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Martínez-Villar E, López-Manzanares B, Legarrea S, Pérez-Moreno I, Marco-Mancebón VS. Influence of abiotic factors on diapause termination and temperature requirements for postdiapause development in the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 2024; 92:777-794. [PMID: 38637448 PMCID: PMC11065907 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) is widely distributed and it can severely affect pome fruit crops, particularly apple. Pest outbreaks are related to an overuse of non-selective pesticide treatments that lead to the development of resistance and the absence of natural enemies in the orchard. A key aspect to optimize the use of pesticide treatments in the context of IPM is to increase the knowledge on the biology and ecology of the pest to better predict population dynamics and outbreaks. For the European red mite, knowledge on the conditions that lead to diapause breaking by winter eggs is essential to model population dynamics. To increase this knowledge, winter eggs were collected during field surveys in northen Spain during three years and egg hatching was monitored under controlled temperature and photoperiod conditions in the laboratory. The "number of days exposed to cold temperatures" was the most significant factor that positively affected hatching of overwintering eggs. The time required for 50% of the egg population to hatch (T50%) was also negatively modulated by the duration of exposure to cold temperature. The temperature threshold for postdiapause eggs development collected from the field was estimated between 5 and 6 ºC in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Moreover, the degree-days required for post diapause development were estimated between 263.2 and 270.3, depending on the year of collection. Collectively, we provide additional information on the diapause termination and postdiapause development of the European red mite that may effectively contribute to optimize pest population models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martínez-Villar
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - B López-Manzanares
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Finca La Grajera, Carretera de Burgos, km 6, 26071, Logroño, La Rioja, España
| | - S Legarrea
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - I Pérez-Moreno
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - V S Marco-Mancebón
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Legarrea S, LaTora AG, Simmons AM, Srinivasan R. Begomovirus Transmission to Tomato Plants Is Not Hampered by Plant Defenses Induced by Dicyphus hesperus Knight. Viruses 2024; 16:587. [PMID: 38675929 PMCID: PMC11055112 DOI: 10.3390/v16040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants can respond to insect infestation and virus infection by inducing plant defenses, generally mediated by phytohormones. Moreover, plant defenses alter host quality for insect vectors with consequences for the spread of viruses. In agricultural settings, other organisms commonly interact with plants, thereby inducing plant defenses that could affect plant-virus-vector interactions. For example, plant defenses induced by omnivorous insects can modulate insect behavior. This study focused on tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a plant virus of the family Geminiviridae and genus Begomovirus. It is transmitted in a persistent circulative manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), posing a global threat to tomato production. Mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) are effective biological control agents of B. tabaci, but there is a possibility that their omnivorous nature could also interfere with the process of virus transmission. To test this hypothesis, this study first addressed to what extent the mirid bug Dicyphus hesperus Knight induces plant defenses in tomato. Subsequently, the impact of this plant-omnivore interaction on the transmission of TYLCV was evaluated. Controlled cage experiments were performed in a greenhouse setting to evaluate the impact of mirids on virus transmission and vector acquisition by B. tabaci. While we observed a reduced number of whiteflies settling on plants exposed to D. hesperus, the plant defenses induced by the mirid bug did not affect TYLCV transmission and accumulation. Additionally, whiteflies were able to acquire comparable amounts of TYLCV on mirid-exposed plants and control plants. Overall, the induction of plant defenses by D. hesperus did not influence TYLCV transmission by whiteflies on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
- Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Angela Gabrielle LaTora
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
- University of Georgia Extension Fulton County, 7741 Roswell Road NE, Room 248, Sandy Springs, GA 30350, USA
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- U.S.D.A.—Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
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Legarrea S, Janssen A, Dong L, Glas JJ, van Houten YM, Scala A, Kant MR. Enhanced top-down control of herbivore population growth on plants with impaired defences. Funct Ecol 2022; 36:2859-2872. [PMID: 36632134 PMCID: PMC9826462 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore densities can be regulated by bottom-up and top-down forces such as plant defences and natural enemies, respectively. These forces can interact with each other to increase plant protection against herbivores; however, how much complementarity exists between bottom-up and top-down forces still remains to be fully elucidated. Particularly, because plant defences can hinder natural enemies, how these interactions affect herbivore performance and dynamics remains elusive.To address this topic, we performed laboratory and greenhouse bioassays with herbivorous mite pests and predatory mites on mutant tomato plants that lack defensive hairs on stems and leaves. Particularly, we investigated the behaviour and population dynamics of different phytophagous mite species in the absence and presence of predatory mites.We show that predatory mites do not only perform better on tomatoes lacking defensive hairs but also that they can suppress herbivore densities better and faster on these hairless plants. Hence, top-down control of herbivores by natural enemies more than compensated the reduced bottom-up herbivore control by plant defences.Our results lead to the counter-intuitive insight that removing, instead of introducing, plant defence traits can result in superior protection against important pests through biological control. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Departamento de Agricultura y AlimentaciónUniversidad de la RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Arne Janssen
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of EntomologyFederal University of ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Lin Dong
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alessandra Scala
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Therezan R, Kortbeek R, Vendemiatti E, Legarrea S, de Alencar SM, Schuurink RC, Bleeker P, Peres LEP. Introgression of the sesquiterpene biosynthesis from Solanum habrochaites to cultivated tomato offers insights into trichome morphology and arthropod resistance. Planta 2021; 254:11. [PMID: 34160697 PMCID: PMC8222033 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated tomatoes harboring the plastid-derived sesquiterpenes from S. habrochaites have altered type-VI trichome morphology and unveil additional genetic components necessary for piercing-sucking pest resistance. Arthropod resistance in the tomato wild relative Solanum habrochaites LA1777 is linked to specific sesquiterpene biosynthesis. The Sesquiterpene synthase 2 (SsT2) gene cluster on LA1777 chromosome 8 controls plastid-derived sesquiterpene synthesis. The main genes at SsT2 are Z-prenyltransferase (zFPS) and Santalene and Bergamotene Synthase (SBS), which produce α-santalene, β-bergamotene, and α-bergamotene in LA1777 round-shaped type-VI glandular trichomes. Cultivated tomatoes have mushroom-shaped type-VI trichomes with much smaller glands that contain low levels of monoterpenes and cytosolic-derived sesquiterpenes, not presenting the same pest resistance as in LA1777. We successfully transferred zFPS and SBS from LA1777 to cultivated tomato (cv. Micro-Tom, MT) by a backcrossing approach. The trichomes of the MT-Sst2 introgressed line produced high levels of the plastid-derived sesquiterpenes. The type-VI trichome internal storage-cavity size increased in MT-Sst2, probably as an effect of the increased amount of sesquiterpenes, although it was not enough to mimic the round-shaped LA1777 trichomes. The presence of high amounts of plastid-derived sesquiterpenes was also not sufficient to confer resistance to various tomato piercing-sucking pests, indicating that the effect of the sesquiterpenes found in the wild S. habrochaites can be insect specific. Our results provide for a better understanding of the morphology of S. habrochaites type-VI trichomes and paves the way to obtain insect-resistant tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Therezan
- Department of Biological Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Department of Plant Physiology, Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruy Kortbeek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eloisa Vendemiatti
- Department of Biological Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Severino M de Alencar
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Green Life Science Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Department of Biological Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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Marchant WG, Legarrea S, Smeda JR, Mutschler MA, Srinivasan R. Evaluating Acylsugars-Mediated Resistance in Tomato against Bemisia tabaci and Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. Insects 2020; 11:insects11120842. [PMID: 33260730 PMCID: PMC7760652 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major pest of cultivated tomato. Whitefly feeding-related injuries and transmission of viruses including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) cause serious losses. Management strategy includes planting resistant cultivars/hybrids. However, TYLCV resistance is incomplete and whiteflies on TYLCV-resistant cultivars/hybrids are managed by insecticides. Acylsugars'-mediated resistance against whiteflies has been introgressed from wild solanums into cultivated tomato. This study evaluated acylsugar-producing tomato lines with quantitative trait loci (QTL) containing introgressions from Solanum pennellii LA716, known to alter acylsugars' levels or chemistry. Evaluated acylsugar-producing lines were the benchmark line CU071026, QTL6/CU071026-a CU071026 sister line with QTL6, and three other CU071026 sister lines with varying QTLs-FA2/CU71026, FA7/CU071026, and FA2/FA7/CU071026. Non-acylsugar tomato hybrid Florida 47 (FL47) was also evaluated. Acylsugars' amounts in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 were 1.4 to 2.2 times greater than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Short chain fatty acid, i-C5, was dominant in all acylsugar-producing lines. Long chain fatty acids, n-C10 and n-C12, were more abundant in FA7/CU071026 and FA2/FA7/CU071026 than in other acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies preferentially settled on non-acylsugar hybrid FL47 leaves over three out of five acylsugar-producing lines, and whiteflies settled 5 to 85 times more on abaxial than adaxial leaf surface of FL47 than on acylsugar-producing lines. Whiteflies' survival was 1.5 to 1.9 times lower on acylsugar-producing lines than in FL47. Nevertheless, whiteflies' developmental time was up to 12.5% shorter on acylsugar-producing lines than on FL47. TYLCV infection following whitefly-mediated transmission to acylsugar-producing lines was 1.4 to 2.8 times lower than FL47, and TYLCV acquisition by whiteflies from acylsugar-producing lines was up to 77% lower than from FL47. However, TYLCV accumulation in acylsugar-producing lines following infection and TYLCV loads in whiteflies upon acquisition from acylsugar-producing lines were not different from FL47. Combining TYLCV resistance with acylsugars'-mediated whitefly resistance in cultivated tomato could substantially benefit whiteflies and TYLCV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA; (W.G.M.); (S.L.)
| | - John R. Smeda
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 257 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 30602, USA; (J.R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 310223, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +770-229-3099
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6
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Legarrea S, Barman A, Diffie S, Srinivasan R. Virus Accumulation and Whitefly Performance Modulate the Role of Alternate Host Species as Inoculum Sources of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2958-2966. [PMID: 32897844 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1853-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating alternate hosts that facilitate the persistence of a virus in the landscape is key to understanding virus epidemics. In this study, we explored the role of several plant species (eggplant, pepper, and Palmer amaranth) as inoculum sources of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and as reservoirs for its insect vector, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). All inoculated species were infected with TYLCV, but whiteflies acquired fewer viral copies via feeding from pepper and eggplant than from tomato and Palmer amaranth. Further, back-transmission assays to recipient tomato resulted in TYLCV infection only when TYLCV was acquired from Palmer amaranth or tomato. Analysis suggested that the role of plant species as TYLCV inoculum sources may be determined by the accumulation of viral copies in the plant, and consequently in the insect vector. In addition, results showed that all three alternate species could sustain populations of B. tabaci, while differentially influencing fitness of whiteflies. Eggplant was a superior host for whiteflies, whereas whitefly survival was compromised on pepper. Together, we demonstrate that both plant-virus and plant-vector interactions could influence the role of an alternate host in TYLCV epidemics, and in our region of study we highlight the potential risk of hosts such as Palmer amaranth in the spread of TYLCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Apurba Barman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Stanley Diffie
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
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Greenhalgh R, Dermauw W, Glas JJ, Rombauts S, Wybouw N, Thomas J, Alba JM, Pritham EJ, Legarrea S, Feyereisen R, Van de Peer Y, Van Leeuwen T, Clark RM, Kant MR. Genome streamlining in a minute herbivore that manipulates its host plant. eLife 2020; 9:56689. [PMID: 33095158 PMCID: PMC7738191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici, is among the smallest animals on earth. It is a worldwide pest on tomato and can potently suppress the host's natural resistance. We sequenced its genome, the first of an eriophyoid, and explored whether there are genomic features associated with the mite's minute size and lifestyle. At only 32.5 Mb, the genome is the smallest yet reported for any arthropod and, reminiscent of microbial eukaryotes, exceptionally streamlined. It has few transposable elements, tiny intergenic regions, and is remarkably intron-poor, as more than 80% of coding genes are intronless. Furthermore, in accordance with ecological specialization theory, this defense-suppressing herbivore has extremely reduced environmental response gene families such as those involved in chemoreception and detoxification. Other losses associate with this species' highly derived body plan. Our findings accelerate the understanding of evolutionary forces underpinning metazoan life at the limits of small physical and genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Greenhalgh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris J Glas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jainy Thomas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Juan M Alba
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Pritham
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René Feyereisen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Liu J, Legarrea S, Alba JM, Dong L, Chafi R, Menken SBJ, Kant MR. Juvenile Spider Mites Induce Salicylate Defenses, but Not Jasmonate Defenses, Unlike Adults. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:980. [PMID: 32754172 PMCID: PMC7367147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When plants detect herbivores they strengthen their defenses. As a consequence, some herbivores evolved the means to suppress these defenses. Research on induction and suppression of plant defenses usually makes use of particular life stages of herbivores. Yet many herbivorous arthropods go through development cycles in which their successive stages have different characteristics and lifestyles. Here we investigated the interaction between tomato defenses and different herbivore developmental stages using two herbivorous spider mites, i.e., Tetranychus urticae of which the adult females induce defenses and T. evansi of which the adult females suppress defenses in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). First, we monitored egg-to-adult developmental time on tomato wild type (WT) and the mutant defenseless-1 (def-1, unable to produce jasmonate-(JA)-defenses). Then we assessed expression of salivary effector genes (effector 28, 84, SHOT2b, and SHOT3b) in the consecutive spider mite life stages as well as adult males and females. Finally, we assessed the extent to which tomato plants upregulate JA- and salicylate-(SA)-defenses in response to the consecutive mite developmental stages and to the two sexes. The consecutive juvenile mite stages did not induce JA defenses and, accordingly, egg-to-adult development on WT and def-1 did not differ for either mite species. Their eggs however appeared to suppress the SA-response. In contrast, all the consecutive feeding stages upregulated SA-defenses with the strongest induction by T. urticae larvae. Expression of effector genes was higher in the later developmental stages. Comparing expression in adult males and females revealed a striking pattern: while expression of effector 84 and SHOT3b was higher in T. urticae females than in males, this was the opposite for T. evansi. We also observed T. urticae females to upregulate tomato defenses, while T. evansi females did not. In addition, of both species also the males did not upregulate defenses. Hence, we argue that mite ontogenetic niche shifts and stage-specific composition of salivary secreted proteins probably together determine the course and efficiency of induced tomato defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lin Dong
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steph B. J. Menken
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Liu J, Chafi R, Legarrea S, Alba JM, Meijer T, Menken SBJ, Kant MR. Spider Mites Cause More Damage to Tomato in the Dark When Induced Defenses Are Lower. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:631-641. [PMID: 32588284 PMCID: PMC7371662 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved robust mechanisms to cope with incidental variation (e.g. herbivory) and periodical variation (e.g. light/darkness during the day-night cycle) in their environment. It has been shown that a plant's susceptibility to pathogens can vary during its day-night cycle. We demonstrated earlier that the spider mite Tetranychus urticae induces jasmonate- and salicylate-mediated defenses in tomato plants while the spider mite T. evansi suppresses these defenses probably by secreting salivary effector proteins. Here we compared induction/suppression of plant defenses; the expression of mite-effector genes and the amount of damage due to mite feeding during the day and during the night. T. urticae feeding upregulated the expression of jasmonate and salicylate marker-genes albeit significantly higher under light than under darkness. Some of these marker-genes were also upregulated by T. evansi-feeding albeit to much lower levels than by T. urticae-feeding. The expression of effector 28 was not affected by light or darkness in either mite species. However, the expression of effector 84 was considerably higher under light, especially for T. evansi. Finally, while T. evansi produced overall more feeding damage than T. urticae both mites produced consistently more damage during the dark phase than under light. Our results suggest that induced defenses are subject to diurnal variation possibly causing tomatoes to incur more damage due to mite-feeding during the dark phase. We speculate that mites, but especially T. evansi, may relax effector production during the dark phase because under these conditions the plant's ability to upregulate defenses is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan M Alba
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomas Meijer
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steph B J Menken
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Section Molecular and Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Steenbergen M, Abd-El-Haliem A, Bleeker P, Dicke M, Escobar-Bravo R, Cheng G, Haring MA, Kant MR, Kappers I, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA, Legarrea S, Macel M, Mouden S, Pieterse CMJ, Sarde SJ, Schuurink RC, De Vos M, Van Wees SCM, Broekgaarden C. Thrips advisor: exploiting thrips-induced defences to combat pests on crops. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:1837-1848. [PMID: 29490080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse defence mechanisms to ward off herbivorous pests. However, agriculture still faces estimated crop yield losses ranging from 25% to 40% annually. These losses arise not only because of direct feeding damage, but also because many pests serve as vectors of plant viruses. Herbivorous thrips (Thysanoptera) are important pests of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide, and encompass virtually all general problems of pests: they are highly polyphagous, hard to control because of their complex lifestyle, and they are vectors of destructive viruses. Currently, control management of thrips mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides. However, thrips rapidly develop resistance to these pesticides. With the rising demand for more sustainable, safer, and healthier food production systems, we urgently need to pinpoint the gaps in knowledge of plant defences against thrips to enable the future development of novel control methods. In this review, we summarize the current, rather scarce, knowledge of thrips-induced plant responses and the role of phytohormonal signalling and chemical defences in these responses. We describe concrete opportunities for breeding resistance against pests such as thrips as a prototype approach for next-generation resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Steenbergen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Abd-El-Haliem
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Enza Zaden BV, AA Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Cheng
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Molecular & Chemical Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interactions Ecology, Radboud University, NL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanae Mouden
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, , TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu J, Legarrea S, Kant MR. Tomato Reproductive Success Is Equally Affected by Herbivores That Induce or That Suppress Defenses. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:2128. [PMID: 29326739 PMCID: PMC5733352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory induces plant defenses. These responses are often costly, yet enable plants under attack to reach a higher fitness than they would have reached without these defenses. Spider mites (Tetranychus ssp.) are polyphagous plant-pests. While most strains of the species Tetranychus urticae induce defenses at the expense of their performance, the species Tetranychus evansi suppresses plant defenses and thereby maintains a high performance. Most data indicate that suppression is a mite-adaptive trait. Suppression is characterized by a massive down-regulation of plant gene-expression compared to plants infested with defense-inducing mites as well as compared to control plants, albeit to a lesser extent. Therefore, we hypothesized that suppression may also benefit a plant since the resources saved during down-regulation could be used to increase reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we compared fruit and viable seed production of uninfested tomato plants with that of plants infested with defense-inducing or defense-suppressing mites. Mite-infested plants produced fruits faster than control plants albeit in lower total amounts. The T. evansi-infested plants produced the lowest number of fruits. However, the number of viable seeds was equal across treatments at the end of the experiment. Nonetheless, at this stage control plants were still alive and productive and therefore reach a higher lifetime fitness than mite-infested plants. Our results indicate that plants have plastic control over reproduction and can speed up fruit- and seed production when conditions are unfavorable. Moreover, we showed that although suppressed plants are less productive in terms of fruit production than induced plants, their lifetime fitness was equal under laboratory conditions. However, under natural conditions the fitness of plants such as tomato will also depend on the efficiency of seed dispersal by animals. Hence, we argue that the fitness of induced plants in the field may be promoted more by their higher fruit production relative to that of their suppressed counterparts.
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Legarrea S, Barman A, Marchant W, Diffie S, Srinivasan R. Temporal Effects of a Begomovirus Infection and Host Plant Resistance on the Preference and Development of an Insect Vector, Bemisia tabaci, and Implications for Epidemics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142114. [PMID: 26529402 PMCID: PMC4631503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent plant viruses, by altering phenotypic and physiological traits of their hosts, could modulate the host preference and fitness of hemipteran vectors. A majority of such modulations increase vector preference for virus-infected plants and improve vector fitness, ultimately favouring virus spread. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how these virus-induced modulations on vectors vary temporally, and whether host resistance to the pathogen influences such effects. This study addressed the two questions using a Begomovirus-whitefly-tomato model pathosystem. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) -susceptible and TYLCV-resistant tomato genotypes were evaluated by whitefly-mediated transmission assays. Quantitative PCR revealed that virus accumulation decreased after an initial spike in all genotypes. TYLCV accumulation was less in resistant than in susceptible genotypes at 3, 6, and 12 weeks post inoculation (WPI). TYLCV acquisition by whiteflies over time from resistant and susceptible genotypes was also consistent with virus accumulation in the host plant. Furthermore, preference assays indicated that non-viruliferous whiteflies preferred virus-infected plants, whereas viruliferous whiteflies preferred non-infected plants. However, this effect was prominent only with the susceptible genotype at 6 WPI. The development of whiteflies on non-infected susceptible and resistant genotypes was not significantly different. However, developmental time was reduced when a susceptible genotype was infected with TYLCV. Together, these results suggest that vector preference and development could be affected by the timing of infection and by host resistance. These effects could play a crucial role in TYLCV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Apurba Barman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stan Diffie
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
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Dáder B, Legarrea S, Moreno A, Plaza M, Carmo-Sousa M, Amor F, Viñuela E, Fereres A. Control of insect vectors and plant viruses in protected crops by novel pyrethroid-treated nets. Pest Manag Sci 2015; 71:1397-1406. [PMID: 25404196 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) constitute a novel alternative that combines physical and chemical tactics to prevent insect access and the spread of insect-transmitted plant viruses in protected enclosures. This approach is based on a slow-release insecticide-treated net with large hole sizes that allow improved ventilation of greenhouses. The efficacy of a wide range of LLITNs was tested under laboratory conditions against Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Bemisia tabaci. Two nets were selected for field tests under a high insect infestation pressure in the presence of plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus. The efficacy of Aphidius colemani, a parasitoid commonly used for biological control of aphids, was studied in parallel field experiments. RESULTS LLITNs produced high mortality of aphids, although their efficacy decreased over time with sun exposure. Certain nets excluded whiteflies under laboratory conditions; however, they failed in the field. Nets effectively blocked the invasion of aphids and reduced the incidence of viruses in the field. The parasitoid A. colemani was compatible with LLITNs. CONCLUSION LLITNs of appropriate mesh size can become a very valuable tool in combination with biocontrol agents for additional protection against insect vectors of plant viruses under IPM programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dáder
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saioa Legarrea
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Plaza
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Carmo-Sousa
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Amor
- Protección de Cultivos, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Viñuela
- Protección de Cultivos, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Legarrea S, Betancourt M, Plaza M, Fraile A, García-Arenal F, Fereres A. Dynamics of nonpersistent aphid-borne viruses in lettuce crops covered with UV-absorbing nets. Virus Res 2012; 165:1-8. [PMID: 22226944 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aphid-transmitted viruses frequently cause severe epidemics in lettuce grown under Mediterranean climates. Spatio-temporal dynamics of aphid-transmitted viruses and its vector were studied on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under tunnels covered by two types of nets: a commercial UV-absorbing net (Bionet) and a Standard net. A group of plants infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, family Bromoviridae, genus Cucumovirus) and Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV, family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) was transplanted in each plot. The same virus-infected source plants were artificially infested by the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Secondary spread of insects was weekly monitored and plants were sampled for the detection of viruses every two weeks. In 2008, the infection rate of both CMV and LMV were lower under the Bionet than under the Standard cover, probably due to the lower population density and lower dispersal rate achieved by M. euphorbiae. However, during spring of 2009, significant differences in the rate of infection between the two covers were only found for LMV six weeks after transplant. The spatial distribution of the viruses analysed by SADIE methodology was "at random", and it was not associated to the spatial pattern of the vector. The results obtained are discussed analyzing the wide range of interactions that occurred among UV-radiation, host plant, viruses, insect vector and environmental conditions. Our results show that UV-absorbing nets can be recommended as a component of an integrated disease management program to reduce secondary spread of lettuce viruses, although not as a control measure on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Legarrea
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, ICA, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Legarrea S, Karnieli A, Fereres A, Weintraub PG. Comparison of UV-absorbing Nets in Pepper Crops: Spectral Properties, Effects on Plants and Pest Control. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:324-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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