and low levels of flavonoids (NIL-green hypocotyl; susceptible to whiteflies) revealed that O. sauteri had reduced oviposition, nymphal survival, and development on resistant plants, even if they were also provided with prey that did not feed on the host plant. Moreover, O. sauteri showed a significant ovipositional preference in choice assays, laying significantly more eggs on susceptible than on resistant plants. Molecular gut content analysis using the specific chloroplast trnL gene from tomato confirmed that adult and immature O. sauteri feed on both resistant and susceptible genotypes, and feeding behavior assays revealed that resistance did not affect plant feeding or prey acceptance by O. sauteri adults. These results demonstrate a direct negative effect of phytochemicals on a nontarget beneficial species and indicate that resistance mediated by phytochemicals can affect organisms that do not solely feed on phloem sap. The results also indicate that the mode of action and the potential ecological effects of phytochemical-mediated resistance are broader than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haowei Shen
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hu Xue
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinyu Hu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Tong
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
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Chang A, Hu Z, Chen B, Vanderschuren H, Chen M, Qu Y, Yu W, Li Y, Sun H, Cao J, Vasudevan K, Li C, Cao Y, Zhang J, Shen Y, Yang A, Wang Y. Characterization of trichome-specific BAHD acyltransferases involved in acylsugar biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3913-3928. [PMID: 35262703 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) produce blends of acylsucroses that contribute to defence against pathogens and herbivorous insects, but the mechanism of assembly of these acylsugars has not yet been determined. In this study, we isolated and characterized two trichome-specific acylsugar acyltransferases that are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, NtASAT1 and NtASAT2. They sequentially catalyse two additive steps of acyl donors to sucrose to produce di-acylsucrose. Knocking out of NtASAT1 or NtASAT2 resulted in deficiency of acylsucrose; however, there was no effect on acylsugar accumulation in plants overexpressing NtASAT1 or NtASAT2. Genomic analysis and profiling revealed that NtASATs originated from the T subgenome, which is derived from the acylsugar-producing diploid ancestor N. tomentosiformis. Our identification of NtASAT1 and NtASAT2 as enzymes involved in acylsugar assembly in tobacco potentially provides a new approach and target genes for improving crop resistance against pathogens and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Chang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Zhongyi Hu
- Jiangxi Food Inspection and Testing Research Institute, Nanchang, 330001, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Herve Vanderschuren
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Tropical Crop Improvement Lab, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ming Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yafang Qu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Weisong Yu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Huiqing Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jianmin Cao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Kumar Vasudevan
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Chenying Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yeming Shen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yuanying Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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The Genetic Complexity of Type-IV Trichome Development Reveals the Steps towards an Insect-Resistant Tomato. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101309. [PMID: 35631734 PMCID: PMC9148003 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of the wild tomato Solanum galapagense harbor type-IV glandular trichomes (GT) that produce high levels of acylsugars (AS), conferring insect resistance. Conversely, domesticated tomatoes (S. lycopersicum) lack type-IV trichomes on the leaves of mature plants, preventing high AS production, thus rendering the plants more vulnerable to insect predation. We hypothesized that cultivated tomatoes engineered to harbor type-IV trichomes on the leaves of adult plants could be insect-resistant. We introgressed the genetic determinants controlling type-IV trichome development from S. galapagense into cv. Micro-Tom (MT) and created a line named “Galapagos-enhanced trichomes” (MT-Get). Mapping-by-sequencing revealed that five chromosomal regions of S. galapagense were present in MT-Get. Further genetic mapping showed that S. galapagense alleles in chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 were sufficient for the presence of type-IV trichomes on adult organs but at lower densities. Metabolic and gene expression analyses demonstrated that type-IV trichome density was not accompanied by the AS production and exudation in MT-Get. Although the plants produce a significant amount of acylsugars, those are still not enough to make them resistant to whiteflies. We demonstrate that type-IV glandular trichome development is insufficient for high AS accumulation. The results from our study provided additional insights into the steps necessary for breeding an insect-resistant tomato.
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Different Host Plants Distinctly Influence the Feeding Ability of the Brown Citrus Aphid Toxoptera citricida. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100864. [PMID: 34680633 PMCID: PMC8538693 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida, is an important pest of citrus and causes serious damage in the main production areas. Host plant resistance is an environmentally friendly method to manage aphid infestations and is becoming increasingly important as aphids develop greater resistance to insecticides. The aim of this study was to assess T. citricida resistance on seven widespread and common hosts using electropenetrography combined with a population development test. We showed that the feeding parameters of the brown citrus aphid differed significantly depending on the host plants. Toxoptera citricida spent more time in the pathway stage and less time in the phloem stage on Eureka, while the opposite was observed on Yuzu and Rough Lemon. Measurements of population development of aphids showed that on the Eureka, aphids developed more slowly. Our data suggest that different host plants distinctly influence the ability of T. citricida to feed. The brown citrus aphid did not prefer to feed on Eureka Lemon compared to the other six host plants. Abstract Piercing–sucking insects are important crop pests, and an understanding of their feeding behavior and population development plays a crucial role in studying insect population dynamics and crop resistance. In our study, we examined the probing behavior of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida, using electropenetrography and assessed its population development after 8 days on seven host plants: Yuzu, Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka; Rough Lemon, C. jambhiri Lush.; ‘Luofu’ kumquat, Fortunella margarita Swingle; ‘Olinda’ valencia orange, C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck; ‘Yanxiwanlu’ Ponkan, C. reticulata Blanco; ‘Rohde Red’ valencia orange, C. sinensis; and ‘Eureka’ lemon, C. limon (L.) Osbeck. The results demonstrated that probing by the brown citrus aphid differed significantly according to the target hosts. Toxoptera citricida produced significantly more pathway activities on Eureka than on Rough Lemon and Yuzu. Toxoptera citricida spent more time from the first probe to first salivation into phloem sieve elements on Eureka compared to Yuzu. In addition, the total duration of ingestion from sieve cells of each aphid in the phloem-feeding phase was shortest on Eureka, and this was significantly shorter than that on Yuzu, Rough Lemon, Luofu, and Olinda. The population number of T. citricida on Eureka after 8 days was significantly lower than that on the other hosts. Overall, Eureka was found to have obvious resistance to T. citricida, whereas Yuzu and Rough Lemon were susceptible host plants. These results provide a theoretical basis for exploring aphid-resistant fruit tree resources using resistant varieties.
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Blanco-Sánchez L, Planelló R, Llorente L, Díaz-Pendón JA, Ferrero V, Fernández-Muñoz R, Herrero Ó, de la Peña E. Characterization of the detrimental effects of type IV glandular trichomes on the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae in tomato. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4117-4127. [PMID: 33914389 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glandular trichomes are essential in plants' defence against pests however, the mechanisms of action are not completely understood. While there is considerable evidence of feeding and movement impairment by trichomes, the effect on other traits is less clear. We combined laboratory and greenhouse experiments with molecular analysis to understand how glandular trichomes affect the behavior, population growth, and the expression of biomarkers involved in detoxification, primary metabolism, and developmental pathways of the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. We used two isogenic tomato lines that differ in the presence of type IV glandular trichomes and production of acylsucroses; i.e.,Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Moneymaker' and an introgressed line from Solanum pimpinellifolium (with trichomes type IV). RESULTS Type IV glandular trichomes affected host selection and aphid proliferation with aphids avoiding, and showing impaired multiplication on the genotype with trichomes. The exposure to type IV glandular trichomes resulted in the overexpression of detoxication markers (i.e., Hsp70, Hsp17, Hsp10); the repression of the energetic metabolism (GAPDH), and the activation of the ecdysone pathway; all these, underlying the key adaptations and metabolic trade-offs in aphids exposed to glandular trichomes. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the detrimental effect of glandular trichomes (type IV) on the aphid and put forward their mode of action. Given the prevalence of glandular trichomes in wild and cultivated Solanaceae; and of the investigated molecular biomarkers in insects in general, our results provide relevant mechanisms to understand the effect of trichomes not only on herbivorous insects but also on other trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Blanco-Sánchez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Llorente
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Ferrero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Málaga, Spain
| | - Óscar Herrero
- Biology and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo de la Peña
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Málaga, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Almeida MF, Tavares CS, Araújo EO, Picanço MC, Oliveira EE, Pereira EJG. Plant Resistance in Some Modern Soybean Varieties May Favor Population Growth and Modify the Stylet Penetration of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:970-978. [PMID: 33625491 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Complaints of severe damage by whiteflies in soybean fields containing genetically engineered (GE) varieties led us to investigate the role of transgenic soybean varieties expressing resistance to some insects (Cry1Ac Bt toxin) and to herbicide (glyphosate) on the population growth and feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In the laboratory, the whiteflies reared on the GE Bt soybeans had a net reproductive rate (R0) 100% higher and intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) 15% higher than those reared on non-GE soybeans. The increased demographic performance was associated with a higher lifetime fecundity. In electrical penetration graphs, the whiteflies reared on the GE soybeans had fewer probes and spent 50% less time before reaching the phloem phase from the beginning of the first successful probe, indicating a higher risk of transmission of whitefly-borne viruses. Data from Neotropical fields showed a higher population density of B. tabaci on two soybean varieties expressing glyphosate resistance and Cry1Ac Bt toxin. These results indicate that some GE soybean varieties expressing insect and herbicide resistances can be more susceptible to whiteflies than non-GE ones or those only expressing herbicide resistance. Most likely, these differences are related to varietal features that increase host-plant susceptibility to whiteflies. Appropriate pest management may be needed to deal with whiteflies in soybean fields, especially in warm regions, and breeders may want to consider the issue when developing new soybean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricélia F Almeida
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Imperatriz, MA, Brazil
| | - Clébson S Tavares
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Euires O Araújo
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Eugênio E Oliveira
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliseu José G Pereira
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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11
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Whitefly adaptation to and manipulation of plant resistance. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:648-651. [PMID: 33580427 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Marchant WG, Legarrea S, Smeda JR, Mutschler MA, Srinivasan R. Evaluating Acylsugars-Mediated Resistance in Tomato against Bemisia tabaci and Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120842. [PMID: 33260730 PMCID: PMC7760652 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major pest of cultivated tomato. Whitefly feeding-related injuries and transmission of viruses including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) cause serious losses. Management strategy includes planting resistant cultivars/hybrids. However, TYLCV resistance is incomplete and whiteflies on TYLCV-resistant cultivars/hybrids are managed by insecticides. Acylsugars'-mediated resistance against whiteflies has been introgressed from wild solanums into cultivated tomato. This study evaluated acylsugar-producing tomato lines with quantitative trait loci (QTL) containing introgressions from Solanum pennellii LA716, known to alter acylsugars' levels or chemistry. Evaluated acylsugar-producing lines were the benchmark line CU071026, QTL6/CU071026-a CU071026 sister line with QTL6, and three other CU071026 sister lines with varying QTLs-FA2/CU71026, FA7/CU071026, and FA2/FA7/CU071026. Non-acylsugar tomato hybrid Florida 47 (FL47) was also evaluated. Acylsugars' amounts in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 were 1.4 to 2.2 times greater than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Short chain fatty acid, i-C5, was dominant in all acylsugar-producing lines. Long chain fatty acids, n-C10 and n-C12, were more abundant in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies preferentially settled on non-acylsugar hybrid FL47 leaves over three out of five acylsugar-producing lines, and whiteflies settled 5 to 85 times more on abaxial than adaxial leaf surface of FL47 than on acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies' survival was 1.5 to 1.9 times lower on acylsugar-producing lines than in FL47. Nevertheless, whiteflies' developmental time was up to 12.5% shorter on acylsugar-producing lines than on FL47. TYLCV infection following whitefly-mediated transmission to acylsugar-producing lines was 1.4 to 2.8 times lower than FL47, and TYLCV acquisition by whiteflies from acylsugar-producing lines was up to 77% lower than from FL47. However, TYLCV accumulation in acylsugar-producing lines following infection and TYLCV loads in whiteflies upon acquisition from acylsugar-producing lines were not different from FL47. Combining TYLCV resistance with acylsugars'-mediated whitefly resistance in cultivated tomato could substantially benefit whiteflies and TYLCV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - John R. Smeda
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 310223, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +770-229-3099
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Rodríguez-López MJ, Moriones E, Fernández-Muñoz R. An Acylsucrose-Producing Tomato Line Derived from the Wild Species Solanum pimpinellifolium Decreases Fitness of the Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090616. [PMID: 32917019 PMCID: PMC7564115 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum is an insect pest of many plant crops including tomato and is especially harmful because it is a vector for a number of plant viral diseases. In this paper, an improved tomato line bred to produce glandular trichomes that exudate the deterrent compounds acylsucroses, which was introgressed from a wild tomato species, was demonstrated to decrease fitness of the insect and showed as a means for controlling the pests and, indirectly, could be an aid to reduce virus transmission to tomato plants. Abstract A combination of biological control and host plant resistance would be desirable for optimally controlling the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in tomato crops. Whitefly settlement preference, oviposition, and survivorship were evaluated on ABL 10-4 and ‘Moneymaker’, two nearly-isogenic tomato lines with, and without, whitefly-resistance traits based on type IV leaf glandular trichomes derived from the tomato wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium, respectively. Significantly reduced preference of T. vaporariorum adult whiteflies for ABL 10-4 leaves was observed. Moreover, T. vaporariorum altered its abaxial–adaxial settling performance on leaves of ABL 10-4 plants. A significantly lower tendency to settle on abaxial leaf surface was observed in ABL 10-4 compared to Moneymaker plants. Furthermore, T. vaporariorum deposited fewer eggs and exhibited a significantly reduced egg to adult survivorship in ABL 10-4 than in Moneymaker plants. Therefore, reduced fitness and distorted performance were observed for T. vaporariorum on ABL 10-4 tomato plants supporting that type IV leaf glandular trichomes might protect them from this pest and, indirectly, from the viruses it transmits.
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14
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Feeding Behavior and Virus-Transmission Ability of Insect Vectors Exposed to Systemic Insecticides. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070895. [PMID: 32679858 PMCID: PMC7411831 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of plant viruses depend on Hemipteran vectors for their survival and spread. Effective management of these insect vectors is crucial to minimize the spread of vector-borne diseases, and to reduce crop damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of various systemic insecticides on the feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae, as well as their ability to interfere with the transmission of circulative viruses. The obtained results indicated that some systemic insecticides have antifeeding properties that disrupt virus transmission by their insect vectors. We found that some of the tested insecticides significantly reduced phloem contact and sap ingestion by aphids and whiteflies, activities that are closely linked to the transmission of phloem-limited viruses. These systemic insecticides may play an important role in reducing the primary and secondary spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and turnip yellows virus (TuYV), transmitted by B. tabaci and M. persicae, respectively.
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Chang AX, Chen B, Yang AG, Hu RS, Feng QF, Chen M, Yang XN, Luo CG, Li YY, Wang YY. The trichome-specific acetolactate synthase NtALS1 gene, is involved in acylsugar biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PLANTA 2020; 252:13. [PMID: 32621079 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION NtALS1 is specifically expressed in glandular trichomes, and can improve the content of acylsugars in tobacco. ABTRACT The glandular trichomes of many species in the Solanaceae family play an important role in plant defense. These epidermal outgrowths exhibit specialized secondary metabolism, including the production of structurally diverse acylsugars that function in defense against insects and have substantial developmental potential for commercial uses. However, our current understanding of genes involved in acyl chain biosynthesis of acylsugars remains poor in tobacco. In this study, we identified three acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes in tobacco through homology-based gene prediction using Arabidopsis ALS. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and tissue distribution analyses suggested that NtALS1 was highly expressed in the tips of glandular trichomes. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the NtALS1 localized to the chloroplast. Moreover, in the wild-type K326 variety background, we generated two ntals1 loss-of-function mutants using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Acylsugars contents in the two ntals1 mutants were significantly lower than those in the wild type. Through phylogenetic tree analysis, we also identified NtALS1 orthologs that may be involved in acylsugar biosynthesis in other Solanaceae species. Taken together, these findings indicate a functional role for NtALS1 in acylsugar biosynthesis in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Chang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ai-Guo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Hu
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Quan-Fu Feng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Luo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- Hunan Tobacco Research Institute, Changsha, China.
| | - Yuan-Ying Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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16
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Domingo-Calap ML, Moreno AB, Díaz Pendón JA, Moreno A, Fereres A, López-Moya JJ. Assessing the Impact on Virus Transmission and Insect Vector Behavior of a Viral Mixed Infection in Melon. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:174-186. [PMID: 31502517 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-19-0126-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed viral infections in plants are common, and can result in synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Except in complex diseases with severe symptoms, mixed infections frequently remain unnoticed, and their impact on insect vector transmission is largely unknown. In this study, we considered mixed infections of two unrelated viruses commonly found in melon plants, the crinivirus cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) and the potyvirus watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and evaluated their vector transmission by whiteflies and aphids, respectively. Their dynamics of accumulation was analyzed until 60 days postinoculation (dpi) in mixed-infected plants, documenting reduced titers of WMV and much higher titers of CYSDV compared with single infections. At 24 dpi, corresponding to the peak of CYSDV accumulation, similar whitefly transmission rates were obtained when comparing either individual or mixed-infected plants as CYSDV sources, although its secondary dissemination was slightly biased toward plants previously infected with WMV, regardless of the source plant. However, at later time points, mixed-infected plants partially recovered from the initially severe symptoms, and CYSDV transmission became significantly higher. Interestingly, aphid transmission rates both at early and late time points were unaltered when WMV was acquired from mixed-infected plants despite its reduced accumulation. This lack of correlation between WMV accumulation and transmission could result from compensatory effects observed in the analysis of the aphid feeding behavior by electrical penetration graphs. Thus, our results showed that mixed-infected plants could provide advantages for both viruses, directly favoring CYSDV dissemination while maintaining WMV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Domingo-Calap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Beatriz Moreno
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz Pendón
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Yao Q, Peng Z, Tong H, Yang F, Xing G, Wang L, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Su Q. Tomato Plant Flavonoids Increase Whitefly Resistance and Reduce Spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2790-2796. [PMID: 31314897 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus (genus Begomovirus) is the causal agent of tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD), which causes severe damage to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crops throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. TYLCV is transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in a circulative and persistent manner. Our previous studies showed that tomato flavonoids deter B. tabaci oviposition, but the effects of tomato flavonoids on the settling and feeding behavior of B. tabaci and on its transmission of TYLCV are unknown. Using two near-isogenic tomato lines that differ greatly in flavonoid levels, we found that high flavonoid production in tomato deterred the landing and settling of B. tabaci. Moreover, electrical penetration graph studies indicated that high flavonoid levels in tomato reduced B. tabaci probing and phloem-feeding efficiency. As a consequence, high flavonoid levels in tomato reduced the primary and secondary spread of TYLCV. The results indicate that tomato flavonoids provide antixenosis resistance against B. tabaci and that the breeding of such resistance in new varieties could enhance TYLCD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixi Yao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengke Peng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Tong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Fengbo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoshan Xing
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Linjiang Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangjie Zheng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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18
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A thrips vector of tomato spotted wilt virus responds to tomato acylsugar chemical diversity with reduced oviposition and virus inoculation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17157. [PMID: 31748622 PMCID: PMC6868284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that acylsugars deter insect pests and plant virus vectors, including the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), vector of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Acylsugars are sugar-polyesters composed of saturated, un-saturated, and variously branched short and long chain fatty acids (FAs) esterified to a glucose (acylglucose) or sucrose (acylsucrose) moiety. We sought to understand how acylsucrose amount and composition of associated FA profiles interacted to mediate resistance to WFT oviposition and TSWV inoculation on tomato leaves. Towards this goal, we examined WFT oviposition and TSWV inoculation behavior on tomato lines bred to exude varying amounts of acylsucrose in association with diverse FA profiles. Our data show that as acylsucrose amounts increased, WFT egg-laying (oviposition) decreased and TSWV inoculation was suppressed. Western flower thrips also responded to FA profiles that included iC4, iC11, nC12 and nC10 FA. These findings support improving acylsugar-mediated resistance against WFT by breeding tomatoes exuding greater amounts of acylsucrose associated with specific FA profiles. We show that increasing acylsucrose amount output by type IV trichomes and selecting for particular FA profiles through advanced breeding profoundly affects WFT behavior in ways that benefit management of WFT as direct pests and as TSWV vectors.
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19
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Milenovic M, Wosula EN, Rapisarda C, Legg JP. Impact of Host Plant Species and Whitefly Species on Feeding Behavior of Bemisia tabaci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 30723482 PMCID: PMC6349738 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex are economically important pests of cassava. In Africa, they cause greatest damage through vectoring viruses responsible for cassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease. Several cryptic species from the B. tabaci complex colonize cassava and neighboring crops, but the feeding interactions between the different crops and B. tabaci species are unknown. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique makes it possible to conduct detailed feeding studies of sap-sucking insects by creating an electric circuit through the insect and the plant. The apparatus measures the voltage fluctuations while the wired-up insect feeds and produces graphs that describe feeding behavior. We utilized EPG to explore the feeding behavior of cassava-colonizing whiteflies (SSA1-SG3) on cassava, sweet potato, tomato, and cotton; and sweet potato-colonizing whiteflies (MED and IO) on cassava and sweet potato. Results show that: (1) feeding of SSA1-SG3 is not restricted to cassava. The least preferred host for SSA1-SG3 was tomato, where probing was delayed by 99 min compared to 10 min on other hosts, furthermore mean duration of phloem ingestion events was 36 min compared to 260 min on cassava. (2) Feeding of MED on cassava appeared to be non-functional, as it was characterized by short total phloem ingestion periods (<1 h) and few, short ingestion events, in contrast to feeding on sweet potato which was characterized by long phloem ingestion periods (>5 h). (3) Wire diameter affects the feeding in a statistically and practically significant manner. Implications for whitefly control and studies of host whitefly resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milenovic
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Carmelo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James Peter Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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20
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Domingos GM, Baldin ELL, Canassa VF, Silva IF, Lourenção AL. Resistance of Collard Green Genotypes to Bemisia tabaci Biotype B: Characterization of Antixenosis. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:560-568. [PMID: 29396845 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important pest of vegetable crops, including collard greens Brassica oleracea var. acephala (Brassicaceae). The use of resistant genotypes is an interesting option to reduce insect populations and can be used as an important tool for integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated 32 genotypes of collard greens against the attack of silver leaf whitefly, with the aim to characterize antixenosis. Initially, a multiple-choice trial was conducted using all genotypes, in which the adult attractiveness was assessed on two leaves per genotype at 24 and 48 h after infestation. After 48 h, one leaf of each genotype was randomly selected for the determination of the number of eggs per square centimeter. From the results of the multiple-choice trial, 13 genotypes were selected for a no-choice oviposition test, following the same method of the previous test. Colorimetric analyses were also performed to establish possible correlations between leaf color and insect colonization. Genotypes HS-20, OE, and VA were less attractive, demonstrating antixenosis. Genotypes LG, VE, J, MG, MOP, HS-20, VA, and MT had less oviposition in the multiple-choice test, which indicated expression of antixenosis. In the no-choice test, genotypes VE, P1C, CCB, RI-919, H, and J had less oviposition, which also characterized antixenosis. Therefore, genotypes VE and J showed the highest resistance stability because both had less oviposition in both test modalities. Thus, the resistance to B. tabaci biotype B indicates the genotypes HS-20, OE, VA, VE, and J are promising for use in breeding programs to develop resistance to whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Domingos
- Depto de Proteção Vegetal, Fac de Ciências Agronômicas, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brasil
| | - E L L Baldin
- Depto de Proteção Vegetal, Fac de Ciências Agronômicas, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brasil.
| | - V F Canassa
- Depto de Proteção Vegetal, Fac de Ciências Agronômicas, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brasil
| | - I F Silva
- Depto de Proteção Vegetal, Fac de Ciências Agronômicas, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brasil
| | - A L Lourenção
- Instituto Agronômico, Centro de Fitossanidade, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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21
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Moghe GD, Leong BJ, Hurney SM, Daniel Jones A, Last RL. Evolutionary routes to biochemical innovation revealed by integrative analysis of a plant-defense related specialized metabolic pathway. eLife 2017; 6:28468. [PMID: 28853706 PMCID: PMC5595436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of life on Earth is a result of continual innovations in molecular networks influencing morphology and physiology. Plant specialized metabolism produces hundreds of thousands of compounds, offering striking examples of these innovations. To understand how this novelty is generated, we investigated the evolution of the Solanaceae family-specific, trichome-localized acylsugar biosynthetic pathway using a combination of mass spectrometry, RNA-seq, enzyme assays, RNAi and phylogenomics in different non-model species. Our results reveal hundreds of acylsugars produced across the Solanaceae family and even within a single plant, built on simple sugar cores. The relatively short biosynthetic pathway experienced repeated cycles of innovation over the last 100 million years that include gene duplication and divergence, gene loss, evolution of substrate preference and promiscuity. This study provides mechanistic insights into the emergence of plant chemical novelty, and offers a template for investigating the ~300,000 non-model plant species that remain underexplored. There are about 300,000 species of plant on Earth, which together produce over a million different small molecules called metabolites. Plants use many of these molecules to grow, to communicate with each other or to defend themselves against pests and disease. Humans have co-opted many of the same molecules as well; for example, some are important nutrients while others are active ingredients in medicines. Many plant metabolites are found in almost all plants, but hundreds of thousands of them are more specialized and only found in small groups of related plant species. These specialized metabolites have a wide variety of structures, and are made by different enzymes working together to carry out a series of biochemical reactions. Acylsugars are an example of a group of specialized metabolites with particularly diverse structures. These small molecules are restricted to plants in the Solanaceae family, which includes tomato and tobacco plants. Moghe et al. have now focused on acylsugars to better understand how plants produce the large diversity of chemical structures found in specialized metabolites, and how these processes have evolved over time. An analysis of over 35 plant species from across the Solanaceae family revealed hundreds of acylsugars, with some plants accumulating 300 or more different types of these specialized metabolites. Moghe et al. then looked at the enzymes that make acylsugars from a poorly studied flowering plant called Salpiglossis sinuata, partly because it produces a large diversity of these small molecules and partly because it sits in a unique position in the Solanaceae family tree. The activities of the enzymes were confirmed both in test tubes and in plants. This suggested that many of the enzymes were “promiscuous”, meaning that they could likely use a variety of molecules as starting points for their chemical reactions. This finding could help to explain how this plant species can make such a wide variety of acylsugars. Moghe et al. also discovered that many of the enzymes that make acylsugars are encoded by genes that were originally copies of other genes and that have subsequently evolved new activities. Plant scientists and plant breeders value tomato plants that produce acylsugars because these natural chemicals protect against pests like whiteflies and spider mites. A clearer understanding of the diversity of acylsugars in the Solanaceae family, as well as the enzymes that make these specialized metabolites, could help efforts to breed crops that are more resistant to pests. Some of the enzymes related to those involved in acylsugar production could also help to make chemicals with pharmaceutical value. These new findings might also eventually lead to innovative ways to produce these chemicals on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Bryan J Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Steven M Hurney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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22
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Escobar-Bravo R, Alba JM, Pons C, Granell A, Kant MR, Moriones E, Fernández-Muñoz R. A Jasmonate-Inducible Defense Trait Transferred from Wild into Cultivated Tomato Establishes Increased Whitefly Resistance and Reduced Viral Disease Incidence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1732. [PMID: 27920785 PMCID: PMC5118631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies damage tomatoes mostly via the viruses they transmit. Cultivated tomatoes lack many of the resistances of their wild relatives. In order to increase protection to its major pest, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and its transmitted Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), we introgressed a trichome-based resistance trait from the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. The tomato backcross line BC5S2 contains acylsucrose-producing type-IV trichomes, unlike cultivated tomatoes, and exhibits increased, yet limited protection to whiteflies at early development stages. Treatment of young plants with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) resulted in a 60% increase in type-IV trichome density, acylsucrose production, and enhanced resistance to whiteflies, leading to 50% decrease in the virus disease incidence compared to cultivated tomato. Using transcriptomics, metabolite analysis, and insect bioassays we established the basis of this inducible resistance. We found that MeJA activated the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the defensive acylsugars in young BC5S2 plants leading to enhanced chemical defenses in their acquired type-IV trichomes. Our results show that not only constitutive but also these inducible defenses can be transferred from wild into cultivated crops to aid sustainable protection, suggesting that conventional breeding strategies provide a feasible alternative to increase pest resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlgarrobo-Costa, Spain
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Clara Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlgarrobo-Costa, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlgarrobo-Costa, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Fernández-Muñoz,
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23
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Lucatti AF, Meijer-Dekens FRG, Mumm R, Visser RGF, Vosman B, van Heusden S. Normal adult survival but reduced Bemisia tabaci oviposition rate on tomato lines carrying an introgression from S. habrochaites. BMC Genet 2014; 15:142. [PMID: 25539894 PMCID: PMC4301655 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host plant resistance has been proposed as one of the most promising approaches in whitefly management. Already in 1995 two quantitative trait loci (Tv-1 and Tv-2) originating from S. habrochaites CGN1.1561 were identified that reduced the oviposition rate of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). After this first study, several others identified QTLs affecting whitefly biology as well. Generally, the QTLs affecting oviposition were highly correlated with a reduction in whitefly survival and the presence of high densities of glandular trichomes type IV. The aim of our study was to further characterize Tv-1 and Tv-2, and to determine their role in resistance against Bemisia tabaci. Results We selected F2 plants homozygous for the Tv-1 and Tv-2 QTL regions and did three successive backcrosses without phenotypic selection. Twenty-three F2BC3 plants were phenotyped for whitefly resistance and differences were found in oviposition rate of B. tabaci. The F2BC3 plants with the lowest oviposition rate had an introgression on Chromosome 5 in common. Further F2BC4, F2BC4S1 and F2BC4S2 families were developed, genotyped and phenotyped for adult survival, oviposition rate and trichome type and density. It was possible to confirm that an introgression on top of Chr. 5 (OR-5), between the markers rs-2009 and rs-7551, was responsible for reducing whitefly oviposition rate. Conclusion We found a region of 3.06 Mbp at the top of Chr. 5 (OR-5) associated with a reduction in the oviposition rate of B. tabaci. This reduction was independent of the presence of the QTLs Tv-1 and Tv-2 as well as of the presence of trichomes type IV. The OR-5 locus will provide new opportunities for resistance breeding against whiteflies, which is especially relevant in greenhouse cultivation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0142-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Lucatti
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen Campus. Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Bayer CropScience Vegetable Seeds, Napoleonsweg 152, 6083, AB, Nunhem, The Netherlands.
| | - Fien R G Meijer-Dekens
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roland Mumm
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 619, 6700, AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Vosman
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjaak van Heusden
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Liu B, Preisser EL, Jiao X, Pan H, Xie W, Wang S, Wu Q, Zhang Y. Plant-mediated changes in the feeding behavior of an invasive whitefly. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:980-986. [PMID: 24073848 DOI: 10.1603/en13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a worldwide pest of agricultural crops that feeds on a wide variety of host plants. Although host plant preference is known to vary among B. tabaci biotypes, far less is known about the potential for intraspecific divergence caused by long-term isolation on a single species of host plant. We tested the hypothesis that multigenerational isolation of B. tabaci B, a biotype that has been well-established in China for nearly two decades, on three different host plants would lead to population-level divergence in feeding behaviors. We used individuals from a cabbage-feeding (Brassica oleracea L.) population of B. tabaci B to create three populations reared exclusively on B. oleracea, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), or tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) for >80 generations. We then used electrical penetration graph techniques to investigate the feeding behavior of the three B. tabaci populations on each of the three host plants (nine total treatments). Across all three host plants, the cabbage-specific population equaled or exceeded the performance of the cucumber-specific (CuSP) and tomato-specific (ToSP) populations. Strikingly, neither CuSP nor ToSP ever had the best feeding performance on their natal hosts. Our results support the hypothesis that feeding differentiation has occurred, but we found no evidence that these changes increased the feeding performance of either CuSP or ToSP. Although confirming that rapid interpopulation divergence is possible, our findings nonetheless suggest that this differentiation did not yield highly adapted populations that might pose problems for future efforts at pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiming Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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25
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Firdaus S, van Heusden AW, Hidayati N, Supena EDJ, Mumm R, de Vos RCH, Visser RGF, Vosman B. Identification and QTL mapping of whitefly resistance components in Solanum galapagense. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:1487-501. [PMID: 23440381 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Solanum galapagense is closely related to the cultivated tomato and can show a very good resistance towards whitefly. A segregating population resulting from a cross between the cultivated tomato and a whitefly resistant S. galapagense was created and used for mapping whitefly resistance and related traits, which made it possible to study the genetic basis of the resistance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for adult survival co-localized with type IV trichome characteristics (presence, density, gland longevity and gland size). A major QTL (Wf-1) was found for adult survival and trichome characters on Chromosome 2. This QTL explained 54.1 % of the variation in adult survival and 81.5 % of the occurrence of type IV trichomes. A minor QTL (Wf-2) for adult survival and trichome characters was identified on Chromosome 9. The major QTL was confirmed in F3 populations. Comprehensive metabolomics, based on GCMS profiling, revealed that 16 metabolites segregating in the F2 mapping population were associated with Wf-1 and/or Wf-2. Analysis of the 10 most resistant and susceptible F2 genotypes by LCMS showed that several acyl sugars were present in significantly higher concentration in the whitefly resistant genotypes, suggesting a role for these components in the resistance as well. Our results show that whitefly resistance in S. galapagense seems to inherit relatively simple compared to whitefly resistance from other sources and this offers great prospects for resistance breeding as well as elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syarifin Firdaus
- Research Center for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680 West Java, Indonesia
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26
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Tzanetakis IE, Martin RR, Wintermantel WM. Epidemiology of criniviruses: an emerging problem in world agriculture. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:119. [PMID: 23730300 PMCID: PMC3656352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Crinivirus includes the whitefly-transmitted members of the family Closteroviridae. Whitefly-transmitted viruses have emerged as a major problem for world agriculture and are responsible for diseases that lead to losses measured in the billions of dollars annually. Criniviruses emerged as a major agricultural threat at the end of the twentieth century with the establishment and naturalization of their whitefly vectors, members of the genera Trialeurodes and Bemisia, in temperate climates around the globe. Several criniviruses cause significant diseases in single infections whereas others remain asymptomatic and only cause disease when found in mixed infections with other viruses. Characterization of the majority of criniviruses has been done in the last 20 years and this article provides a detailed review on the epidemiology of this important group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis E. Tzanetakis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Robert R. Martin
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - William M. Wintermantel
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceSalinas, CA, USA
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27
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Moreno-Delafuente A, Garzo E, Moreno A, Fereres A. A plant virus manipulates the behavior of its whitefly vector to enhance its transmission efficiency and spread. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61543. [PMID: 23613872 PMCID: PMC3629040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses can produce direct and plant-mediated indirect effects on their insect vectors, modifying their life cycle, fitness and behavior. Viruses may benefit from such changes leading to enhanced transmission efficiency and spread. In our study, female adults of Bemisia tabaci were subjected to an acquisition access period of 72 h in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-infected and non-infected tomato plants to obtain viruliferous and non-viruliferous whiteflies, respectively. Insects that were exposed to virus-infected plants were checked by PCR to verify their viruliferous status. Results of the Ethovision video tracking bioassays indicated that TYLCV induced an arrestant behavior of B. tabaci, as viruliferous whitefly adults remained motionless for more time and moved slower than non-viruliferous whiteflies after their first contact with eggplant leaf discs. In fact, Electrical Penetration Graphs showed that TYLCV-viruliferous B. tabaci fed more often from phloem sieve elements and made a larger number of phloem contacts (increased number of E1, E2 and sustained E2 per insect, p<0.05) in eggplants than non-viruliferous whiteflies. Furthermore, the duration of the salivation phase in phloem sieve elements (E1) preceding sustained sap ingestion was longer in viruliferous than in non-viruliferous whiteflies (p<0.05). This particular probing behavior is known to significantly enhance the inoculation efficiency of TYLCV by B. tabaci. Our results show evidence that TYLCV directly manipulates the settling, probing and feeding behavior of its vector B. tabaci in a way that enhances virus transmission efficiency and spread. Furthermore, TYLCV-B. tabaci interactions are mutually beneficial to both the virus and its vector because B. tabaci feeds more efficiently after acquisition of TYLCV. This outcome has clear implications in the epidemiology and management of the TYLCV-B. tabaci complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno-Delafuente
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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28
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VanDoorn A, de Vos M. Resistance to sap-sucking insects in modern-day agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:222. [PMID: 23818892 PMCID: PMC3694213 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbivores have co-evolved in their natural habitats for about 350 million years, but since the domestication of crops, plant resistance against insects has taken a different turn. With the onset of monoculture-driven modern agriculture, selective pressure on insects to overcome resistances has dramatically increased. Therefore plant breeders have resorted to high-tech tools to continuously create new insect-resistant crops. Efforts in the past 30 years have resulted in elucidation of mechanisms of many effective plant defenses against insect herbivores. Here, we critically appraise these efforts and - with a focus on sap-sucking insects - discuss how these findings have contributed to herbivore-resistant crops. Moreover, in this review we try to assess where future challenges and opportunities lay ahead. Of particular importance will be a mandatory reduction in systemic pesticide usage and thus a greater reliance on alternative methods, such as improved plant genetics for plant resistance to insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen VanDoorn
- Keygene NV, WageningenNetherlands
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin de Vos
- Keygene NV, WageningenNetherlands
- *Correspondence: Martin de Vos, Keygene NV, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, Netherlands e-mail:
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Improved herbivore resistance in cultivated tomato with the sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathway from a wild relative. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20124-9. [PMID: 23169639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208756109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato breeding has been tremendously efficient in increasing fruit quality and quantity but did not focus on improving herbivore resistance. The biosynthetic pathway for the production of 7-epizingiberene in a wild tomato was introduced into a cultivated greenhouse variety with the aim to obtain herbivore resistance. 7-Epizingiberene is a specific sesquiterpene with toxic and repellent properties that is produced and stored in glandular trichomes. We identified 7-epizingiberene synthase (ShZIS) that belongs to a new class of sesquiterpene synthases, exclusively using Z-Z-farnesyl-diphosphate (zFPP) in plastids, probably arisen through neo-functionalization of a common ancestor. Expression of the ShZIS and zFPP synthases in the glandular trichomes of cultivated tomato resulted in the production of 7-epizingiberene. These tomatoes gained resistance to several herbivores that are pests of tomato. Hence, introduction of this sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathway into cultivated tomatoes resulted in improved herbivore resistance.
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