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Auma AWN, Shive CL, Lange A, Damjanovska S, Kowal C, Zebrowski E, Pandiyan P, Wilson B, Kalayjian RC, Canaday DH, Anthony DD. Naïve CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia and Apoptosis in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is Driven by the CD31+ Subset and Is Partially Normalized in Direct-Acting Antiviral Treated Persons. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641230. [PMID: 33912168 PMCID: PMC8075159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying naïve CD4+ lymphopenia during chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection are unclear. Whether direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy restores peripheral naïve CD4+ T cell numbers and function is unknown. Methods We enumerated frequencies and counts of peripheral naïve CD4+, CD4+CD31+ and CD4+CD31- T cells by flow cytometry in a cross sectional analysis comparing chronic HCV infected (n=34), DAA-treated(n=29), and age-range matched controls (n=25), as well as in a longitudinal cohort of HCV DAA treated persons (n=16). The cross-sectional cohort was stratified by cirrhosis state. Cell apoptosis/survival (AnnexinV+7AAD+/BCL-2 labeling) and cell cycle entry (Ki67 expression) of CD31+ and CD31- naïve CD4+ T cells was analyzed directly ex vivo and following 3 and 5 days of in vitro culture with media, interleukin (IL) -7 or CD3/CD28 activator. Results In the cross-sectional cohort, naïve CD4+ proportions were lower in chronic HCV infected persons compared to controls and DAA-treated persons, an effect in part attributed to cirrhosis. Age was associated with naïve cell counts and proportions in HCV infected and treated persons as well. Naïve CD4+ cell proportions negatively correlated with plasma levels of soluble CD14 following therapy in DAA-treated persons. Naïve CD4+ cells from HCV infected persons exhibited greater direct ex vivo apoptosis and cell-cycling compared to cells from DAA-treated persons and controls, and this was localized to the CD4+CD31+ subset. On the other hand, no remarkable differences in expression of BCL-2 or IL-7 Receptor (CD127) at baseline or following in vitro media or IL7 containing culture were observed. In the longitudinal cohort, naïve CD4+CD31+/CD31- ratio tended to increase 24 weeks after DAA therapy initiation. Conclusions Activation and apoptosis of peripheral naïve CD4+CD31+ T cells appear to contribute to naïve CD4+ lymphopenia in chronic HCV infection, and this defect is partially reversible with HCV DAA therapy. Age and cirrhosis -associated naïve CD4+ lymphopenia is present both before and after HCV DAA therapy. These findings have implications for restoration of host immune function after DAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W N Auma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Carey L Shive
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alyssa Lange
- GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sofi Damjanovska
- GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Corinne Kowal
- GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brigid Wilson
- GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert C Kalayjian
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David H Canaday
- GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Donald D Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,GRECC, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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2
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El-Diwany R, Soliman M, Sugawara S, Breitwieser F, Skaist A, Coggiano C, Sangal N, Chattergoon M, Bailey JR, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN, Ray SC, Wheelan SJ, Thomas DL, Balagopal A. CMPK2 and BCL-G are associated with type 1 interferon-induced HIV restriction in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat0843. [PMID: 30083606 PMCID: PMC6070316 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN) are critical for host control of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown which of the hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) restrict HIV in vivo. We sequenced RNA from cells that support HIV replication (activated CD4+ T cells) in 19 HIV-infected people before and after interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) injection. IFN-α2b administration reduced plasma HIV RNA and induced mRNA expression in activated CD4+ T cells: The IFN-α2b-induced change of each mRNA was compared to the change in plasma HIV RNA. Of 99 ISGs, 13 were associated in magnitude with plasma HIV RNA decline. In addition to well-known restriction factors among the 13 ISGs, two novel genes, CMPK2 and BCL-G, were identified and confirmed for their ability to restrict HIV in vitro: The effect of IFN on HIV restriction in culture was attenuated with RNA interference to CMPK2, and overexpression of BCL-G diminished HIV replication. These studies reveal novel antiviral molecules that are linked with IFN-mediated restriction of HIV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy El-Diwany
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mary Soliman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sho Sugawara
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Florian Breitwieser
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alyza Skaist
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Candelaria Coggiano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Neel Sangal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Chattergoon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Justin R. Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stuart C. Ray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah J. Wheelan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David L. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Ponte R, Rancez M, Figueiredo-Morgado S, Dutrieux J, Fabre-Mersseman V, Charmeteau-de-Muylder B, Guilbert T, Routy JP, Cheynier R, Couëdel-Courteille A. Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Triggers Early and Transient Interleukin-7 Production in the Gut, Leading to Enhanced Local Chemokine Expression and Intestinal Immune Cell Homing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:588. [PMID: 28579989 PMCID: PMC5437214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier, one of the first targets of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is subjected to major physiological changes during acute infection. Having previously shown that pharmaceutical injection of interleukin-7 (IL-7) triggers chemokine expression in many organs leading to massive T-cell homing, in particular to the intestine, we here explored mucosal IL-7 expression as part of the cytokine storm occurring during the acute phase of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Quantifying both mRNA and protein in tissues, we demonstrated a transient increase of IL-7 expression in the small intestine of SIV-infected rhesus macaques, starting with local detection of the virus by day 3 of infection. We also observed increased transcription levels of several chemokines in the small intestine. In infected macaques, ileal IL-7 expression correlated with the transcription of four of these chemokines. Among these chemokines, the macrophage and/or T-cell attractant chemokines CCL4, CCL25, and CCL28 also demonstrated increased transcription in uninfected IL-7-treated monkeys. Through immunohistofluorescence staining and image analysis, we observed increased CD8+ T-cell numbers and stable CD4+ T-cell counts in the infected lamina propria (LP) during hyperacute infection. Concomitantly, circulating CCR9+beta7+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells dropped during acute infection, suggesting augmented intestinal homing of gut-imprinted T-cells. Finally, CD4+ macrophages transiently decreased in the submucosa and concentrated in the LP during the first days of infection. Overall, our study identifies IL-7 as a danger signal in the small intestine of Chinese rhesus macaques in response to acute SIV infection. Through stimulation of local chemokine expressions, this overexpression of IL-7 triggers immune cell recruitment to the gut. These findings suggest a role for IL-7 in the initiation of early mucosal immune responses to SIV and HIV infections. However, IL-7 triggered CD4+ T-cells and macrophages localization at viral replication sites could also participate to viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Magali Rancez
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo-Morgado
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fabre-Mersseman
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-de-Muylder
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Hartling HJ, Birch C, Gaardbo JC, Hove M, Trøseid M, Clausen MR, Gerstoft J, Ullum H, Nielsen SD. T-cell homeostasis in chronic HCV-infected patients treated with interferon and ribavirin or an interferon-free regimen. APMIS 2015; 123:903-11. [PMID: 26279289 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral has replaced pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin-based treatment in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. While interferon-α is immune modulating and causes lymphopenia, interferon-free regimens seem to be well-tolerated. This study aimed to compare T-cell homeostasis before, during, and after HCV treatment with or without interferon-α in patients with chronic HCV infection. A total of 20 patients with chronic HCV infection were treated with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin, and six patients were treated with an interferon-free regimen. All patients were treated for a minimum of 12 weeks. Interferon-α treatment caused an increase in the density of the receptor for IL-7 (IL-7Rα) during treatment, while interferon-free regimens caused a decrease in IL-7Rα density. After a sustained viral response, proportions of IL-7Rα+ T cells and IL-7Rα density decreased compared to prior treatment values. Finally, a proportion of CD8+ effector memory was lower while proportion of apoptotic T cells was higher after sustained virologic response compared to prior treatment. Despite lymphopenia during interferon, alterations in T-cell homeostasis during treatment were relatively similar in patients receiving interferon-based treatment and in patients receiving interferon-free treatment, and alterations during and after treatment seem to illustrate a reduced need for high levels of T cells aimed at controlling infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jakob Hartling
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Birch
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie C Gaardbo
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Hove
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Rye Clausen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEGIFN/RBV) therapy for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation (LT) is associated with a lower sustained virological response (SVR) rate as well as more frequent side effects compared to non-transplant patients. We aimed to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of LT recipients with recurrent hepatitis C who developed immunological dysfunction (ID) during or after PEG-IFN/RBV therapy and to assess its impact on patient and graft survival. METHODS Seventy-four deceased donor LT recipients with histological recurrence of hepatitis C were treated with PEG-IFN/RBV from 1/00 to 12/08. ID was defined as biopsy-proven rejection or moderate plasma cell hepatitis. Patients were followed up until death, re-LT or 30 September 2011. RESULTS Twelve patients (16 %) had ID, 8 (10.7 %) had cholestasis without ID, while 54 had no ID/cholestasis during or after discontinuation of PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. Biopsy-proven acute cellular rejection prior to (hazard ratio = 4.87, p = 0.009) and type of immunosuppression at the time of initiation of PEG-IFN/RBV were the only independent predictors of ID. Patients who were on tacrolimus at the time of initiation of PEG-IFN/RBV had a significantly lower risk of ID compared to those who were on cyclosporine (HR 0.254, p = 0.023). Patients with ID had a trend toward a lower SVR rate (25 vs. 54 %, p = 0.18) and a significantly higher rate of graft failure (33 vs. 4 %, p = 0.004) compared to patients with no ID/cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS ID is common during or after PEG-IFN/RBV therapy for recurrent hepatitis C and frequently associated with decreased graft survival, trending toward low rates of SVR. Careful monitoring of liver biochemistries during or after PEG-IFN/RBV therapy with a low threshold to biopsy patients and particularly those receiving cyclosporine-based immunosuppression may improve outcomes in these patients.
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Genetic-epigenetic dysregulation of thymic TSH receptor gene expression triggers thyroid autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12562-7. [PMID: 25122677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408821111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves disease (GD) is an autoimmune condition caused by interacting genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies have mapped several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are strongly associated with GD, but the mechanisms by which they trigger disease are unknown. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications induced by microenvironmental influences of cytokines can reveal the functionality of GD-associated SNPs. We analyzed genome-wide histone H3 lysine 4 methylation and gene expression in thyroid cells induced by IFNα, a key cytokine secreted during viral infections, and overlapped them with known GD-associated SNPs. We mapped an open chromatin region overlapping two adjacent GD-associated SNPs (rs12101255 and rs12101261) in intron 1 of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene. We then demonstrated that this region functions as a regulatory element through binding of the transcriptional repressor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) at the rs12101261 site. Repression by PLZF depended on the rs12101261 disease susceptibility allele and was increased by IFNα. Intrathymic TSHR expression was decreased in individuals homozygous for the rs12101261 disease-associated genotype compared with carriers of the disease-protective allele. Our studies discovered a genetic-epigenetic interaction involving a noncoding SNP in the TSHR gene that regulates thymic TSHR gene expression and facilitates escape of TSHR-reactive T cells from central tolerance, triggering GD.
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Kared H, Saeed S, Klein MB, Shoukry NH. CD127 expression, exhaustion status and antigen specific proliferation predict sustained virologic response to IFN in HCV/HIV co-infected individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101441. [PMID: 25007250 PMCID: PMC4090061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the HIV co-infected population. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) remains a major component of anti-HCV therapy despite its deleterious effects on the immune system. Furthermore, IFN-α was recently shown to diminish the size of the latent HIV reservoir. The objectives of this study were to monitor the impact of IFN-α on T cell phenotype and proliferation of HIV and HCV-specific T cells during IFN therapy, and to identify immune markers that can predict the response to IFN in HICV/HIV co-infected patients. We performed longitudinal analyses of T cell numbers, phenotype and function in co-infected patients undergoing IFN-α therapy with different outcomes including IFN-α non-responders (NR) (n = 9) and patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) (n = 19). We examined the expression of activation (CD38, HLA-DR), functional (CD127) and exhaustion markers (PD1, Tim-3, CD160 and CD244) on total CD4 and CD8 T cells before, during and after therapy. In addition, we examined the HIV- and HCV-specific proliferative responses against HIV-p24 and HCV-NS3 proteins. Frequencies of CD127+ CD4 T cells were higher in SVR than in NR patients at baseline. An increase in CD127 expression on CD8 T cells was observed after IFN-α therapy in all patients. In addition, CD8 T cells from NR patients expressed a higher exhaustion status at baseline. Finally, SVR patients exhibited higher proliferative response against both HIV and HCV antigens at baseline. Altogether, SVR correlated with higher expression of CD127, lower T cell exhaustion status and better HIV and HCV proliferative responses at baseline. Such factors might be used as non-invasive methods to predict the success of IFN–based therapies in co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Kared
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sahar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marina B. Klein
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Hartling HJ, Gaardbo JC, Ronit A, Salem M, Laye M, Clausen MR, Skogstrand K, Gerstoft J, Ullum H, Nielsen SD. Impaired Thymic Output in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:378-86. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Salem
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit; Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - M. Laye
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - M. R. Clausen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - K. Skogstrand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology; Statens Serum Institute; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - J. Gerstoft
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit; Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - H. Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - S. D. Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit; Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
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