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Mendonca A, Thandapani P, Nagarajan P, Venkatesh S, Sundaresan S. Role of microRNAs in regulation of insulin secretion and insulin signaling involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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2
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S.V. A, Pratibha M, Kapil B, M.K. S. Identification of circulatory miRNAs as candidate biomarkers in prediabetes - A systematic review and bioinformatics analysis. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Liu M, Liu W, Qin Y, Xu X, Yu X, Zhuo Q, Ji S. Regulation of metabolic reprogramming by tumor suppressor genes in pancreatic cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40164-020-00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pancreatic cancer continues to be one of the most aggressive malignant tumors. Work in recent years in cancer molecular biology has revealed that metabolic reprogramming is an additional hallmark of cancer that is involved in the pathogenesis of cancers, and is intricately linked to gene mutations.
Main text
However, though oncogenes such as KRAS and c-Myc play important roles in the process, and have been extensively studied, no substantial improvements in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer have seen. Therefore, some scientists have tried to explain the mechanisms of abnormal cancer metabolism from the perspective of tumor suppressor genes. In this paper, we reviewed researches about how metabolic reprogramming was regulated by tumor suppressor genes in pancreatic cancer and their clinical implications.
Conclusion
Abnormal metabolism and genetic mutations are mutually causal and complementary in tumor initiation and development. A clear understanding of how metabolic reprogramming is regulated by the mutated genes would provide important insights into the pathogenesis and ultimately treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Pedroza-Torres A, Romero-Córdoba SL, Justo-Garrido M, Salido-Guadarrama I, Rodríguez-Bautista R, Montaño S, Muñiz-Mendoza R, Arriaga-Canon C, Fragoso-Ontiveros V, Álvarez-Gómez RM, Hernández G, Herrera LA. MicroRNAs in Tumor Cell Metabolism: Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1404. [PMID: 31921661 PMCID: PMC6917641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism is a common feature of cancer cells and is considered a hallmark of cancer. Altered tumor-metabolism confers an adaptive advantage to cancer cells to fulfill the high energetic requirements for the maintenance of high proliferation rates, similarly, reprogramming metabolism confers the ability to grow at low oxygen concentrations and to use alternative carbon sources. These phenomena result from the dysregulated expression of diverse genes, including those encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) which are involved in several metabolic and tumorigenic pathways through its post-transcriptional-regulatory activity. Further, the identification of key actionable altered miRNA has allowed to propose novel targeted therapies to modulated tumor-metabolism. In this review, we discussed the different roles of miRNAs in cancer cell metabolism and novel miRNA-based strategies designed to target the metabolic machinery in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Pedroza-Torres
- Cátedra CONACyT-Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra L Romero-Córdoba
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Justo-Garrido
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Salido-Guadarrama
- Biología Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Rodríguez-Bautista
- Unidad de Oncología Torácica y Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (FCQB-UAS), Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Muñiz-Mendoza
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Greco Hernández
- Laboratorio de Traducción y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolgía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Ruiz-Padilla AJ, Morales-Hernandez G, Ruiz-Noa Y, Alonso-Castro AJ, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Preciado-Puga MDC, Rangel-Salazar R, Ibarra-Reynoso LDR. Association of the 3'UTR polymorphism (rs11665896) in the FGF21 gene with metabolic status and nutrient intake in children with obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:921-928. [PMID: 31323006 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an important regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the role of FGF21 in macronutrient intake and metabolic disease, particularly in pediatric population, still needs further clarification. This study aimed to evaluate the association of rs11665896 in the FGF21 gene with metabolic status and macronutrient intake in a cohort of Mexican children with obesity. Methods Eighty-four lean children and 113 children with obesity, from 8 to 11 years of age, were recruited. FGF21 rs11665896 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Somatometric evaluations, nutrient intake, glucose, lipids, insulin and FGF21 serum levels were measured in the obesity group. Results The T allele of rs11665896 in the FGF21 gene was associated with obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-3.46; p = 0.0151). Subjects with obesity carrying the TT genotype consumed less lipids and more carbohydrates compared to other genotypes. Circulating FGF21 levels correlated negatively with carbohydrate intake (r = -0.232, p = 0.022) and positively with body weight (r = 0.269, p = 0.007), waist (r = 0.242, p = 0.016) and hip girth (r = 0.204, p = 0.042). FGF21 levels were lower in carriers of at least one T allele. Conclusions Genetic variants in FGF21 could influence metabolic status, food preferences and qualitative changes in nutritional behavior in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Joel Ruiz-Padilla
- Department of Pharmacy, Natural and Exact Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato Campus, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | | | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, León, Mexico
| | - Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Department of Pharmacy, Natural and Exact Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato Campus, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ruben Rangel-Salazar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, León, Mexico
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Ebrahimi R, Bahiraee A, Niazpour F, Emamgholipour S, Meshkani R. The role of microRNAs in the regulation of insulin signaling pathway with respect to metabolic and mitogenic cascades: A review. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19290-19309. [PMID: 31364207 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a shared pathological condition among type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic disorders. It is growing significantly all over the world and consequently, a substantial effort is needed for developing the potential novel diagnostics and therapeutics. An insulin signaling pathway is tightly modulated by different mechanisms including the epigenetic modifications. Today, a deal of great attention has been shifted towards the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs on target proteins of the insulin signaling pathway. Noncoding RNAs are a major area of the epigenetics which control gene expression at the posttranscriptional levels and include a large class of microRNAs (miRNAs). With this in view, many studies have implicated the mediatory effects of miRNAs on the downstream metabolic and mitogenic proteins of the insulin signaling pathway. Since providing new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of IR and related metabolic traits are very significant, we intended to review the possible role of miRNAs in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway, with a primary focus on the downstream target proteins of the metabolic and mitogenic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahiraee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Farshad Niazpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang C, Zong X, Han Y. Effect of butein and glucose on oxidative stress and p38 activation marker in non-small cell lung cancer cell. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1155-1167. [PMID: 31215238 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119851250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor microenvironment is known to alter the anticancer drug efficiency. One of the factors that get altered in cancer microenvironment is glucose concentration. Butein, an active principle from plant, known to have anticancer effect against different types of tumor. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of butein on glucose exposed non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLCCs). METHODS The current study deals with the effect of butein (6.25-50μM) on NSCLCCs treated with different concentrations (0-40 mM) of glucose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Glucose concentration, 0 mM and 40 mM, was found to be lethal at 72 h. Viable cell numbers were statistically increased in 5-mM, 10-mM, and 20-mM glucose-treated cells. Butein at 12.5 µM inhibits (p < 0.05) glucose-induced cell proliferation. Butein inhibits glucose-induced proliferation through DNA damage and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was elevated in 20-mM glucose-treated cells when compared to 5-mM glucose-treated cells, whereas butein treatment further increases glucose-induced mitochondrial ROS. Pharmacological inhibitor of glycolysis, such as 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG), was found to inhibit (p < 0.05) glucose-induced cells proliferation. Furthermore, 2-DG and butein showed synergistic anticancer effect. Butein treatment increases p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and antioxidant pretreatment partially revert the glucose-induced cell proliferation. However, inhibition of p38 phosphorylation combined with antioxidant pretreatment completely reverts the anticancer effect of butein. The present study concludes through the evidence that butein could serve as a potential anticancer compound in tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - X Zong
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Jiaxiang, Jiaxiang, China
| | - Y Han
- 3 Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Zhang X, Xue XC, Wang Y, Cao FF, You J, Uzan G, Peng B, Zhang DH. Celastrol Reverses Palmitic Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells via Restoring the miR-223 and GLUT4 Pathway. Can J Diabetes 2019; 43:165-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhai S, Zhao L, Lin T, Wang W. Downregulation of miR-33b promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell growth through reprogramming glucose metabolism miR-33b regulates non-small cell lung cancer cell growth. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:6651-6660. [PMID: 30368888 PMCID: PMC6587718 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is a common target for cancer regulation and microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of this process. Here we aim to investigate a tumor-suppressing miRNA, miR-33b, in regulating the glucose metabolism of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In our study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that miR-33b was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, which was correlated with increased cell proliferation and colony formation. Overexpression of miR-33b through miR-33b mimics transfection suppressed NSCLC proliferation, colony formation, and induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Meanwhile, miR-33b overexpression inhibited glucose metabolism in NSCLC cells. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-33b directly binds to the 3'-untranslated region of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that miR-33b downregulated the expression of LDHA. Moreover, introducing LDHA mRNA into cells over-expressing miR-33b attenuated the inhibitory effect of miR-33b on the growth and glucose metabolism in NSCLC cells. Taken together, these results confirm that miR-33b is an anti-oncogenic miRNA, which inhibits NSCLC cell growth by targeting LDHA through reprogramming glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhai
- Department of RespiratoryYantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao UniversityYantaiShandongChina
| | - Lingyan Zhao
- Department of RespiratoryYantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao UniversityYantaiShandongChina
| | - Tiantian Lin
- Department of RespiratoryYantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao UniversityYantaiShandongChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryYantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao UniversityYantaiShandongChina
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Ibrahim S, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Skarzynski D. Expression profiling of selected miRNAs in equine endometrium in response to LPS challenge in vitro: A new understanding of the inflammatory immune response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 209:37-44. [PMID: 30885304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections of the genital tract are the major cause of reproductive failure in the mares. MiRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, mostly through transcriptional and translational regression. We hypothesized that LPS induced aberrant expression of miRNAs and their targets, which are involved in regulation of uterine homeostasis. Three groups of primary endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, and endometrial tissue explants were cultured. The 1st group was kept as control, while the 2nd and 3rd groups were challenged with low (0.5 μg/mL) or high (3.0 μg/mL) doses of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Cell pellets and tissue explants were collected after 24 and 48 h, for total RNA isolation and qRT-PCR of the selected miRNAs and their targets. Culture media and cell lysates were collected after 24 and 48 h, for cytokines (IL6 and TNFα) and prostaglandins (PGE2 & PGFα2) measurement. Both endometrial cells expressed TLR4 and its accessory molecules (MyD88 & CD14) that are required for triggering inflammatory immune response after LPS, via up-regulation of TRAF6, TNFα, IL6 and IL8, compared to the respective control. After both doses of LPS challenge, miR-155, miR-223 and miR-17 were significantly increased; miR-181b, miR-21 and let-7a were significantly decreased compared to respective controls. Interestingly, miR-24 and miR-532-5p were clearly up-regulated after only the low LPS dose. TNFα, IL6 and PGs in culture media and from cell lysates revealed dose- and time-dependent patterns, after LPS. Results indicated that both epithelial and stromal cells have a primary role in innate immune response after LPS challenge, while this recognition occurred via TLR4 and its accessory molecules. Dysregulation of miRNAs and their targets expression after LPS might affect normal uterine function through perturbation of PG and cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Ibrahim
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Animal Reproduction and A.I, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Anna Szóstek-Mioduchowska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Skarzynski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Olsztyn, Poland.
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De Gasperi R, Graham ZA, Harlow LM, Bauman WA, Qin W, Cardozo CP. The Signature of MicroRNA Dysregulation in Muscle Paralyzed by Spinal Cord Injury Includes Downregulation of MicroRNAs that Target Myostatin Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166189. [PMID: 27907012 PMCID: PMC5132212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in muscle atrophy, reduced force generation and an oxidative-to-glycolytic fiber type shift. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain incompletely understood. To gain new insights regarding mechanisms involved in deterioration of muscle after SCI, global expression profiles of miRs in paralyzed gastrocnemius muscle were compared between sham-operated (Sham) and spinal cord-transected (SCI) rats. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis of the altered miRs identified signaling via insulin, IGF-1, integrins and TGF-β as being significantly enriched for target genes. By qPCR, miRs 23a, 23b, 27b, 145, and 206, were downregulated in skeletal muscle 56 days after SCI. Using FISH, miR-145, a miR not previously implicated in the function of skeletal muscle, was found to be localized to skeletal muscle fibers. One predicted target of miR-145 was Cited2, a transcriptional regulator that modulates signaling through NF-κB, Smad3 and other transcription factors. The 3’ UTR of Cited2 mRNA contained a highly conserved miR-145 seed sequence. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-145 interacts with this seed sequence. However, Cited2 protein levels were similar between Sham and SCI groups, indicating a biochemical interaction that was not involved in the context of adaptations after SCI. Taken together, the findings indicate dysregulation of several highly expressed miRs in skeletal muscle after SCI and suggest that reduced expression of miR-23a, 145 and 206 may have roles in alteration in skeletal muscle mass and insulin responsiveness in muscle paralyzed by upper motor neuron injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita De Gasperi
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zachary A. Graham
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lauren M. Harlow
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - William A. Bauman
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Weiping Qin
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- VA RR&D Service National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacologic Science Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- * E-mail:
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Zhou Y, Gu P, Shi W, Li J, Hao Q, Cao X, Lu Q, Zeng Y. MicroRNA-29a induces insulin resistance by targeting PPARδ in skeletal muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:931-8. [PMID: 26936652 PMCID: PMC4790643 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) induces metabolic syndrome, which is often characterized by insulin resistance (IR), in adults. Previous research has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play a role in the target genes involved in this process, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we examined miRNA profiles using samples of skeletal muscles from both IUGR and control rat offspring whose mothers were fed either a protein-restricted diet or a diet which involved normal amounts of protein during pregnancy, respectively. miR-29a was found to be upregulated in the skeletal muscles of IUGR offspring. The luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct interaction between miR-29a and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). Overexpression of miR-29a in the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 suppressed the expression of its target gene PPARδ, which, in turn, influenced the expression of its coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Thus, PPARδ/PGC-1α-dependent signals together reduced insulin-dependent glucose uptake and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Overexpression of miR-29a also caused a decrease in levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), the most important glucose transporter in skeletal muscle, which partially induced a decrease insulin-dependent glucose uptake. These findings provide evidence for a novel micro-RNA-mediated mechanism of PPARδ regulation, and we also noted the IR-promoting actions of miR-29a in skeletal muscles of IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200036, P.R. China
| | - Pingqing Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Xinghua People's Hospital, Xinghua, Jiangsu 225700, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qun Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing General Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Cao
- Duman High School, Singapore 436895, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200036, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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13
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Wu Z, Cai X, Huang C, Xu J, Liu A. miR-497 suppresses angiogenesis in breast carcinoma by targeting HIF-1α. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1696-702. [PMID: 26718330 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key factor in the growth and dissemination of malignant diseases, including breast cancer, with significant implications for its clinical management. It is known that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating tumor properties in cancers. However, whether miR-497 contributes to breast cancer angiogenesis remains unknown. Our study demonstrated that miR-497 was significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissue samples and cell lines. Conditioned medium obtained from breast cancer cell line MCF-7, treated with miR-497 mimics, suppressed the proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro, in comparison with the untransfected cells or cells transfected with the control vector alone. Furthermore, western blot assay confirmed that the overexpression of miR-497 reduced VEGF and HIF-1α protein levels. In addition, stable transfection of miR-497 inhibited tumorigenicity and angiogenesis in vivo. Moreover, HIF-1α was also increased in the breast cancer cells under a hypoxic condition, while the ectopic expression of miR-497 partially restored its level. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-497 is a potential target for the biological therapy of breast cancer. Moreover, miR-497 inhibited the growth of tumors and reduced angiogenesis in a nude mouse xenograft tumor model, which was probably caused by the downregulation of pro-angiogenic molecules, such as VEGF and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 414000, P.R. China
| | - Xuehong Cai
- The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan 325000, P.R. China
| | - An Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan 325000, P.R. China
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14
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Xavier DJ, Takahashi P, Evangelista AF, Foss-Freitas MC, Foss MC, Donadi EA, Passos GA, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Assessment of DNA damage and mRNA/miRNA transcriptional expression profiles in hyperglycemic versus non-hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mutat Res 2015; 776:98-110. [PMID: 26364207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is associated with a number of genetic and environmental factors. Hyperglycemia, a T2D hallmark, is related to several metabolic complications, comorbidities and increased DNA damage. However, the molecular alterations of a proper glucose control are still unclarified. In this study, we aimed to evaluate DNA damage (comet assay), as well as to compare the transcriptional expression (mRNA and miRNA analyzed by the microarray technique) displayed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three distinct groups: hyperglycemic T2D patients (T2D-H, n=14), non-hyperglycemic T2D patients (T2D-N, n=15), and healthy non-diabetic individuals (n=16). The comet assay revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of DNA damage in T2D-H group compared to both T2D-N and control groups, while a significant difference was not observed between the control and T2D-N groups. After bioinformatics analysis, the differentially expressed mRNAs were subjected to functional enrichment analysis (DAVID) and inflammatory response was among the enriched terms found when comparing T2D-N with controls and T2D-H with T2D-N. Concerning the gene set enrichment and gene set analyses, among the differentially expressed gene sets, three were of interest: regulation of DNA repair (T2D-H versus T2D-N), superoxide response (T2D-H versus control group), and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (T2D-H versus control group). We also identified miRNAs related with T2D and hyperglycemia not yet associated with these conditions in the literature. Some of the differentially expressed mRNAs were among the predicted targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs. Our results showed the association of hyperglycemia with increased DNA damage and aberrant expression of miRNAs and genes related to several biological processes, such as inflammation, DNA repair, ROS production and antioxidant defense, highlighting the importance of proper glycemic control. Moreover, the transcriptional expression of miRNAs provided novel information for understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in the T2D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo J Xavier
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriane F Evangelista
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Foss-Freitas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton C Foss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14048-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Geraldo A Passos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Disciplines of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Yang Z, Chen H, Si H, Li X, Ding X, Sheng Q, Chen P, Zhang H. Serum miR-23a, a potential biomarker for diagnosis of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:823-31. [PMID: 24981880 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D); they regulate several metabolic pathways including insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, so their potential as biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis has became increasingly appreciated. In this study, we explore serum miRNA profiles in T2D patients. A total of ten candidate miRNAs were identified by Solexa sequencing scanning and followed by a stem-loop quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to assess these candidate serum miRNAs. The results of qRT-PCR assessment revealed low serum levels of miR-23a, let-7i, miR-486, miR-96, miR-186, miR-191, miR-192, and miR-146a in T2D. Except for significantly lower in T2D and pre-diabetes patients compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) controls (P = 2.87E-05 and P = 3.75E-02), the levels of miR-23a demonstrated also significant decline in T2D patients compared with pre-diabetes patients (P = 1.06E-02). This marker yielded an AUC of 0.835 (95 % CI 0.717-0.954). At a cutoff value of 1.645, the sensitivity was 79.2 % and the specificity was 75.0 % in discriminating T2D patients from NGT normal controls. These results revealed that serum miR-23a was a valuable biomarker for early detection of T2D and pre-diabetes with NGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangping Yang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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16
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Chakraborty C, Doss CGP, Bandyopadhyay S, Agoramoorthy G. Influence of miRNA in insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance: micro-molecules with a major role in type-2 diabetes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 5:697-712. [PMID: 24944010 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing significantly throughout the globe since the last decade. This heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, also known as insulin resistance, is caused by the disruption of the insulin signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the existence of various miRNAs involved in regulating the main protein cascades in the insulin signaling pathway that affect insulin resistance. The influence of miRNAs (miR-7, miR-124a, miR-9, miR-96, miR-15a/b, miR-34a, miR-195, miR-376, miR-103, miR-107, and miR-146) in insulin secretion and beta (β) cell development has been well discussed. Here, we highlight the role of miRNAs in different significant protein cascades within the insulin signaling pathway such as miR-320, miR-383, miR-181b with IGF-1, and its receptor (IGF1R); miR-128a, miR-96, miR-126 with insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins; miR-29, miR-384-5p, miR-1 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); miR-143, miR-145, miR-29, miR-383, miR-33a/b miR-21 with AKT/protein kinase B (PKB) and miR-133a/b, miR-223, miR-143 with glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia (high lipid levels in the blood) have a strong connection with T2D and several miRNAs influence these clinical outcomes such as miR-143, miR-103, and miR-107, miR-29a, and miR-27b. We also corroborate from previous evidence how these interactions are related to insulin resistance and T2D. The insights highlighted in this review will provide a better understanding on the impact of miRNA in the insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance-associated diagnostics and therapeutics for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Bio-informatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
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17
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Kulyté A, Lorente-Cebrián S, Gao H, Mejhert N, Agustsson T, Arner P, Rydén M, Dahlman I. MicroRNA profiling links miR-378 to enhanced adipocyte lipolysis in human cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E267-74. [PMID: 24326420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is associated with pronounced adipose tissue loss due to, at least in part, increased fat cell lipolysis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been implicated in controlling several aspects of adipocyte function. To gain insight into the possible impact of miRNAs on adipose lipolysis in cancer cachexia, global miRNA expression was explored in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from gastrointestinal cancer patients with (n = 10) or without (n = 11) cachexia. Effects of miRNA overexpression or inhibition on lipolysis were determined in human in vitro differentiated adipocytes. Out of 116 miRNAs present in adipose tissue, five displayed distinct cachexia-associated expression according to both microarray and RT-qPCR. Four (miR-483-5p/-23a/-744/-99b) were downregulated, whereas one (miR-378) was significantly upregulated in cachexia. Adipose expression of miR-378 associated strongly and positively with catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. This correlation is most probably causal because overexpression of miR-378 in human adipocytes increased catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. In addition, inhibition of miR-378 expression attenuated stimulated lipolysis and reduced the expression of LIPE, PLIN1, and PNPLA2, a set of genes encoding key lipolytic regulators. Taken together, increased miR-378 expression could play an etiological role in cancer cachexia-associated adipose tissue loss via effects on adipocyte lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agné Kulyté
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Qin L, Chen Y, Liu X, Ye S, Yu K, Huang Z, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen H, Mo D. Integrative analysis of porcine microRNAome during skeletal muscle development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72418. [PMID: 24039761 PMCID: PMC3770649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig is an important agricultural animal for meat production and provides a valuable model for many human diseases. Functional studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in almost all aspects of skeletal muscle development and disease pathogenesis. To investigate the miRNAs involved in regulating different periods of skeletal muscle development, we herein performed a comprehensive research for porcine microRNAome (miRNAome) during 10 skeletal muscle developmental stages including 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 dpc (days post coitum) and 2, 28, 90, 120, 180 dpn (days postnatal) using Solexa sequencing technology. Our results extend the repertoire of pig miRNAome to 247 known miRNAs processed from 210 pre-miRNAs and 297 candidate novel miRNAs through comparison with known miRNAs in the miRBase. Expression analysis of the 15 most abundant miRNAs in every library indicated that functional miRNAome may be smaller and tend to be highly expressed. A series of muscle-related miRNAs summarized in our study present different patterns between myofibers formation phase and muscle maturation phase, providing valuable reference for investigation of functional miRNAs during skeletal muscle development. Analysis of temporal profiles of miRNA expression identifies 18 novel candidate myogenic miRNAs in pig, which might provide new insight into regulation mechanism mediated by miRNAs underlying muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sanxing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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19
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Hatziapostolou M, Polytarchou C, Iliopoulos D. miRNAs link metabolic reprogramming to oncogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:361-73. [PMID: 23602813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most profound biochemical phenotype of cancer cells is their ability to metabolize glucose to lactate, even under aerobic conditions. This alternative metabolic circuitry is sufficient to support the biosynthetic and energy requirements for cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Alterations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes are involved in the metabolic switch of cancer cells to aerobic glycolysis, increased glutaminolysis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. miRNAs mediate fine-tuning of genes involved directly or indirectly in cancer metabolism. In this review we discuss the regulatory role of miRNAs on enzymes, signaling pathways, and transcription factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. We further consider the therapeutic potential of metabolism-related miRNAs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hatziapostolou
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Disease, and Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Public sharing of scientific data has assumed greater importance in the omics era. Transparency is necessary for confirmation and validation, and multiple examiners aid in extracting maximal value from large data sets. Accordingly, database submission and provision of the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME)(3) are required by most journals as a prerequisite for review or acceptance. METHODS In this study, the level of data submission and MIAME compliance was reviewed for 127 articles that included microarray-based microRNA (miRNA) profiling and were published from July 2011 through April 2012 in the journals that published the largest number of such articles--PLOS ONE, the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Blood, and Oncogene--along with articles from 9 other journals, including Clinical Chemistry, that published smaller numbers of array-based articles. RESULTS Overall, data submission was reported at publication for <40% of all articles, and almost 75% of articles were MIAME noncompliant. On average, articles that included full data submission scored significantly higher on a quality metric than articles with limited or no data submission, and studies with adequate description of methods disproportionately included larger numbers of experimental repeats. Finally, for several articles that were not MIAME compliant, data reanalysis revealed less than complete support for the published conclusions, in 1 case leading to retraction. CONCLUSIONS These findings buttress the hypothesis that reluctance to share data is associated with low study quality and suggest that most miRNA array investigations are underpowered and/or potentially compromised by a lack of appropriate reporting and data submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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21
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Bladé C, Baselga-Escudero L, Salvadó MJ, Arola-Arnal A. miRNAs, polyphenols, and chronic disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:58-70. [PMID: 23165995 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, approximately 18-25 nucleotides in length, that modulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Thousands of miRNAs have been described, and it is thought that they regulate some aspects of more than 60% of all human cell transcripts. Several polyphenols have been shown to modulate miRNAs related to metabolic homeostasis and chronic diseases. Polyphenolic modulation of miRNAs is very attractive as a strategy to target numerous cell processes and potentially reduce the risk of chronic disease. Evidence is building that polyphenols can target specific miRNAs, such as miR-122, but more studies are necessary to discover and validate additional miRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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