1
|
Asgari N, Ghaemi EA, Naeimi MH, Tahamtan A, Sechi LA, Zamani S. Cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 4027 peptide and Human IRF5 may contribute to Multiple Sclerosis in Iranian patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22137. [PMID: 38034802 PMCID: PMC10686849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Multiple sclerosis (MS) is complicated and can be affected by several environmental factors, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in genetically predisposed individuals. The link between MAP and MS depends on host genetic and epigenetic aspects and population-based features that require further investigation. We aimed to study the possible role of MAP in triggering MS using molecular and serological methods. Materials and methods This case-control study examined 200 blood samples (100 MS patients and 100 HCs) to search for the MAP-specific IS900 gene. In addition, ELISA was conducted to determine the humoral response against MAP_402718-32 and its human IRF5424-434 peptide homolog. Results The frequency of MAP detection based on the molecular method in MS patients and HCs was 48 % and 13 %, respectively (p < 0.0001). The presence of antibodies against MAP_402718-32 and IRF5424-434 was 55 % and 65 % in MS patients versus 9 % and 7 % in HCs, respectively (p < 0.0001). A good correlation was observed between MAP_4027 and IRF5 antibodies (r = 0.5782, p < 0.0001), indicating that the same antibodies recognized common peptide epitopes. Conclusion Our research revealed a significant association between MAP and MS, highlighting the possible role of MAP as an important infection trigger factor of MS. It is hypothesized that cross-reactivity between MAP4027 and IRF5 may dysregulate immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asgari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Naeimi
- Department of Neurology, Sayyad Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samin Zamani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fakhkhari M, Caidi H, Sadki K. HLA alleles associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in different populations: a systematic review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2023; 24:10. [PMID: 36710951 PMCID: PMC9867832 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-023-00390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus called as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Detected for the first time in December 2019 in Wuhan and it has quickly spread all over the world in a couple of months and becoming a world pandemic. Symptoms of the disease and clinical outcomes are very different in infected people. These differences highlight the paramount need to study and understand the human genetic variation that occurring viral infections. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is an important component of the viral antigen presentation pathway, and it plays an essential role in conferring differential viral susceptibility and severity of diseases. HLA alleles have been involved in the immune response to viral diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. Main body of the abstract Herein, we sought to evaluate this hypothesis by summarizing the association between HLA class I and class II alleles with COVID-19 susceptibility and/or severity reported in previous studies among different populations (Chinese, Italian, Iranian, Japanese, Spanish, etc.). The findings of all selected articles showed that several alleles have been found associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Even results across articles have been inconsistent and, in some cases, conflicting, highlighting that the association between the HLA system and the COVID-19 outcome might be ethnic-dependent, there were some alleles in common between some populations such as HLA-DRB1*15 and HLA-A*30:02. Conclusion These contradictory findings warrant further large, and reproducible studies to decipher any possible genetic predisposition underlying susceptibility to SARS-COV-2 and disease progression and host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Fakhkhari
- grid.31143.340000 0001 2168 4024Research Laboratory in Oral Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hayat Caidi
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069NARST Surveillance Unit, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Khalid Sadki
- grid.31143.340000 0001 2168 4024Research Laboratory in Oral Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanikannan MA, Kathgave R, Yareeda S, Katkam SK, Kumaraswamy K, Kutala VK. Association of HLA DRB1-DQB1 Haplotypes with the Risk for Neuromyelitis Optica among South Indians. Neurol India 2022; 70:1481-1486. [PMID: 36076647 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.355130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder, mainly characterized by severe optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and the high levels of antibodies against NMO-immunoglobulin G (IgG) or aquaporin-4 (AQP4). HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles within the HLA class II region on chromosome 6p21 are known to play a significant role in several autoimmune diseases including NMO. The rationale of the current case-control study is to explore the association of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles with the risk of NMO and its association with the clinical and serological markers. Methods A total of 158 samples (38 NMO cases and 120-age and ethnicity matched controls) were genotyped for the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles by using PCR-SSP method. Results Our analysis showed significant association of HLA-DRB1*10 allele (OR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.18-5.83, p=0.02) with NMO whereas DRB1*14 showed protective role against NMO (OR 0.33: 95% CI: 0.11-0.94, p=0.043). HLA-DRB1*10 allele also showed significant association in patients with NMO-IgG positive antibody (OR 3.28: 95% CI: 1.42-7.5, p=0.006). There was no association of HLA DQB1 alleles with NMO and also with NMO-IgG antibody. Among the haplotypes groups, HLA-DRB1*10-DQB1*05 (OR 2.61, 95% CI: 1.11-6.1, p=0.03), HLA-DRB1*15-DQB1*03 (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.81-11.5, p=0.001) were strongly associated with the risk of NMO, whereas DRB1*14-DQB1*05 (OR 0.20, 95% CI: 0.060-0.721, p=0.008) showed negative association with NMO. Conclusion From this study, it is concluded that the HLA-DRB1*10 and DRB1*10-DQB1*05 and HLA-DRB1*15-DQB1*03 haplotypes may influence the susceptibility to NMO among the South Indians. Additionally we found DRB1*14 allele and DRB1*14-DQB1*05 haplotype showed protective role for NMO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena A Kanikannan
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rakesh Kathgave
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sireesha Yareeda
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shiva K Katkam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Konda Kumaraswamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vijay K Kutala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amoriello R, Rizzo R, Mariottini A, Bortolotti D, Gentili V, Bonechi E, Aldinucci A, Carnasciali A, Peruzzi B, Repice AM, Massacesi L, Fainardi E, Ballerini C. Investigating Serum sHLA-G Cooperation With MRI Activity and Disease-Modifying Treatment Outcome in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:872396. [PMID: 35693002 PMCID: PMC9174986 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.872396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a demyelinating disease in which pathogenesis T cells have a major role. Despite the unknown etiology, several risk factors have been described, including a strong association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Recent findings showed that HLA class I-G (HLA-G) may be tolerogenic in MS, but further insights are required. To deepen the HLA-G role in MS inflammation, we measured soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) and cytokines serum level in 27 patients with RRMS at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of natalizumab (NTZ) treatment. Patients were divided into high (sHLA-G>20 ng/ml), medium (sHLA-G between 10 and 20 ng/ml), and low (sHLA-G <10 ng/ml) producers. Results showed a heterogeneous distribution of genotypes among producers, with no significant differences between groups. A significant decrease of sHLA-G was found after 24 months of NTZ in low producers carrying the +3142 C/G genotype. Finally, 83.3% of high and 100% of medium producers were MRI-activity free after 24 months of treatment, compared to 63.5% of low producers. Of note, we did not find any correlation of sHLA-G with peripheral cell counts or cytokines level. These findings suggest that serum sHLA-G level may partly depend on genotype rather than peripheral inflammation, and that may have impacted on MRI activity of patients over treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Amoriello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (DMSC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Mariottini
- Department of Neurosciences, Drugs and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Bonechi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (DMSC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Aldinucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Drugs and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Carnasciali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (DMSC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Peruzzi
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy (CDCI), Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Repice
- Department of Neurosciences, Drugs and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Massacesi
- Department of Neurosciences, Drugs and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department Neurology II, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (DMSC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Clara Ballerini
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang T, Shen C, Li H, Chen L, Liu S, Qi J. High resolution HLA-DRB1 analysis and shared molecular amino acid signature of DRβ1 molecules in Occult hepatitis B infection. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:22. [PMID: 35468727 PMCID: PMC9040378 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles and the variations of polymorphic amino acid changes in DRβ1 chain in Shaanxi Han population with Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). METHODS High-resolution HLA-DRB1 genotyping was performed in 107 OBI carriers and 280 normal controls. Sequence information was used to assign which amino acids were encoded at all polymorphic positions. Three-dimensional modeling was performed to explore the effect of the key residues on the HLA-DRB1 molecule. RESULTS Strong susceptible association for allele DRB1*07:01 was observed in OBI carriers. The amino acid variation at HLA-DRβ1 molecule revealed susceptible associations for residues Gln4β, Val57β(P9), Ser60β(P9) and Val78β(P4), the amino acids Arg4β, Asp57β(P9), Tyr60β(P9) and Tyr78β(P4) showed protective associations. CONCLUSION Alleles DRB1*07:01 showed strong susceptible associations in OBI carriers. The amino acid variations in DRβ molecules revealed significant molecular markers for susceptibility and protection from OBI in Shaanxi Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Wang
- HLA Typing Laboratory, Blood Center of the Shaanxi Province, Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, 407# Zhuque Ave, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Shen
- HLA Typing Laboratory, Blood Center of the Shaanxi Province, Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, 407# Zhuque Ave, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengxin Li
- HLA Typing Laboratory, Blood Center of the Shaanxi Province, Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, 407# Zhuque Ave, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Chen
- HLA Typing Laboratory, Blood Center of the Shaanxi Province, Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, 407# Zhuque Ave, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Liu
- HLA Typing Laboratory, Blood Center of the Shaanxi Province, Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, 407# Zhuque Ave, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qi
- HLA Typing Laboratory, Blood Center of the Shaanxi Province, Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, 407# Zhuque Ave, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hayashi F, Isobe N, Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sakoda A, Matsushita T, Hattori N, Kira JI. Elevated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody titer in Japanese multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577701. [PMID: 34507015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether antibody production against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is related to clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, IgG antibody against three MAP peptides and two human peptides homologous to MAP were measured in sera from 103 MS patients and 50 healthy controls (HCs). MS patients had higher IgG levels against MAP2694295-303 (MAP2694-IgG) than HCs, while the other antibodies were comparable. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher MAP2694-IgG titers were associated with higher EDSS scores, but not with HLA alleles or dairy product consumption. Immune response against MAP may worsen MS disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan; Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frau J, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Cocco E. Infections and Multiple Sclerosis: From the World to Sardinia, From Sardinia to the World. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728677. [PMID: 34691035 PMCID: PMC8527089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Sardinia, an Italian island, is one of the areas with the highest global prevalence of MS. Genetic factors have been widely explored to explain this greater prevalence among some populations; the genetic makeup of the Sardinians appears to make them more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. A strong association between MS and some infections have been reported globally. The most robust evidence indicating the role of infections is MS development concerns the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Anti-EBV antibodies in patients once infected by EBV are associated with the development of MS years later. These features have also been noted in Sardinian patients with MS. Many groups have found an increased expression of the Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) family in patients with MS. A role in pathogenesis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response has been proposed for HERV. A European multi-centre study has shown that their presence was variable among populations, ranging from 59% to 100% of patients, with higher HERV expression noted in Sardinian patients with MS. The mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA and antibodies against MAP2694 protein were found to be associated with MS in Sardinian patients. More recently, this association has also been reported in Japanese patients with MS. In this study, we analysed the role of infectious factors in Sardinian patients with MS and compared it with the findings reported in other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Tutela Salute (ATS) Sardegna, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
DCunha A, Pandit L, Malli C, Sudhir A. Evaluating the Role of HLA DRB1 Alleles and Oligoclonal Bands in Influencing Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis - A Study from the Mangalore Demyelinating Disease Registry. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:356-360. [PMID: 34446997 PMCID: PMC8370157 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_508_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The possible interaction between genetic and immunological factors in influencing clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been studied previously in Indian population. Aim: In this study we evaluated the association of HLA alleles and OCB in affecting clinical course and disability of MS. Methods: Clinical and demographic features of 145 MS patients who had CSF oligoclonal bands (OCB) tested by isoelectric focussing technique were analyzed, disability status estimated, and HLA DRB1 alleles were genotyped. Results: OCBs were positive in 53.8% (78/145) of all MS cases. Patients with CSF OCB had more frequent relapses and an association with HLA DRB1*15. Early disease onset and a high annualized relapse rate was associated with HLA DRB1*03 allele. A relapsing remitting course for MS was seen with HLA DRB1*03 & 15 while a progressive disease was associated with DRB1*01. Presence of both OCB and HLA DRB1*13 was significantly associated with disability in this cohort. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that an interaction between immunological and genetic factors may influence disease onset, course, and disability in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anitha DCunha
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lekha Pandit
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaithra Malli
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshatha Sudhir
- Center for Advanced Neurological Research, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cavallo S. Immune-mediated genesis of multiple sclerosis. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100039. [PMID: 32743522 PMCID: PMC7388381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely acknowledged to be an autoimmune disease affecting the neuronal myelin structure of the CNS. Autoantigens recognized as the target of this autoimmune process are: myelin basal protein, anti-proteolipid protein, antimyelin-associated glycoprotein and antimyelin-based oligodendrocytic basic protein. Ample evidence supports the idea of a dysregulation of immunological tolerance towards self-antigens of neuronal myelin structure triggered by one or more viral or bacterial microbial agents in predisposed HLA gene subjects. Genetic predisposition to MS has been highlighted by numerous studies associating the disease to specific HLA haplotypes. Moreover, a wide range of evidence supports the fact that MS may be consequence of one or more viral or bacterial infections such as measles virus, EBV, HHV6, HZV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter Pylori, and other microbial agents. Microbiota elements also seems to have a role on the determinism of the disease as a pathogenic or protective factor. The autoimmune pathogenetic process could arise when a molecular mimicry between a foreign microbial antigen and an auto-antigen occurs in an HLA gene subject competent for that particular antigen. The antigen-presenting cells in this case would induce the activation of a specific Th clone causing a cross-reaction between a foreign antigen and an autoantigen resulting in an autoimmune response. A multifactorial ethiopathogenetic model based on immunomediation is a reliable hypothesis for multiple sclerosis. Evidence found in the scientific literature makes it possible to reconstruct this etiopathogenetic hypothesis for MS. HLA gene predisposition, correlation with infections, molecular mimicry and other immunological data are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cavallo
- Expert Doctor in Non-Conventional Medicine, Professor and Member of the Board of the MMS, MMS (Medicina di Modulazione Dei Sistemi) Roma, Salvatore Cavallo Via G.B. Pergolesi, 28, 75100, Matera, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mack SJ, Udell J, Cohen F, Osoegawa K, Hawbecker SK, Noonan DA, Ladner MB, Goodridge D, Trachtenberg EA, Oksenberg JR, Erlich HA. High resolution HLA analysis reveals independent class I haplotypes and amino-acid motifs protective for multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2019; 20:308-326. [PMID: 29307888 PMCID: PMC6035897 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-017-0006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated association between HLA class I and class II alleles and haplotypes, and KIR loci and their HLA class I ligands, with multiple sclerosis (MS) in 412 European American MS patients and 419 ethnically matched controls, using next-generation sequencing. The DRB1*15:01~DQB1*06:02 haplotype was highly predisposing (odds ratio (OR) = 3.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3-5.31; p-value (p) = 2.22E-16), as was DRB1*03:01~DQB1*02:01 (OR = 1.63; CI = 1.19-2.24; p = 1.41E-03). Hardy-Weinberg (HW) analysis in MS patients revealed a significant DRB1*03:01~DQB1*02:01 homozyote excess (15 observed; 8.6 expected; p = 0.016). The OR for this genotype (5.27; CI = 1.47-28.52; p = 0.0036) suggests a recessive MS risk model. Controls displayed no HW deviations. The C*03:04~B*40:01 haplotype (OR = 0.27; CI = 0.14-0.51; p = 6.76E-06) was highly protective for MS, especially in haplotypes with A*02:01 (OR = 0.15; CI = 0.04-0.45; p = 6.51E-05). By itself, A*02:01 is moderately protective, (OR = 0.69; CI = 0.54-0.87; p = 1.46E-03), and haplotypes of A*02:01 with the HLA-B Thr80 Bw4 variant (Bw4T) more so (OR = 0.53; CI = 0.35-0.78; p = 7.55E-04). Protective associations with the Bw4 KIR ligand resulted from linkage disequilibrium (LD) with DRB1*15:01, but the Bw4T variant was protective (OR = 0.64; CI = 0.49-0.82; p = 3.37-04) independent of LD with DRB1*15:01. The Bw4I variant was not associated with MS. Overall, we find specific class I HLA polymorphisms to be protective for MS, independent of the strong predisposition conferred by DRB1*15:01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Mack
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Julia Udell
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Franziska Cohen
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Osoegawa
- Histocompatibility, Immunogenetics & Disease Profiling Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sharon K Hawbecker
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - David A Noonan
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha B Ladner
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry A Erlich
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Nashmi M, Taha S, Salem AH, Alsharoqi I, Bakhiet M. Distinct HLA class I and II genotypes and haplotypes are associated with multiple sclerosis in Bahrain. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:531-539. [PMID: 30546882 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has become prevalent in the Arabian Gulf area with high incidence in Bahrain due to environmental influences and genetic susceptibilities, but there is a lack of study into human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types in patients with MS in Bahrain. The present study aimed to study the HLA types expressed in MS patients compared with in control subjects. Blood samples from 50 Bahraini patients with MS and 50 Bahraini control subjects' were subjected to HLA tissue typing by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. In comparison with those in control subjects, the allele frequencies of HLA class-I antigens A2, A9, A19, B5, B35 and B40 were higher in MS patients. For class II antigens, the allele frequencies of DR3, DR4 and DR16 were higher in MS patients. The allele frequency of DR15 was lower in MS patients than in control subjects but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.138). The higher prevalence of the HLA-ABDR allele was common among the female patients with MS, in relapse remission stage, in cases with higher expanded disability status scale scores and with disease duration between 4 and 9 years. Haplotype HLA-A2-B40-DR2 exhibited significantly higher frequency in MS patients compared with in control subjects (P=0.03). In conclusion, the results indicated different alleles associated with MS compared with previous reviews. The present study supports the importance of identifying genetic susceptibilities and targets for therapies in specific populations and individuals, to personalize disease management in terms of prediction, protective measures and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moudi Al-Nashmi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Safa Taha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Abdel Halim Salem
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Isa Alsharoqi
- Department of Neuroscience, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 12, Bahrain
| | - Moiz Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis in a Sardinian family. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25:73-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Frau J, Villar LM, Sardu C, Secci MA, Schirru L, Ferraro D, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Bedin R, Sola P, Marrosu MG, Cocco E. Intrathecal oligoclonal bands synthesis in multiple sclerosis: is it always a prognostic factor? J Neurol 2017; 265:424-430. [PMID: 29273846 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligoclonal IgM (OCMB) and IgG (OCGB) bands were found to be associated with poor multiple sclerosis (MS) prognosis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of OCMB/OCGB in a cohort of Sardinian MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited patients from the University of Cagliari. They underwent lumbar puncture for diagnostic purposes. Demographic and the following clinical data were recorded: clinical course; time to reach EDSS 3 and 6; EDSS at last follow-up; and MS treatments. The influence of gender, clinical course, age at onset, treatments, and OCGB/OCMB on reaching EDSS 3 was analysed using Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to study the time to reach EDSS 3 considering OCMB/OCGB and therapies. RESULTS The enrolled number of subjects was 503. The variables influencing the achievement of EDSS 3.0 were: male gender (p = 0.005); progressive course (p = 0.001); age at onset (p < 0.001); and disease-modifying drugs (p < 0.001). The OCGB/OCMB status was not significant. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no difference in time to reach EDSS 3 for patients with and without OCGB or OCMB in both treated and non-treated groups. CONCLUSION Our study did not confirm the poor prognostic value of OCMB/OCGB. These results may be influenced by the peculiar genetic background associated with the risk of MS in Sardinians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Maria Villar
- Immunology and Neurology Service, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón Y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Sardu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Policlinico Monserrato, SS554, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Schirru
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Bedin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via Is Guadazzonis 2, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lorefice L, Fenu G, Sardu C, Frau J, Coghe G, Costa G, Schirru L, Secci MA, Sechi V, Barracciu MA, Marrosu MG, Cocco E. Multiple sclerosis and HLA genotypes: A possible influence on brain atrophy. Mult Scler 2017; 25:23-30. [PMID: 29111883 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517739989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strongest genetic determinant for multiple sclerosis (MS) is located at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DRB1 and DQB1 loci. OBJECTIVES To investigate the possible role of predisposing HLA genotypes in determining brain atrophy. METHODS HLA genotypes were categorized as high risk (two predisposing haplotypes) or medium/low risk (one or no predisposing haplotypes). Patients underwent a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study and volumes of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and whole brain (WB) were estimated with SIENAX. Longitudinal atrophy was also assessed with SIENA. RESULTS The study included 240 MS patients. In 51/240 (21%) subjects, a high-risk HLA genotype was observed, while medium- and low-risk HLA genotypes were 109/240 (45%) and 80/240 (34%), respectively. Multiple regression analysis found that the high-risk HLA genotype was associated with significant reduction in WB ( p = 0.02) and GM ( p = 0.03) volumes compared with the medium-/low-risk HLA genotypes, independently from MS clinical features. The longitudinal study included 60 patients and showed a brain volume loss of -0.79% in high-risk HLA genotype group versus -0.56% in low-risk HLA genotype. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an influence of HLA genotype on WB and GM atrophy. Further investigations are necessary to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Sardu
- Unit of Epidemiology, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianna Costa
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lucia Schirru
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Secci
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sechi
- Radiology Unit, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Binaghi Hospital, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy/Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakamura Y, Matsushita T, Sato S, Niino M, Fukazawa T, Yoshimura S, Hisahara S, Isobe N, Shimohama S, Watanabe M, Yoshida K, Houzen H, Miyazaki Y, Yamasaki R, Kikuchi S, Kira JI. Latitude and HLA-DRB1*04:05 independently influence disease severity in Japanese multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:239. [PMID: 27599848 PMCID: PMC5013608 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Higher latitude and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:05 increase susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Japanese population, but their effects on disease severity are unknown. We aimed to clarify the effects of latitude and the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DPB1 genes on disease severity in Japanese patients with MS. Methods We enrolled 247 MS patients and 159 healthy controls (HCs) from the northernmost main island of Japan, Hokkaido Island (42–45° north), and 187 MS patients and 235 HCs from the southern half (33–35° north) of the Japanese archipelago (33–45° north). We genotyped HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DPB1 alleles, compared demographic features, and analyzed factors contributing to differences in clinical and laboratory findings between MS patients from southern and northern Japan. The Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS), which adjusts the Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale score according to disease duration, was used to estimate disease severity. Results The HLA-DRB1*04:05 and DRB1*15:01 alleles conferred susceptibility to MS in our Japanese population (pcorr = 0.0004 and pcorr = 0.0019, respectively). Southern patients had higher MSSS scores than northern patients (p = 0.003). Northern patients had higher frequencies of brain lesions meeting the Barkhof criteria (Barkhof brain lesions) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG abnormalities than southern patients (p = 0.0012 and p < 0.0001, respectively). DRB1*04:05-positive MS patients had lower MSSS scores and lower frequencies of Barkhof brain lesions and CSF IgG abnormalities than DRB1*04:05-negative MS patients (p = 0.0415, p = 0.0026, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that latitude and DRB1*04:05 were independently associated with the lowest quartile of MSSS and that latitude was positively associated with Barkhof brain lesions and CSF IgG abnormalities. DRB1*04:05 was negatively associated with these parameters. MSSS was decreased by 0.57 per DRB1*04:05 allele (p = 0.0198). Conclusions Living at a higher latitude and carrying the DRB1*04:05 allele independently lessens MS symptom severity as defined by MSSS. However, these factors influence the frequency of Barkhof brain lesions and CSF IgG abnormalities in opposite ways; higher latitude increases the frequency of Barkhof brain lesions and CSF IgG abnormalities, whereas DRB1*04:05 decreases them. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0695-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaaki Niino
- Department of Clinical Research, Hokkaido Medical Center, Yamanote 5-jo 7-chome, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukazawa
- Sapporo Neurology Clinic, 21-2-1, Kita 21-jo Higashi, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, 065-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shin Hisahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Red Cross Hospital, 1-1-1, Akebono 1-jo, Asahikawa, 070-8530, Japan
| | - Hideki Houzen
- Department of Neurology, Obihiro Kosei General Hospital, 8-1, Nishi 6-jo Minami, Obihiro, 080-0016, Japan
| | - Yusei Miyazaki
- Department of Clinical Research, Hokkaido Medical Center, Yamanote 5-jo 7-chome, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Hokkaido Medical Center, Yamanote 5-jo 7-chome, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiji Kikuchi
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido Medical Center, Yamanote 5-jo 7-chome, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hilven
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hollenbach JA, Oksenberg JR. The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:13-25. [PMID: 26142251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and common cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults. The likelihood for an individual to develop MS is strongly influenced by her or his ethnic background and family history of disease, suggesting that genetic susceptibility is a key determinant of risk. Over 100 loci have been firmly associated with susceptibility, whereas the main signal genome-wide maps to the class II region of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene cluster and explains up to 10.5% of the genetic variance underlying risk. HLA-DRB1*15:01 has the strongest effect with an average odds ratio of 3.08. However, complex allelic hierarchical lineages, cis/trans haplotypic effects, and independent protective signals in the class I region of the locus have been described as well. Despite the remarkable molecular dissection of the HLA region in MS, further studies are needed to generate unifying models to account for the role of the MHC in disease pathogenesis. Driven by the discovery of combinatorial associations of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) and HLA alleles with infectious, autoimmune diseases, transplantation outcome and pregnancy, multi-locus immunogenomic research is now thriving. Central to immunity and critically important for human health, KIR molecules and their HLA ligands are encoded by complex genetic systems with extraordinarily high levels of sequence and structural variation and complex expression patterns. However, studies to-date of KIR in MS have been few and limited to very low resolution genotyping. Application of modern sequencing methodologies coupled with state of the art bioinformatics and analytical approaches will permit us to fully appreciate the impact of HLA and KIR variation in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hadjixenofontos A, Gourraud PA, Bakthavachalam V, Foco L, Ticca A, Bitti P, Pastorino R, Bernardinelli L, McCauley JL. Enrichment for Northern European-derived multiple sclerosis risk alleles in Sardinia. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1396-403. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515581872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The list of genomic loci associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in patients of Northern European (NE) ancestry has increased to 103. Despite the extraordinarily high MS prevalence in the isolated Sardinian population, the contribution of genetic risk factors to MS in Sardinia is largely not understood. Objective: The objective of this paper is to examine the relevance of non-MHC MS susceptibility variants in Sardinia. Methods: We examined a log-additive MS-specific genetic burden score (MSGB) using 110 NE-derived risk alleles in a dataset of 75 Sardinian cases, 346 Sardinian controls and 177 cases and 1967 controls from the United States (US). Results: Sardinian cases demonstrate a heavier non-MHC MSGB load than Sardinian controls and US cases ( p = 2E-06, p = 1E-06, respectively). Furthermore, Sardinian controls carry a heavier burden than US controls ( p = 2E-14). Our results confirm the limited ability of the 110-SNP MSGB to predict disease status in Sardinia (AUROC = 0.629). Conclusions: Risk alleles discovered in samples of NE ancestry are relevant to MS in Sardinia. Our results suggest a general enrichment of MS susceptibility alleles in Sardinians, encouraging the pursuit of further studies of MS in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hadjixenofontos
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
| | - PA Gourraud
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, USA
| | - V Bakthavachalam
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, USA
| | - L Foco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - A Ticca
- Divisione di Neurologia, Ospedale S. Francesco, Italy
| | - P Bitti
- Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion Department, Ospedale S. Francesco, Italy
| | - R Pastorino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - L Bernardinelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy/Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - JL McCauley
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Progressive multiple sclerosis and mood disorders. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1625-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
One of the most consistent findings in multiple sclerosis (MS) is that development of MS is linked with carriage of the class II human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecule HLA-DRB1*15:01; around 60 % of Caucasian MS patients carry this allele compared to 25-30 % of ethnically matched healthy individuals. However, other HLA molecules have also been linked to the development of MS. In this chapter, the association between different HLA types and susceptibility to MS will be reviewed, and other linkages between the carriage of specific HLA molecules and clinical and experimental findings in MS will be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Greer
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Building 71/918 Riyal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar A, Sechi LA, Caboni P, Marrosu MG, Atzori L, Pieroni E. Dynamical insights into the differential characteristics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptide binding to HLA-DRB1 proteins associated with multiple sclerosis. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Differential properties of MAP binding to HLA proteins in Sardinian MS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris
- Biomedicine Dept
- Pula (CA)
- Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Microbiology and Virology Unit
- University of Sassari
- Sassari
- Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Enrico Pieroni
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris
- Biomedicine Dept
- Pula (CA)
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cocco E, Sardu C, Spinicci G, Musu L, Massa R, Frau J, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Coghe G, Massole S, Maioli MA, Piras R, Melis M, Porcu G, Mamusa E, Carboni N, Contu P, Marrosu MG. Influence of treatments in multiple sclerosis disability: A cohort study. Mult Scler 2014; 21:433-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514546788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: A critical aspect of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments is understanding the effect of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) on the long-term risk of disability and whether the effect is related to disability at start of treatment. Methods: We performed an observational study on 3060 MS patients. The effect of therapy on progression to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.0 and 6.0 from onset was analysed in treated vs untreated (UTP) patients using Cox regression analysis adjusted for propensity score and immortal time bias. Results: Compared to UTP, the risks of EDSS 3.0 were 94% and 73% lower in immunomodulant (IMTP-) and immunosuppressant (ISTP-) treated patients, respectively, while the risk of EDSS 6.0 was 86% lower in IMTP. The risk of EDSS 6.0 was, respectively, 91% and 75% lower in 1275 IMTP before and 114 after EDSS 3.0 than in 539 UTP; the risk was higher in IMTP starting therapy after EDSS 3.0 than before (HR = 4.42). Conclusions: DMDs delayed long-term disability in MS patients treated either in the early or, to a lesser extent, in the later phase of the disease. Thus, the window of therapeutic opportunity is relatively extended, assuming that early is better than late treatment, but late is better than never.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachele Piras
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Melis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASL 8, Cagliari/ University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mishra G, Kumar N, Kaur G, Jain S, Tiwari PK, Mehra NK. Distribution of HLA-A, B and DRB1 alleles in Sahariya tribe of North Central India: An association with pulmonary tuberculosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 22:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Kumar A, Melis P, Genna V, Cocco E, Marrosu MG, Pieroni E. Antigenic peptide molecular recognition by the DRB1–DQB1 haplotype modulates multiple sclerosis susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2043-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DRB1–DQB1 binding affinities in peptide molecular recognition process. (A) In protective haplotype DRB1 allele displays a preferential affinity for MBP peptide, while (B) in predisposing haplotype DQB1 allele displays a preferential affinity for EBNA1 peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
- Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
| | - Paola Melis
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
| | - Vito Genna
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
- Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal IgG bands in Greek patients with clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:2094-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
Isobe N, Gourraud PA, Harbo HF, Caillier SJ, Santaniello A, Khankhanian P, Maiers M, Spellman S, Cereb N, Yang S, Pando MJ, Piccio L, Cross AH, De Jager PL, Cree BAC, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Genetic risk variants in African Americans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2013; 81:219-27. [PMID: 23771490 PMCID: PMC3770164 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfe2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association of established multiple sclerosis (MS) risk variants in 3,254 African Americans (1,162 cases and 2,092 controls). METHODS Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-A alleles were typed by molecular techniques. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was conducted for 76 MS-associated SNPs and 52 ancestry informative marker SNPs selected throughout the genome. Self-declared ancestry was refined by principal component analysis of the ancestry informative marker SNPs. An ancestry-adjusted multivariate model was applied to assess genetic associations. RESULTS The following major histocompatibility complex risk alleles were replicated: HLA-DRB1*15:01 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02 [95% confidence interval: 1.54-2.63], p = 2.50e-07), HLA-DRB1*03:01 (OR = 1.58 [1.29-1.94], p = 1.11e-05), as well as HLA-DRB1*04:05 (OR = 2.35 [1.26-4.37], p = 0.007) and the African-specific risk allele of HLA-DRB1*15:03 (OR = 1.26 [1.05-1.51], p = 0.012). The protective association of HLA-A*02:01 was confirmed (OR = 0.72 [0.55-0.93], p = 0.013). None of the HLA-DQB1 alleles were associated with MS. Using a significance threshold of p < 0.01, outside the major histocompatibility complex region, 8 MS SNPs were also found to be associated with MS in African Americans. CONCLUSION MS genetic risk in African Americans only partially overlaps with that of Europeans and could explain the difference of MS prevalence between populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Interaction between HLA-DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes in Sardinian multiple sclerosis population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59790. [PMID: 23593151 PMCID: PMC3620236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a case-control study in 2,555 multiple sclerosis (MS) Sardinian patients and 1,365 healthy ethnically matched controls, analyzing the interactions between HLA-DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and defining a rank of genotypes conferring a variable degree of risk to the disease. Four haplotypes were found to confer susceptibility (*13∶03-*03∶01 OR = 3.3, Pc 5.1×10−5, *04∶05-*03∶01 OR = 2.1, Pc 9.7×10−8, *15∶01-*06∶02 OR = 2.0, Pc = 9.1×10−3, *03∶01-*02∶01 OR = 1.7 Pc = 7.9×10−22) and protection (*11, OR = 0.8, Pc = 2.7×10−2, *16∶01-*05∶02 OR = 0.6, Pc = 4.8×10−16, *14∶01-4-*05∶031 = OR = 0.5, Pc = 9.8×10−4 and *15∶02-*06∶01 OR = 0.4, Pc = 5.1×10−4). The relative predispositional effect method confirms all the positively associated haplotypes and showed that also *08 and *04 haplotypes confers susceptibility, while the *11 was excluded as protective haplotype. Genotypic ORs highlighted two typologies of interaction between haplotypes: i) a neutral interaction, in which the global risk is coherent with the sum of the single haplotype risks; ii) a negative interaction, in which the genotypic OR observed is lower than the sum of the OR of the two haplotypes. The phylogenic tree of the MS-associated DRB1 alleles found in Sardinian patients revealed a cluster represented by *14∶01, *04∶05, *13∶03, *08∶01 and *03∶01 alleles. Sequence alignment analysis showed that amino acids near pocket P4 and pocket P9 differentiated protective from predisposing alleles under investigation. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation performed on alleles revealed that position 70 is crucial in binding of MBP 85–99 peptide. All together, these data suggest that propensity to MS observed in Sardinian population carried by the various HLA-DRB1-DQB1 molecules can be due to functional peculiarity in the antigen presentation mechanisms.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kumar A, Cocco E, Atzori L, Marrosu MG, Pieroni E. Structural and dynamical insights on HLA-DR2 complexes that confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Sardinia: a molecular dynamics simulation study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59711. [PMID: 23555757 PMCID: PMC3608583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sardinia is a major Island in the Mediterranean with a high incidence of multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Disease susceptibility in Sardinian population has been associated with five alleles of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB1 gene. We performed 120 ns of molecular dynamics simulation on one predisposing and one protective alleles, unbound and in complex with the two relevant peptides: Myelin Basic Protein and Epstein Barr Virus derived peptide. In particular we focused on the MHC peptide binding groove dynamics. The predisposing allele was found to form a stable complex with both the peptides, while the protective allele displayed stability only when bound with myelin peptide. The local flexibility of the MHC was probed dividing the binding groove into four compartments covering the well known peptide anchoring pockets. The predisposing allele in the first half cleft exhibits a narrower and more rigid groove conformation in the presence of myelin peptide. The protective allele shows a similar behavior, while in the second half cleft it displays a narrower and more flexible groove conformation in the presence of viral peptide. We further characterized these dynamical differences by evaluating H-bonds, hydrophobic and stacking interaction networks, finding striking similarities with super-type patterns emerging in other autoimmune diseases. The protective allele shows a defined preferential binding to myelin peptide, as confirmed by binding free energy calculations. All together, we believe the presented molecular analysis could help to design experimental assays, supports the molecular mimicry hypothesis and suggests that propensity to multiple sclerosis in Sardinia could be partly linked to distinct peptide-MHC interaction and binding characteristics of the antigen presentation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris, Bio-Engineering Group, Piscina Manna, Pula (CA) Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (AK); (EP)
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrico Pieroni
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris, Bio-Engineering Group, Piscina Manna, Pula (CA) Italy
- * E-mail: (AK); (EP)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Frau J, Cossu D, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Melis M, Paccagnini D, Sardu C, Murru MR, Tranquilli S, Marrosu MG, Sechi LA, Cocco E. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and multiple sclerosis in Sardinian patients: epidemiology and clinical features. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1437-42. [PMID: 23439580 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513477926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an infectious factor recently found in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sardinia. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to confirm this association and evaluate its role in clinical features. METHODS A total of 436 patients and 264 healthy controls (HCs) were included. We examined the blood of each individual for MAPDNA and MAP2694 antibodies using IS900-specific PCR and ELISA, respectively. Differences in MAP presence between the MS group and HCs were evaluated. In MS patients, we considered: gender, age, age at onset, duration of disease, course, EDSS, therapy, relapse/steroids at study time, and oligoclonal bands (OBs). RESULTS MAPDNA and MAP2694 antibodies were detected in 68 MS and six HCs (p = 1.14 × 10(-11)), and 123 MS and 10 HCs (p = 2.59 × 10(-23)), respectively. OBs were found with reduced frequency in MAP-positive patients (OR = 0.52; p = 0.02). MAP2694 antibodies were detected more in patients receiving MS treatments (OR = 2.26; p = 0.01), and MAPDNA in subjects on steroids (OR = 2.65; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the association of MAP and MS in Sardinia. The low OB frequency in MAP patients suggests a peripheral role as a trigger in autoimmunity. MAP positivity might be influenced by steroids and MS therapy. Studies in other populations are needed to confirm the role of MAP in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wank R, Laumbacher B, Fellerhoff B. A new look at chronicChlamydiainfections and the role of the MHC/HLA in diseases of the CNS. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia has attracted increased attention as a possible cause of atheromatous plaques, cerebrovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. The Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular parasites. The unique biphasic life cycle of Chlamydia permits the parasite to persist in cells for years. Acute Chlamydia infections can be recognized serologically in the peripheral blood through observation of rising antibody titers or molecularly using various PCR methods. However, the identification of chronic Chlamydia infection is hampered by many hurdles. This has initiated controversial discussions about the true involvement of Chlamydia, particularly in the CNS. The aspects of the discussion will be inspected as well as the vulnerability of the neuronal MHC to immune reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Wank
- Immunotherapy Research Center IMMUNIS e.V, Pettenkoferstr. 8, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Barbara Laumbacher
- Immunotherapy Research Center IMMUNIS e.V, Pettenkoferstr. 8, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Barbara Fellerhoff
- Institut für Immunologie, LMU München, Goethestr, 31, 80336 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cocco E, Meloni A, Murru MR, Corongiu D, Tranquilli S, Fadda E, Murru R, Schirru L, Secci MA, Costa G, Asunis I, Cuccu S, Fenu G, Lorefice L, Carboni N, Mura G, Rosatelli MC, Marrosu MG. Vitamin D responsive elements within the HLA-DRB1 promoter region in Sardinian multiple sclerosis associated alleles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41678. [PMID: 22848563 PMCID: PMC3404969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D response elements (VDREs) have been found in the promoter region of the MS-associated allele HLA-DRB1*15:01, suggesting that with low vitamin D availability VDREs are incapable of inducing *15:01 expression allowing in early life autoreactive T-cells to escape central thymic deletion. The Italian island of Sardinia exhibits a very high frequency of MS and high solar radiation exposure. We test the contribution of VDREs analysing the promoter region of the MS-associated DRB1 *04:05, *03:01, *13:01 and *15:01 and non-MS-associated *16:01, *01, *11, *07:01 alleles in a cohort of Sardinians (44 MS patients and 112 healthy subjects). Sequencing of the DRB1 promoter region revealed a homozygous canonical VDRE in all *15:01, *16:01, *11 and in 45/73 *03:01 and in heterozygous state in 28/73 *03:01 and all *01 alleles. A new mutated homozygous VDRE was found in all *13:03, *04:05 and *07:01 alleles. Functionality of mutated and canonical VDREs was assessed for its potential to modulate levels of DRB1 gene expression using an in vitro transactivation assay after stimulation with active vitamin D metabolite. Vitamin D failed to increase promoter activity of the *04:05 and *03:01 alleles carrying the new mutated VDRE, while the *16:01 and *03:01 alleles carrying the canonical VDRE sequence showed significantly increased transcriptional activity. The ability of VDR to bind the mutant VDRE in the DRB1 promoter was evaluated by EMSA. Efficient binding of VDR to the VDRE sequence found in the *16:01 and in the *15:01 allele reduced electrophoretic mobility when either an anti-VDR or an anti-RXR monoclonal antibody was added. Conversely, the Sardinian mutated VDRE sample showed very low affinity for the RXR/VDR heterodimer. These data seem to exclude a role of VDREs in the promoter region of the DRB1 gene in susceptibility to MS carried by DRB1* alleles in Sardinian patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cocco
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Meloni
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Murru
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Corongiu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tranquilli
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fadda
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Murru
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lucia Schirru
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Secci
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianna Costa
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Isadora Asunis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cuccu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Carboni
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gioia Mura
- Centro di Psichiatria e Psicosomatica Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Rosatelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Medicina clinica e molecolare, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|