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Li S, Zhang S, Dong S, Zhao M, Zhang W, Zhang C, Wu Z. Stiffness and BMP-2 Mimetic Peptide Jointly Regulate the Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in a Gelatin Cryogel. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:890-902. [PMID: 38180887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Both biochemical and mechanical cues could regulate the function of stem cells, but the interaction mechanism of their signaling pathway remains unclear, especially in the three-dimensional (3D) culture mode. Higher matrix stiffness promotes osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been clinically applied to promote bone regeneration. Here, the crosstalk of extracellular mechanical signals on BMP-2 signaling was investigated in rat bone marrow stromal cells (rMSCs) cultured inside cryogels with interconnective pores. Stiff cryogel independently promoted osteogenic differentiation and enhanced the autocrine secretion of BMP-2, thus stimulating increased phosphorylation levels of the Smad1/5/8 complex. BMP-2 mimetic peptide (BMMP) and high cryogel stiffness jointly guided the osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs. Inhibition of rho-associated kinase (ROCK) by Y-27632 or inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) by blebbistatin showed that osteogenesis induction by BMP-2 signaling, as well as autocrine secretion of BMP-2 and phosphorylation of the Smad complex, requires the involvement of cytoskeletal tension and ROCK pathway signaling. An interconnective microporous cryogel scaffold promoted rMSC osteogenic differentiation by combining matrix stiffness and BMMP, and it accelerated critical cranial defect repair in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
- Logistics Department, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Shixiong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Shuao Dong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Mengen Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen Testing Center of Medical Devices, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Outpatient, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zhaoying Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
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2
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Margiana R. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in preeclampsia: A next-generation therapeutic tool. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3908. [PMID: 38269498 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a major gestational disorder that causes both long- and short-term damage to both the mother and the fetus. Endometrium decidualization and the formation of the placenta are orchestrated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs obtained from patients with PE exhibit an elevated rate of aging and apoptosis, which impairs the interplay between MSCs and endothelium, trophoblast, and immune cells in the placenta, accelerating the onset of PE. Preclinical and clinical evidence imply that the MSC-based therapy approach for PE is prospective. Importantly, as a novel cell-free approach, MSC-derived exosomes can improve symptoms and maternal-fetal survival in PE models by raising cell metabolism, encouraging angiogenesis balance, and regulating immune responses. Even following allogeneic administration, the likelihood of immune rejection is very limited as a result of the small quantity of exosome membrane-bound proteins. Furthermore, because exosomes do not expand, developing tumors is not probable. As a result, MSC-derived exosomes show superiority over MSCs in terms of safety. For the first time, we outline the properties of MSC-exosomes and highlight their functions and potential as a new paradigm for PE therapy in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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3
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Ivanisova D, Bohac M, Culenova M, Smolinska V, Danisovic L. Mesenchymal-Stromal-Cell-Conditioned Media and Their Implication for Osteochondral Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109054. [PMID: 37240400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in biomedical research, osteochondral defects resulting from injury, an autoimmune condition, cancer, or other pathological conditions still represent a significant medical problem. Even though there are several conservative and surgical treatment approaches, in many cases, they do not bring the expected results and further permanent damage to the cartilage and bones occurs. Recently, cell-based therapies and tissue engineering have gradually become promising alternatives. They combine the use of different types of cells and biomaterials to induce regeneration processes or replace damaged osteochondral tissue. One of the main challenges of this approach before clinical translation is the large-scale in vitro expansion of cells without changing their biological properties, while the use of conditioned media which contains various bioactive molecules appears to be very important. The presented manuscript provides a review of the experiments focused on osteochondral regeneration by using conditioned media. In particular, the effect on angiogenesis, tissue healing, paracrine signaling, and enhancing the properties of advanced materials are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ivanisova
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bohac
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine-Translational Research Unit in the Branch of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Culenova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Smolinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine-Translational Research Unit in the Branch of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piešťany, Slovakia
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4
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Shen N, Maggio M, Woods I, C. Lowry M, Almasri R, Gorgun C, Eichholz K, Stavenschi E, Hokamp K, Roche F, O’Driscoll L, Hoey D. Mechanically activated mesenchymal-derived bone cells drive vessel formation via an extracellular vesicle mediated mechanism. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231186918. [PMID: 37654438 PMCID: PMC10467237 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231186918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel formation is an important initial step for bone formation during development as well as during remodelling and repair in the adult skeleton. This results in a heavily vascularized tissue where endothelial cells and skeletal cells are constantly in crosstalk to facilitate homeostasis, a process that is mediated by numerous environmental signals, including mechanical loading. Breakdown in this communication can lead to disease and/or poor fracture repair. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of mature bone cells in regulating angiogenesis, how this is influenced by a dynamic mechanical environment, and understand the mechanism by which this could occur. Herein, we demonstrate that both osteoblasts and osteocytes coordinate endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and blood vessel formation via a mechanically dependent paracrine mechanism. Moreover, we identified that this process is mediated via the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as isolated EVs from mechanically stimulated bone cells elicited the same response as seen with the full secretome, while the EV-depleted secretome did not elicit any effect. Despite mechanically activated bone cell-derived EVs (MA-EVs) driving a similar response to VEGF treatment, MA-EVs contain minimal quantities of this angiogenic factor. Lastly, a miRNA screen identified mechanoresponsive miRNAs packaged within MA-EVs which are linked with angiogenesis. Taken together, this study has highlighted an important mechanism in osteogenic-angiogenic coupling in bone and has identified the mechanically activated bone cell-derived EVs as a therapeutic to promote angiogenesis and potentially bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Shen
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. Maggio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I. Woods
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. C. Lowry
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R. Almasri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. Gorgun
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K.F. Eichholz
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E. Stavenschi
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K. Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F.M. Roche
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L. O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D.A. Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Chen YC, Fu YS, Tsai SW, Wu PK, Chen CM, Chen WM, Chen CF. IL-1b in the Secretomes of MSCs Seeded on Human Decellularized Allogeneic Bone Promotes Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315301. [PMID: 36499629 PMCID: PMC9737155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development of bone and bone regeneration to provide the required molecules. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent, self-renewing, and spindle-shaped cells, which can differentiate into multiple lineages such as chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes. MSCs derived from bone marrow (BMMSCs), adipose tissue (ADMSCs), and Wharton's jelly (UCMSCs) are popular in the field of tissue regeneration. MSCs have been proposed that can promote bone regeneration by enhancing vascularization. In this study, the angiogenic potential of secretomes of undifferentiated and osteo-differentiated BMMSCs, ADMSCs, and UCMSCs seeded on human decellularized allogeneic bone were compared. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with MSC secretomes. Cell growth, cell migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs were analyzed by MTT, wound healing, and tube formation assays. Angiogenic gene expression levels of MSCs were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR. Antibody neutralization was performed to validate the candidate target. Our study demonstrates that the angiogenic gene expression profile is tissue-dependent and the angiogenic ability of secretomes is independent of the state of differentiation. We also explore that IL-1b is important for MSC angiogenic potential. Taken together, this study proves that IL-1b in the secretomes plays a vital role in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Show Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Wen Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuei Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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6
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Luo H, Basabrain MS, Zhong J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Qi Y, Zou T, Zhang C. Neuroregenerative potential of SCAP-derived neuronal cell spheroids regulated by SCAPs under various microenvironments in a pulp-on-chip system. J Endod 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Kim CK, Hwang JY, Hong TH, Lee DM, Lee K, Nam H, Joo KM. Combination stem cell therapy using dental pulp stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells for critical hindlimb ischemia. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35168701 PMCID: PMC9340082 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.7.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the limbs provokes critical hindlimb ischemia (CLI). Although CLI results in irreversible sequelae, such as amputation, few therapeutic options induce the formation of new functional blood vessels. Based on the proangiogenic potentials of stem cells, in this study, it was examined whether a combination of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) could result in enhanced therapeutic effects of stem cells for CLI compared with those of DPSCs or HUVECs alone. The DPSCs+ HUVECs combination therapy resulted in significantly higher blood flow and lower ischemia damage than DPSCs or HUVECs alone. The improved therapeutic effects in the DPSCs+ HUVECs group were accompanied by a significantly higher number of microvessels in the ischemic tissue than in the other groups. In vitro proliferation and tube formation assay showed that VEGF in the conditioned media of DPSCs induced proliferation and vessel-like tube formation of HUVECs. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the combination of DPSCs and HUVECs had significantly better therapeutic effects on CLI via VEGF-mediated crosstalk. This combinational strategy could be used to develop novel clinical protocols for CLI proangiogenic regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Kwon Kim
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Hong
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Du Man Lee
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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8
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Kim CK, Hwang JY, Hong TH, Lee DM, Lee K, Nam H, Joo KM. Combination stem cell therapy using dental pulp stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells for critical hindlimb ischemia. BMB Rep 2022; 55:336-341. [PMID: 35168701 PMCID: PMC9340082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the limbs provokes critical hindlimb ischemia (CLI). Although CLI results in irreversible sequelae, such as amputation, few therapeutic options induce the formation of new functional blood vessels. Based on the proangiogenic potentials of stem cells, in this study, it was examined whether a combination of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) could result in enhanced therapeutic effects of stem cells for CLI compared with those of DPSCs or HUVECs alone. The DPSCs+ HUVECs combination therapy resulted in significantly higher blood flow and lower ischemia damage than DPSCs or HUVECs alone. The improved therapeutic effects in the DPSCs+ HUVECs group were accompanied by a significantly higher number of microvessels in the ischemic tissue than in the other groups. In vitro proliferation and tube formation assay showed that VEGF in the conditioned media of DPSCs induced proliferation and vessel-like tube formation of HUVECs. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the combination of DPSCs and HUVECs had significantly better therapeutic effects on CLI via VEGF-mediated crosstalk. This combinational strategy could be used to develop novel clinical protocols for CLI proangiogenic regenerative treatments. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(7): 336-341].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Kwon Kim
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Hong
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Du Man Lee
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea
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9
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Paper based microfluidic platform for single-step detection of mesenchymal stromal cells secreted VEGF. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1199:339588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Lutter G, Puehler T, Cyganek L, Seiler J, Rogler A, Herberth T, Knueppel P, Gorb SN, Sathananthan J, Sellers S, Müller OJ, Frank D, Haben I. Biodegradable Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds with ECFCs and iMSCs for Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:527. [PMID: 35008953 PMCID: PMC8745109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically used heart valve prostheses, despite their progress, are still associated with limitations. Biodegradable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds, as a matrix, were seeded with human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and human induced-pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs (iMSCs) for the generation of tissue-engineered heart valves. Cell adhesion, proliferation, and distribution, as well as the effects of coating PCL nanofibers, were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and SEM. Mechanical properties of seeded PCL scaffolds were investigated under uniaxial loading. iPSCs were used to differentiate into iMSCs via mesoderm. The obtained iMSCs exhibited a comparable phenotype and surface marker expression to adult human MSCs and were capable of multilineage differentiation. EFCFs and MSCs showed good adhesion and distribution on PCL fibers, forming a closed cell cover. Coating of the fibers resulted in an increased cell number only at an early time point; from day 7 of colonization, there was no difference between cell numbers on coated and uncoated PCL fibers. The mechanical properties of PCL scaffolds under uniaxial loading were compared with native porcine pulmonary valve leaflets. The Young's modulus and mean elongation at Fmax of unseeded PCL scaffolds were comparable to those of native leaflets (p = ns.). Colonization of PCL scaffolds with human ECFCs or iMSCs did not alter these properties (p = ns.). However, the native heart valves exhibited a maximum tensile stress at a force of 1.2 ± 0.5 N, whereas it was lower in the unseeded PCL scaffolds (0.6 ± 0.0 N, p < 0.05). A closed cell layer on PCL tissues did not change the values of Fmax (ECFCs: 0.6 ± 0.1 N; iMSCs: 0.7 ± 0.1 N). Here, a successful two-phase protocol, based on the timed use of differentiation factors for efficient differentiation of human iPSCs into iMSCs, was developed. Furthermore, we demonstrated the successful colonization of a biodegradable PCL nanofiber matrix with human ECFCs and iMSCs suitable for the generation of tissue-engineered heart valves. A closed cell cover was already evident after 14 days for ECFCs and 21 days for MSCs. The PCL tissue did not show major mechanical differences compared to native heart valves, which was not altered by short-term surface colonization with human cells in the absence of an extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lutter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (O.J.M.); (D.F.)
| | - Thomas Puehler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (O.J.M.); (D.F.)
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jette Seiler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (O.J.M.); (D.F.)
| | - Anita Rogler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Tanja Herberth
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Philipp Knueppel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Janarthanan Sathananthan
- Department of Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 174, Canada; (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephanie Sellers
- Department of Centre for Heart Valve Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 174, Canada; (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (O.J.M.); (D.F.)
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Derk Frank
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (O.J.M.); (D.F.)
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Irma Haben
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.); (J.S.); (A.R.); (T.H.); (P.K.); (I.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (O.J.M.); (D.F.)
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11
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Laiva AL, O’Brien FJ, Keogh MB. SDF-1α Gene-Activated Collagen Scaffold Restores Pro-Angiogenic Wound Healing Features in Human Diabetic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020160. [PMID: 33562165 PMCID: PMC7914837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) can lead to leg amputation in diabetic patients. Autologous stem cell therapy holds some potential to solve this problem; however, diabetic stem cells are relatively dysfunctional and restrictive in their wound healing abilities. This study sought to explore if a novel collagen-chondroitin sulfate (coll-CS) scaffold, functionalized with polyplex nanoparticles carrying the gene encoding for stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α gene-activated scaffold), can enhance the regenerative functionality of human diabetic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). We assessed the impact of the gene-activated scaffold on diabetic ADSCs by comparing their response against healthy ADSCs cultured on a gene-free scaffold over two weeks. Overall, we found that the gene-activated scaffold could restore the pro-angiogenic regenerative response in the human diabetic ADSCs similar to the healthy ADSCs on the gene-free scaffold. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that the gene-activated scaffold induced the overexpression of SDF-1α in diabetic ADSCs and engaged the receptor CXCR7, causing downstream β-arrestin signaling, as effectively as the transfected healthy ADSCs. The transfected diabetic ADSCs also exhibited pro-wound healing features characterized by active matrix remodeling of the provisional fibronectin matrix and basement membrane protein collagen IV. The gene-activated scaffold also induced a controlled pro-healing response in the healthy ADSCs by disabling early developmental factors signaling while promoting the expression of tissue remodeling components. Conclusively, we show that the SDF-1α gene-activated scaffold can overcome the deficiencies associated with diabetic ADSCs, paving the way for autologous stem cell therapies combined with novel biomaterials to treat DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashang L. Laiva
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.L.L.); (F.J.O.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Adliya, P.O. Box 15503 Manama, Bahrain
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.L.L.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael B. Keogh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; (A.L.L.); (F.J.O.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Adliya, P.O. Box 15503 Manama, Bahrain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +973-17351450
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12
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Jia W, Sharma D, He W, Xing Q, Zhao F. Preservation of microvascular integrity and immunomodulatory property of prevascularized human mesenchymal stem cell sheets. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:207-218. [PMID: 33432700 DOI: 10.1002/term.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prevascularization is essential to ensure the viability, functionality, and successful integration of tissue-engineered three-dimensional (3D) constructs with surrounding host tissues after transplantation. Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) sheet can be prevascularized by coculturing with endothelial cells (ECs), and then be further used as building blocks for engineering 3D complex tissues. In addition, predifferentiation of hMSCs into a tissue-specific lineage in vitro has been proven to promote graft engraftment and regeneration. However, it is unclear if the prevascularized hMSC sheets can still maintain their microvascular integrity as well as the immune-regulatory properties after their tissue-specific differentiation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of differentiation cues on the microvascular structure, angiogenic factor secretion, and immunogenic responses of prevascularized hMSC sheets. The results showed that upon coculturing with ECs, hMSC sheets successfully formed microvascular network, while maintaining hMSCs' multi-lineage differentiation capability. The next step, osteogenic and adipogenic induction, damaged the preformed microvascular structures and compromised the angiogenic factor secretion ability of hMSCs. Nonetheless, this effect was mitigated by adjusting the concentration of differentiation factors. The subcutaneous transplantation in an immunocompetent rat model demonstrated that the osteogenic differentiated prevascularized hMSC sheet preserved its microvascular structure and immunomodulatory properties comparable to the undifferentiated prevascularized hMSC sheets. This study suggested that a balanced and optimal differentiation condition can effectively promote the tissue-specific predifferentiation of prevascularized hMSC sheet while maintaining its immunomodulatory and tissue integration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dhavan Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Qi Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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13
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Suku M, Laiva AL, O’Brien FJ, Keogh MB. Anti-Ageing Protein β-Klotho Rejuvenates Diabetic Stem Cells for Improved Gene-Activated Scaffold Based Wound Healing. J Pers Med 2020; 11:jpm11010004. [PMID: 33375065 PMCID: PMC7822036 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds can lead to serious morbidity complications in diabetic patients due to the reduced healing potential of autologous stem cells. One reason for the low functional potency of stem cells from diabetic patients (diabetic stem cells) is attributed to their senescent-like nature. Here, we investigated if an anti-ageing protein, β-klotho, could be used to rejuvenate diabetic stem cells and to promote pro-angiogenic gene-activated scaffold (GAS)-induced functional response for wound healing applications. Human stem cells derived from the adipose tissue (adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)) of normal and diabetic (type 2) donors were used for the study. We report that the β-klotho priming facilitated inflammatory signal pruning by reducing interleukin-8 release by more than half while concurrently doubling the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Additionally, β-klotho priming enhanced the pro-angiogenic response of diabetic ADSCs on GAS by dampening the release of anti-angiogenic factors (i.e., pigment epithelium-derived factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and thrombospondin-1) while simultaneously supporting the expression of pro-angiogenic factors (i.e., Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-2 and angiogenin). Finally, we show that β-klotho pre-treatment expedites the cellular expression of matrix proteins such as collagen IV and collagen VI, which are implicated in tissue maturation. Taken together, our study provides evidence that the synergistic effect of the pro-angiogenic GAS and β-klotho activation effectively accelerates the functional development of diabetic ADSCs for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Suku
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain P.O. Box 15503, Ireland; (M.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Ashang Luwang Laiva
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain P.O. Box 15503, Ireland; (M.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland;
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael B. Keogh
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain P.O. Box 15503, Ireland; (M.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-316-660-128
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14
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Whitehead J, Griffin KH, Gionet-Gonzales M, Vorwald CE, Cinque SE, Leach JK. Hydrogel mechanics are a key driver of bone formation by mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120607. [PMID: 33385687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can promote tissue repair in regenerative medicine, and their therapeutic potential is further enhanced via spheroid formation. Stress relaxation of hydrogels has emerged as a potent stimulus to enhance MSC spreading and osteogenic differentiation, but the effect of hydrogel viscoelasticity on MSC spheroids has not been reported. Herein, we describe a materials-based approach to augment the osteogenic potential of entrapped MSC spheroids by leveraging the mechanical properties of alginate hydrogels. Compared to spheroids entrapped in covalently crosslinked elastic alginate, calcium deposition of MSC spheroids was consistently increased in ionically crosslinked, viscoelastic hydrogels. We previously demonstrated that intraspheroidal presentation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) on hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles resulted in more spatially uniform MSC osteodifferentiation, providing a method to internally influence spheroid phenotype. In these studies, we observed significant increases in calcium deposition by MSC spheroids loaded with BMP-2-HA in viscoelastic gels compared to soluble BMP-2, which was greater than spheroids entrapped in all elastic alginate gels. Upon implantation in critically sized calvarial bone defects, bone formation was greater in all animals treated with viscoelastic hydrogels. Increases in bone formation were evident in viscoelastic gels, regardless of the mode of presentation of BMP-2 (i.e., soluble delivery or HA nanoparticles). These studies demonstrate that the dynamic mechanical properties of viscoelastic alginate are an effective strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of MSC spheroids for bone formation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Katherine H Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Charlotte E Vorwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Serena E Cinque
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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15
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Nath SC, Harper L, Rancourt DE. Cell-Based Therapy Manufacturing in Stirred Suspension Bioreactor: Thoughts for cGMP Compliance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:599674. [PMID: 33324625 PMCID: PMC7726241 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.599674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy (CBT) is attracting much attention to treat incurable diseases. In recent years, several clinical trials have been conducted using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), and other potential therapeutic cells. Various private- and government-funded organizations are investing in finding permanent cures for diseases that are difficult or expensive to treat over a lifespan, such as age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson’s disease, or diabetes, etc. Clinical-grade cell manufacturing requiring current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has therefore become an important issue to make safe and effective CBT products. Current cell production practices are adopted from conventional antibody or protein production in the pharmaceutical industry, wherein cells are used as a vector to produce the desired products. With CBT, however, the “cells are the final products” and sensitive to physico- chemical parameters and storage conditions anywhere between isolation and patient administration. In addition, the manufacturing of cellular products involves multi-stage processing, including cell isolation, genetic modification, PSC derivation, expansion, differentiation, purification, characterization, cryopreservation, etc. Posing a high risk of product contamination, these can be time- and cost- prohibitive due to maintenance of cGMP. The growing demand of CBT needs integrated manufacturing systems that can provide a more simple and cost-effective platform. Here, we discuss the current methods and limitations of CBT, based upon experience with biologics production. We review current cell manufacturing integration, automation and provide an overview of some important considerations and best cGMP practices. Finally, we propose how multi-stage cell processing can be integrated into a single bioreactor, in order to develop streamlined cGMP-compliant cell processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman C Nath
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lane Harper
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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16
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Pleniceanu O, Harari-Steinberg O, Omer D, Gnatek Y, Lachmi BE, Cohen-Zontag O, Manevitz-Mendelson E, Barzilai A, Yampolsky M, Fuchs Y, Rosenzweig B, Eisner A, Dotan Z, Fine LG, Dekel B, Greenberger S. Successful Introduction of Human Renovascular Units into the Mammalian Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2757-2772. [PMID: 32753400 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapies aimed at replenishing renal parenchyma have been proposed as an approach for treating CKD. However, pathogenic mechanisms involved in CKD such as renal hypoxia result in loss of kidney function and limit engraftment and therapeutic effects of renal epithelial progenitors. Jointly administering vessel-forming cells (human mesenchymal stromal cells [MSCs] and endothelial colony-forming cells [ECFCs]) may potentially result in in vivo formation of vascular networks. METHODS We administered renal tubule-forming cells derived from human adult and fetal kidneys (previously shown to exert a functional effect in CKD mice) into mice, alongside MSCs and ECFCs. We then assessed whether this would result in generation of "renovascular units" comprising both vessels and tubules with potential interaction. RESULTS Directly injecting vessel-forming cells and renal tubule-forming cells into the subcutaneous and subrenal capsular space resulted in self-organization of donor-derived vascular networks that connected to host vasculature, alongside renal tubules comprising tubular epithelia of different nephron segments. Vessels derived from MSCs and ECFCs augmented in vivo tubulogenesis by the renal tubule-forming cells. In vitro coculture experiments showed that MSCs and ECFCs induced self-renewal and genes associated with mesenchymal-epithelial transition in renal tubule-forming cells, indicating paracrine effects. Notably, after renal injury, renal tubule-forming cells and vessel-forming cells infused into the renal artery did not penetrate the renal vascular network to generate vessels; only administering them into the kidney parenchyma resulted in similar generation of human renovascular units in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Combined cell therapy of vessel-forming cells and renal tubule-forming cells aimed at alleviating renal hypoxia and enhancing tubulogenesis holds promise as the basis for new renal regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pleniceanu
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Harari-Steinberg
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dorit Omer
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yehudit Gnatek
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Bat-El Lachmi
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Osnat Cohen-Zontag
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Barzilai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Matan Yampolsky
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Barak Rosenzweig
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alon Eisner
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Zohar Dotan
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Leon G Fine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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17
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Nie WB, Zhang D, Wang LS. Growth Factor Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1241-1256. [PMID: 32273686 PMCID: PMC7105364 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s243944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There have been marked changes in the field of stem cell therapeutics in recent years, with many clinical trials having been conducted to date in an effort to treat myriad diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the cell type most frequently utilized in stem cell therapeutic and tissue regenerative strategies, and have been used with excellent safety to date. Unfortunately, these MSCs have limited ability to engraft and survive, reducing their clinical utility. MSCs are able to secrete growth factors that can support the regeneration of tissues, and engineering MSCs to express such growth factors can improve their survival, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue reconstructing abilities. As such, it is likely that such genetically modified MSCs may represent the next stage of regenerative therapy. Indeed, increasing volumes of preclinical research suggests that such modified MSCs expressing growth factors can effectively treat many forms of tissue damage. In the present review, we survey recent approaches to producing and utilizing growth factor gene-modified MSCs in the context of tissue repair and discuss its prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Nie
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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18
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Hung BP, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Lin JB, Campbell T, Lee YB, Panitch A, Alsberg E, Leach JK. Multi-peptide presentation and hydrogel mechanics jointly enhance therapeutic duo-potential of entrapped stromal cells. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119973. [PMID: 32244091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The native extracellular matrix (ECM) contains a host of matricellular proteins and bioactive factors that regulate cell behavior, and many ECM components have been leveraged to guide cell fate. However, the large size and chemical characteristics of these constituents complicate their incorporation into biomaterials without interfering with material properties, motivating the need for alternative approaches to regulate cellular responses. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can promote osseous regeneration in vivo directly or indirectly through multiple means including (1) secretion of proangiogenic and mitogenic factors to initiate formation of a vascular template and recruit host cells into the tissue site or (2) direct differentiation into osteoblasts. As MSC behavior is influenced by the properties of engineered hydrogels, we hypothesized that the biochemical and biophysical properties of alginate could be manipulated to promote the dual contributions of encapsulated MSCs toward bone formation. We functionalized alginate with QK peptide to enhance proangiogenic factor secretion and RGD to promote adhesion, while biomechanical-mediated osteogenic cues were controlled by modulating viscoelastic properties of the alginate substrate. A 1:1 ratio of QK:RGD resulted in the highest levels of both proangiogenic factor secretion and mineralization in vitro. Viscoelastic alginate outperformed purely elastic gels in both categories, and this effect was enhanced by stiffness up to 20 kPa. Furthermore, viscoelastic constructs promoted vessel infiltration and bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect over 12 weeks. These data suggest that modulating viscoelastic properties of biomaterials, in conjunction with dual peptide functionalization, can simultaneously enhance multiple aspects of MSC regenerative potential and improve neovascularization of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jenny B Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Takeyah Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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19
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Harvestine JN, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Sebastian A, Hum NR, Genetos DC, Loots GG, Leach JK. Osteogenic preconditioning in perfusion bioreactors improves vascularization and bone formation by human bone marrow aspirates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2387. [PMID: 32095526 PMCID: PMC7015678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a niche to promote osteogenic differentiation, cell adhesion, survival, and trophic factor secretion. To determine whether osteogenic preconditioning would improve the bone-forming potential of unfractionated bone marrow aspirate (BMA), we perfused cells on ECM-coated scaffolds to generate naïve and preconditioned constructs, respectively. The composition of cells selected from BMA was distinct on each scaffold. Naïve constructs exhibited robust proangiogenic potential in vitro, while preconditioned scaffolds contained more mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) and exhibited an osteogenic phenotype. Upon implantation into an orthotopic calvarial defect, BMA-derived ECs were present in vessels in preconditioned implants, resulting in robust perfusion and greater vessel density over the first 14 days compared to naïve implants. After 10 weeks, human ECs and differentiated MSCs were detected in de novo tissues derived from naïve and preconditioned scaffolds. These results demonstrate that bioreactor-based preconditioning augments the bone-forming potential of BMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Harvestine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - T. Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A. Sebastian
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - N. R. Hum
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - D. C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - G. G. Loots
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J. K. Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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20
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Kim OH, Hong HE, Seo H, Kwak BJ, Choi HJ, Kim KH, Ahn J, Lee SC, Kim SJ. Generation of induced secretome from adipose-derived stem cells specialized for disease-specific treatment: An experimental mouse model. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:70-86. [PMID: 32110276 PMCID: PMC7031761 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the exclusive use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted molecules, named as the secretome, have been evaluated for overcoming the limitations of cell-based therapy while maintaining its advantages.
AIM To improve cell-free therapy by adding disease-specificity through stimulation of MSCs using disease-causing materials.
METHODS We collected the secretory materials (named as inducers) released from AML12 hepatocytes that had been pretreated with thioacetamide (TAA) and generated the TAA-induced secretome (TAA-isecretome) after stimulating adipose-derived stem cells with the inducers. The TAA-isecretome was intravenously administered to mice with TAA-induced hepatic failure and those with partial hepatectomy.
RESULTS TAA-isecretome infusion showed higher therapeutic potential in terms of (1) restoring disorganized hepatic tissue to normal tissue; (2) inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α); and (3) reducing abnormally elevated liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) compared to the naïve secretome infusion in mice with TAA-induced hepatic failure. However, the TAA-isecretome showed inferior therapeutic potential for restoring hepatic function in partially hepatectomized mice. Proteomic analysis of TAA-isecretome identified that antioxidant processes were the most predominant enriched biological networks of the proteins exclusively identified in the TAA-isecretome. In addition, peroxiredoxin-1, a potent antioxidant protein, was found to be one of representative components of TAA-isecretome and played a central role in the protection of TAA-induced hepatic injury.
CONCLUSION Appropriate stimulation of adipose-derived stem cells with TAA led to the production of a secretome enriched with proteins, especially peroxiredoxin-1, with higher antioxidant activity. Our results suggest that appropriate stimulation of MSCs with pathogenic agents can lead to the production of a secretome specialized for protecting against the pathogen. This approach is expected to open a new way of developing various specific therapeutics based on the high plasticity and responsiveness of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Hee Kim
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Haeyeon Seo
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kwak
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Kim
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 11765, South Korea
| | - Joseph Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 34943, South Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
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Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:22. [PMID: 31815001 PMCID: PMC6889290 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1038] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The terms MSC and MSCs have become the preferred acronym to describe a cell and a cell population of multipotential stem/progenitor cells commonly referred to as mesenchymal stem cells, multipotential stromal cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and mesenchymal progenitor cells. The MSCs can differentiate to important lineages under defined conditions in vitro and in limited situations after implantation in vivo. MSCs were isolated and described about 30 years ago and now there are over 55,000 publications on MSCs readily available. Here, we have focused on human MSCs whenever possible. The MSCs have broad anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties. At present, these provide the greatest focus of human MSCs in clinical testing; however, the properties of cultured MSCs in vitro suggest they can have broader applications. The medical utility of MSCs continues to be investigated in over 950 clinical trials. There has been much progress in understanding MSCs over the years, and there is a strong foundation for future scientific research and clinical applications, but also some important questions remain to be answered. Developing further methods to understand and unlock MSC potential through intracellular and intercellular signaling, biomedical engineering, delivery methods and patient selection should all provide substantial advancements in the coming years and greater clinical opportunities. The expansive and growing field of MSC research is teaching us basic human cell biology as well as how to use this type of cell for cellular therapy in a variety of clinical settings, and while much promise is evident, careful new work is still needed.
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Whitehead J, Kothambawala A, Leach JK. Morphogen Delivery by Osteoconductive Nanoparticles Instructs Stromal Cell Spheroid Phenotype. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:1900141. [PMID: 32270027 PMCID: PMC7141413 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exhibit a rapid loss in osteogenic phenotype upon removal of osteoinductive cues, as commonly occurs during transplantation. Osteogenic differentiation can be more effectively but not fully maintained by aggregating MSCs into spheroids. Therefore, the development of effective strategies that prolong the efficacy of inductive growth factors would be advantageous for advancing cell-based therapies. To address this challenge, osteoinductive bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was adsorbed to osteoconductive hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles for incorporation into MSC spheroids. MSC induction was evaluated in osteogenic conditions and retention of the osteogenic phenotype in the absence of other osteogenic cues. HA was more uniformly incorporated into spheroids at lower concentrations, while BMP-2 dosage was dependent upon initial morphogen concentration. MSC spheroids containing BMP-2-loaded HA nanoparticles exhibited greater alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and more uniform spatial expression of osteocalcin compared to spheroids with uncoated HA nanoparticles. Spheroids cultured in media containing soluble BMP-2 demonstrated differentiation only at the spheroid periphery. Furthermore, the osteogenic phenotype of MSC spheroids was better retained with BMP-2-laden HA upon the removal of soluble osteogenic cues. These findings represent a promising strategy for simultaneous delivery of osteoconductive and osteoinductive signals for enhancing MSC participation in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alefia Kothambawala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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23
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Kim KH, Lee JI, Kim OH, Hong HE, Kwak BJ, Choi HJ, Ahn J, Lee TY, Lee SC, Kim SJ. Ameliorating liver fibrosis in an animal model using the secretome released from miR-122-transfected adipose-derived stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:990-1004. [PMID: 31768225 PMCID: PMC6851007 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the exclusive use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted molecules, called secretome, rather than cells, has been evaluated for overcoming the limitations of cell-based therapy, while maintaining its advantages. However, the use of naïve secretome may not fully satisfy the specificity of each disease. Therefore, it appears to be more advantageous to use the functionally reinforced secretome through a series of processes involving physico-chemical adjustments or genetic manipulation rather than to the use naïve secretome.
AIM To determine the therapeutic potential of the secretome released from miR-122-transfected adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs).
METHODS We collected secretory materials released from ASCs that had been transfected with antifibrotic miR-122 (MCM) and compared their antifibrotic effects with those of the naïve secretome (CM). MCM and CM were intravenously administered to the mouse model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis, and their therapeutic potentials were compared.
RESULTS MCM infusion provided higher therapeutic potential in terms of: (A) Reducing collagen content in the liver; (B) Inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines; and (C) Reducing abnormally elevated liver enzymes than the infusion of the naïve secretome. The proteomic analysis of MCM also indicated that the contents of antifibrotic proteins were significantly elevated compared to those in the naïve secretome.
CONCLUSION We could, thus, conclude that the secretome released from miR-122-transfected ASCs has higher antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties than the naïve secretome. Because miR-122 transfection into ASCs provides a specific way of potentiating the antifibrotic properties of ASC secretome, it could be considered as an enhanced method for reinforcing secretome effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 11765, South Korea
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Jae Im Lee
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 11765, South Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kwak
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Joseph Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Tae Yun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 34943, South Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
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24
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Ramaswamy AK, Sides RE, Cunnane EM, Lorentz KL, Reines LM, Vorp DA, Weinbaum JS. Adipose-derived stromal cell secreted factors induce the elastogenesis cascade within 3D aortic smooth muscle cell constructs. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 4:100014. [PMID: 33543011 PMCID: PMC7852215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Elastogenesis within the medial layer of the aortic wall involves a cascade of events orchestrated primarily by smooth muscle cells, including transcription of elastin and a cadre of elastin chaperone matricellular proteins, deposition and cross-linking of tropoelastin coacervates, and maturation of extracellular matrix fiber structures to form mechanically competent vascular tissue. Elastic fiber disruption is associated with aortic aneurysm; in aneurysmal disease a thin and weakened wall leads to a high risk of rupture if left untreated, and non-surgical treatments for small aortic aneurysms are currently limited. This study analyzed the effect of adipose-derived stromal cell secreted factors on each step of the smooth muscle cell elastogenesis cascade within a three-dimensional fibrin gel culture platform. Approach and results We demonstrate that adipose-derived stromal cell secreted factors induce an increase in smooth muscle cell transcription of tropoelastin, fibrillin-1, and chaperone proteins fibulin-5, lysyl oxidase, and lysyl oxidase-like 1, formation of extracellular elastic fibers, insoluble elastin and collagen protein fractions in dynamically-active 30-day constructs, and a mechanically competent matrix after 30 days in culture. Conclusion Our results reveal a potential avenue for an elastin-targeted small aortic aneurysm therapeutic, acting as a supplement to the currently employed passive monitoring strategy. Additionally, the elastogenesis analysis workflow explored here could guide future mechanistic studies of elastin formation, which in turn could lead to new non-surgical treatment strategies. Stromal cells stimulate smooth muscle cells (SMC) using paracrine signals. Stimulated SMC make RNA for both elastin and associated proteins. After protein synthesis, new elastic fibers form that contain insoluble elastin. Stromal cell products could promote elastin production in vivo.
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Key Words
- AA, aortic aneurysm
- ACA, epsilon-amino caproic acid
- ASC, adipose-derived stromal cell
- ASC-SF, ASC secreted factors
- Aneurysm
- Aorta
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Elastin
- Extracellular matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- LOX, lysyl oxidase
- LOXL-1, LOX-like 1
- LTBP, latent TGF-β binding protein
- NCM, non-conditioned media
- NT, no treatment
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- Vascular regeneration
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh K. Ramaswamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Sides
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Eoghan M. Cunnane
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine L. Lorentz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Leila M. Reines
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - David A. Vorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Justin S. Weinbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Corresponding author at: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering, Suite 300, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
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25
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Könemann S, Sartori LV, Gross S, Hadlich S, Kühn JP, Samal R, Bahls M, Felix SB, Wenzel K. Cardioprotective effect of the secretome of Sca-1+ and Sca-1− cells in heart failure: not equal, but equally important? Cardiovasc Res 2019; 116:566-575. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Both progenitor and differentiated cells were previously shown to secrete cardioprotective substances, but so far there has been no direct comparison of the paracrine effects of the two cell types on heart failure. The study sought to compare the paracrine effect of selected progenitors and the corresponding non-progenitor mononuclear cardiac cells on the cardiac function of transgenic heart failure mice. In addition, we aimed to further enhance the paracrine effect of the cells via pretreatment with the heart failure mediator aldosterone.
Methods and results
Transgenic heart failure mice were injected with the supernatant of murine cardiac stem cell antigen-1 positive (Sca-1+) and negative (Sca-1−) cells with or without aldosterone pretreatment. Cardiac function was determined using small animal magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, heart failure markers were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, RT–PCR, and bead-based multiplexing assay. While only the secretome of aldosterone pretreated Sca-1+ cells led to a significant improvement in cardiac function, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels were significantly lower and galectin-1 levels significantly higher in mice that were treated with either kind of secretome compared with untreated controls.
Conclusion
In this first direct comparison of the paracrine effects of progenitor cells and a heterogeneous population of mononuclear cardiac cells the supernatants of both cell types showed cardioprotective properties which might be of great relevance for endogenous repair. During heart failure raised aldosterone levels might further increase the paracrine effect of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Könemann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luiz V Sartori
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Hadlich
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rasmita Samal
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Wenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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26
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Zhao L, Hu C, Zhang P, Jiang H, Chen J. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in acute kidney injury. J Transl Med 2019; 17:142. [PMID: 31046805 PMCID: PMC6498508 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria take part in a network of cellular processes that regulate cell homeostasis. Defects in mitochondrial function are key pathophysiological changes during acute kidney injury (AKI). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising regenerative effects in experimental AKI models, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Some studies have demonstrated that MSCs are able to target mitochondrial dysfunction during AKI. In this review, we summarize these articles, providing an integral and updated view of MSC therapy targeting mitochondrial dysfunction during AKI, which is aimed at promoting the therapeutic effect of MSCs in AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Zhao L, Hu C, Zhang P, Jiang H, Chen J. Genetic communication by extracellular vesicles is an important mechanism underlying stem cell-based therapy-mediated protection against acute kidney injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:119. [PMID: 30995947 PMCID: PMC6471862 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy appears to be a promising new candidate for acute kidney injury (AKI) management. Traditionally, it has been accepted that the mechanism underlying the regenerative effect of stem cells is based on their paracrine/endocrine activity, including release of bioactive factors that act on injured renal cells and presentation of proangiogenic, antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory effects. Recently, multiple studies have confirmed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a kind of vesicle rich in a broad variety of biologically active molecules, including lipids, proteins, and, in particular, nucleic acids. EVs are able to transfer genetic information to target cells, alter target gene regulatory networks, and exert biological effects. Stem cell-derived EVs (SC-EVs) are emerging as potent genetic information sources that deliver mRNAs and miRNAs to injured renal cells and exert renoprotective effects during AKI. On the other hand, EVs originating from injured renal cells also contain genetic information that is believed to be able to influence phenotypic and functional changes in stem cells, favoring renal recovery. In this review, we summarize studies providing evidence of genetic communication during the application of stem cells in preclinical AKI models, aiming to clarify the mechanism and describe the therapeutic effects of stem cell-based therapy in AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Secretomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Heterogeneity. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:8693137. [PMID: 30651737 PMCID: PMC6311717 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8693137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A kidney has the ability to regenerate itself after a variety of renal injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to ameliorate tissue damages during renal injuries and diseases. The regenerations induced by MSCs are primarily mediated by the paracrine release of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles. Extracellular vesicles contain proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs that are transferred into recipient cells to induce several repair signaling pathways. Over the past few decades, many studies identified trophic factors from MSCs, which attenuate renal injury in a variety of animal acute kidney injury models, including renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and drug-induced renal injury, using microarray and proteomic analysis. Nevertheless, these studies have revealed the heterogeneity of trophic factors from MSCs that depend on the cell origins and different stimuli including hypoxia, inflammatory stimuli, and aging. In this review article, we summarize the secretomes and regenerative mechanisms induced by MSCs and highlight the possible heterogeneity of trophic factors from different types of MSC and different circumstances for renal regeneration.
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29
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Zhao L, Hu C, Zhang P, Jiang H, Chen J. Preconditioning strategies for improving the survival rate and paracrine ability of mesenchymal stem cells in acute kidney injury. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:720-730. [PMID: 30484934 PMCID: PMC6349184 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, severe emergency case in clinics, with high incidence, significant mortality and increased costs. Despite development in the understanding of its pathophysiology, the therapeutic choices are still confined to dialysis and renal transplantation. Considering their antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, antioxidative and pro‐angiogenic effects, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a promising candidate for AKI management. Based on these findings, some clinical trials have been performed, but the results are contradictory (NCT00733876, NCT01602328). The low engraftment, poor survival rate, impaired paracrine ability and delayed administration of MSCs are the four main reasons for the limited clinical efficacy. Investigators have developed a series of preconditioning strategies to improve MSC survival rates and paracrine ability. In this review, by summarizing these encouraging studies, we intend to provide a comprehensive understanding of various preconditioning strategies on AKI therapy and improve the prognosis of AKI patients by regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Zhao L, Hu C, Zhang P, Jiang H, Chen J. Novel preconditioning strategies for enhancing the migratory ability of mesenchymal stem cells in acute kidney injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:225. [PMID: 30139368 PMCID: PMC6108125 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a worldwide public health issue due to its increasing incidence, significant mortality, and lack of specific target-orientated therapy. Developments in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) research make MSCs a promising candidate for AKI management but relevant clinical trials show confusing results (NCT00733876, NCT01602328). One primary cause of the limited therapeutic effect may result from poor engraftment of transplanted cells. To solve this problem, investigators have developed a series of preconditioning strategies to improve MSC engraftment in animal AKI models. In this review, we summarize these previous studies, providing an integrated and updated view of different preconditioning strategies aimed at promoting the therapeutic effect of MSCs in AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Harvestine JN, Orbay H, Chen JY, Sahar DE, Leach JK. Cell-secreted extracellular matrix, independent of cell source, promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human stromal vascular fraction. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4104-4115. [PMID: 30505446 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02787g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoaspirates contain a readily accessible heterogeneous cell source for use in bone regeneration collectively referred to as the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). However, the osteogenic potential of SVF is inferior to other progenitor cell populations, thereby requiring alternative strategies to potentiate its effective use in cell-based therapies of bone repair. Cell-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) is a promising substrate to guide cell phenotype or for use in biomaterial design, yet the instructional capacity of ECMs produced by various cell types is unknown. To determine whether the bioactivity of cell-secreted ECM was dependent on cell source, we assessed the osteogenic response of human SVF on ECMs secreted by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipose stromal cells (ASCs), and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Tissue culture plastic (TCP), type I collagen, and ECM induced expression of integrin subunits α2, α5, and β1 in SVF, yet seeding efficiency was only improved on MSC-derived ECM. Regardless of ECM source, SVF deposited over 8- and 1.3-fold more calcium compared to TCP and collagen-coated controls, respectively. Flow cytometry confirmed that SVF cultured on ECM retained CD31 and CD34 positive cell populations better than TCP. After depleting accessory cells, ASCs deposited significantly less calcium compared to donor-matched SVF. This function was partially restored in the presence of MSC-derived ECM when donor-matched endothelial cells (ECs) were added in an ASC/EC co-culture, confirming a role for ECs in osteogenic differentiation. These findings support the use of cell-derived ECM as a means to promote cell retention and osteogenic differentiation of SVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Harvestine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Hakan Orbay
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Jonathan Y Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - David E Sahar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
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32
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Vorwald CE, Murphy KC, Leach JK. Restoring vasculogenic potential of endothelial cells from diabetic patients through spheroid formation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:267-278. [PMID: 30416603 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes is an emerging epidemic in the developing world and represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Among other issues, patients with diabetes suffer from diminished endothelial cell (EC) function, which contributes to impaired vasculogenesis and recovery from ischemic insult. The formation of cells into three-dimensional spheroids promotes cell survival and activates key signaling pathways through the upregulation of cell-cell contacts, providing an opportunity to overcome shortcomings associated with individual autologous cells. Methods We hypothesized that forming human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) from diabetic patients into spheroids would restore their vasculogenic potential following upregulation of these cell-cell interactions. HMVEC spheroids were formed and suspended in fibrin gels to quantify vasculogenic potential. Results Individual HMVECs from diabetic patients exhibited similar proliferative and chemotactic potential to cells from healthy donors but reduced tubulogenesis. HMVEC spheroids formed from diabetic donors formed more sprouts than spheroids from healthy donors, and more sprouts than individual cells from either population. Conclusions Compared to cells from healthy donors, sprout formation was more efficiently abrogated in HMVECs from diabetic patients by blocking matrix metalloproteinase activity. This study demonstrates a promising approach for restoring the diminished vasculogenic potential of endothelial cells in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Vorwald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kaitlin C Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Chai YC, Mendes LF, van Gastel N, Carmeliet G, Luyten FP. Fine-tuning pro-angiogenic effects of cobalt for simultaneous enhancement of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion and implant neovascularization. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:447-460. [PMID: 29626696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid neovascularization of a tissue-engineered (TE) construct by the host vasculature is quintessential to warrant effective bone regeneration. This process can be promoted through active induction of angiogenic growth factor secretion or by implementation of in vitro pre-vascularization strategies. In this study, we aimed at optimizing the pro-angiogenic effect of Cobalt (Co2+) to enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by human periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDCs). Simultaneously we set out to promote microvascular network formation by co-culturing with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed that Co2+ treatments (at 50, 100 or 150 µM) significantly upregulated in vitro VEGF expression, but inhibited hPDCs growth and HUVECs network formation in co-cultures. These inhibitory effects were mitigated at lower Co2+ concentrations (at 5, 10 or 25 µM) while VEGF expression remained significantly upregulated and further augmented in the presence of Ascorbic Acid and Dexamethasone possibly through Runx2 upregulation. The supplements also facilitated HUVECs network formation, which was dependent on the quantity and spatial distribution of collagen type-1 matrix deposited by the hPDCs. When applied to hPDCs seeded onto calcium phosphate scaffolds, the supplements significantly induced VEGF secretion in vitro, and promoted higher vascularization upon ectopic implantation in nude mice shown by an increase of CD31 positive blood vessels within the scaffolds. Our findings provided novel insights into the pleotropic effects of Co2+ on angiogenesis (i.e. promoted VEGF secretion and inhibited endothelial network formation), and showed potential to pre-condition TE constructs under one culture regime for improved implant neovascularization in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT Cobalt (Co2+) is known to upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, however it also inhibits in vitro angiogenesis through unknown Co2+-induced events. This limits the potential of Co2+ for pro-angiogenesis of tissue engineered (TE) implants. We showed that Co2+ upregulated VEGF expression by human periosteum-derived cells (hPDCs) but reduced the cell growth, and endothelial network formation due to reduction of col-1 matrix deposition. Supplementation with Ascorbic acid and Dexamethasone concurrently improved hPDCs growth, endothelial network formation, and upregulated VEGF secretion. In vitro pre-conditioning of hPDC-seeded TE constructs with this fine-tuned medium enhanced VEGF secretion and implant neovascularization. Our study provided novel insights into the pleotropic effects of Co2+ on angiogenesis and formed the basis for improving implant neovascularization.
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Leach JK, Whitehead J. Materials-Directed Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1115-1127. [PMID: 30035212 PMCID: PMC6052883 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are a promising alternative to grafts and organ transplantation for treating tissue loss or damage due to trauma, malfunction, or disease. Over the past two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted much attention as a potential cell population for use in regenerative medicine. While the proliferative capacity and multilineage potential of MSCs provide an opportunity to generate clinically relevant numbers of transplantable cells, their use in tissue regenerative applications has met with relatively limited success to date apart from secreting paracrine-acting factors to modulate the defect microenvironment. Presently, there is significant effort to engineer the biophysical properties of biomaterials to direct MSC differentiation and further expand on the potential of MSCs in tissue engineering, regeneration, and repair. Biomaterials can dictate MSC differentiation by modulating features of the substrate including composition, mechanical properties, porosity, and topography. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent approaches for guiding MSC fate using biomaterials and provide a description of the underlying characteristics that promote differentiation toward a desired phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, C 95817
| | - Jacklyn Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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35
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Cao J, Lu Y, Chen H, Zhang L, Xiong C. Preparation, properties and in vitro cellular response of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/bioactive glass/poly(etheretherketone) biocomposite for bone tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1455679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Cao
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hechun Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengdong Xiong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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36
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Ho SS, Keown AT, Addison B, Leach JK. Cell Migration and Bone Formation from Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids in Alginate Hydrogels Are Regulated by Adhesive Ligand Density. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4331-4340. [PMID: 29131587 PMCID: PMC5971090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion and migration of cells entrapped in engineered materials is regulated by available adhesive ligands. Although mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids injected into damaged tissues promote repair, their transplantation in biomaterials which regulate cell migration from the aggregate may further enhance their therapeutic potential. Alginate hydrogels were modified with Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) at increasing concentrations, and osteogenically induced human MSC spheroids were entrapped to assess cell migration, survival, and differentiation. Cell migration was greater from MSC spheroids in alginate modified with low RGD levels, while the osteogenic potential was higher for spheroids entrapped in unmodified or high RGD density gels in vitro. Upon ectopic implantation, microCT and immunohistochemistry revealed extensive osteogenesis in unmodified and high RGD density gels compared to low RGD density gels. These data suggest that restriction of MSC migration from spheroids correlates with enhanced spheroid osteogenic potential, representing a novel tool for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve S. Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew T. Keown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - Bennett Addison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis California 95616, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento California 95817, United States
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37
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Mitra D, Whitehead J, Yasui OW, Leach JK. Bioreactor culture duration of engineered constructs influences bone formation by mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2017; 146:29-39. [PMID: 28898756 PMCID: PMC5618709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in biomaterial scaffolds provides nutrients for cell survival, enhances extracellular matrix deposition, and increases osteogenic cell differentiation. However, there is no consensus on the appropriate perfusion duration of cellular constructs in vitro to boost their bone forming capacity in vivo. We investigated this phenomenon by culturing human MSCs in macroporous composite scaffolds in a direct perfusion bioreactor and compared their response to scaffolds in continuous dynamic culture conditions on an XYZ shaker. Cell seeding in continuous perfusion bioreactors resulted in more uniform MSC distribution than static seeding. We observed similar calcium deposition in all composite scaffolds over 21 days of bioreactor culture, regardless of pore size. Compared to scaffolds in dynamic culture, perfused scaffolds exhibited increased DNA content and expression of osteogenic markers up to 14 days in culture that plateaued thereafter. We then evaluated the effect of perfusion culture duration on bone formation when MSC-seeded scaffolds were implanted in a murine ectopic site. Human MSCs persisted in all scaffolds at 2 weeks in vivo, and we observed increased neovascularization in constructs cultured under perfusion for 7 days relative to those cultured for 1 day within each gender. At 8 weeks post-implantation, we observed greater bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, tissue ingrowth, collagen density, and osteoblastic markers in bioreactor constructs cultured for 14 days compared to those cultured for 1 or 7 days, and acellular constructs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that culturing MSCs under perfusion culture for at least 14 days in vitro improves the quantity and quality of bone formation in vivo. This study highlights the need for optimizing in vitro bioreactor culture duration of engineered constructs to achieve the desired level of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debika Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jacklyn Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Osamu W Yasui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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38
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Joensuu K, Uusitalo-Kylmälä L, Hentunen TA, Heino TJ. Angiogenic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cell and circulating mononuclear cell cocultures is reflected in the expression profiles of proangiogenic factors leading to endothelial cell and pericyte differentiation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:775-783. [PMID: 28593699 DOI: 10.1002/term.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitors found among the peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MNCs) are interesting cells for their angiogenic properties. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in turn can produce proangiogenic factors as well as differentiate into mural pericytes, making MSCs and MNCs an attractive coculture setup for regenerative medicine. In this study, human bone marrow-derived MSCs and PB-derived MNCs were cocultured in basal or osteoblastic medium without exogenously supplied growth factors to demonstrate endothelial cell, pericyte and osteoblastic differentiation. The expression levels of various proangiogenic factors, as well as endothelial cell, pericyte and osteoblast markers in cocultures were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunocytochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and α-smooth muscle actin as well as staining for alkaline phosphatase were performed after 10 and 14 days. Messenger ribonucleic acid expression of endothelial cell markers was highly upregulated in both basal and osteoblastic conditions after 5 days of coculture, indicating an endothelial cell differentiation, which was supported by immunocytochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Stromal derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were highly expressed in MSC-MNC coculture in basal medium but not in osteoblastic medium. On the contrary, the expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and angiopoietin-1 were significantly higher in osteoblastic medium. Pericyte markers were highly expressed in both cocultures after 5 days. In conclusion, it was demonstrated endothelial cell and pericyte differentiation in MSC-MNC cocultures both in basal and osteoblastic medium indicating a potential for neovascularization for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriina Joensuu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liina Uusitalo-Kylmälä
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teuvo A Hentunen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi J Heino
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Baez-Jurado E, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Echeverria V, Aliev G, Barreto GE. Conditioned Medium of Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increases Wound Closure and Protects Human Astrocytes Following Scratch Assay In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5377-5392. [PMID: 28936798 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform essential functions in the preservation of neural tissue. For this reason, these cells can respond with changes in gene expression, hypertrophy, and proliferation upon a traumatic brain injury event (TBI). Different therapeutic strategies may be focused on preserving astrocyte functions and favor a non-generalized and non-sustained protective response over time post-injury. A recent strategy has been the use of the conditioned medium of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (CM-hMSCA) as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various neuropathologies. However, although there is a lot of information about its effect on neuronal protection, studies on astrocytes are scarce and its specific action in glial cells is not well explored. In the present study, the effects of CM-hMSCA on human astrocytes subjected to scratch assay were assessed. Our findings indicated that CM-hMSCA improved cell viability, reduced nuclear fragmentation, and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects were accompanied by morphological changes and an increased polarity index thus reflecting the ability of astrocytes to migrate to the wound stimulated by CM-hMSCA. In conclusion, CM-hMSCA may be considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for the protection of astrocyte function in brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Oscar Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Gina Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA.,Fac. Cs de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, 4080871, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.,GALLY International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, Johns Creek, GA, 30097, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. .,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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40
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The Angiogenic Potential of DPSCs and SCAPs in an In Vivo Model of Dental Pulp Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2582080. [PMID: 29018483 PMCID: PMC5605798 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2582080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate vascularization, a restricting factor for the survival of engineered tissues, is often promoted by the addition of stem cells or the appropriate angiogenic growth factors. In this study, human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) were applied in an in vivo model of dental pulp regeneration in order to compare their regenerative potential and confirm their previously demonstrated paracrine angiogenic properties. 3D-printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds containing DPSCs and/or SCAPs were subcutaneously transplanted into immunocompromised mice. After twelve weeks, histological and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated the regeneration of vascularized pulp-like tissue as well as mineralized tissue formation in all stem cell constructs. Despite the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro, the stem cell constructs did not display a higher vascularization rate in comparison to control conditions. Similar results were found after eight weeks, which suggests both osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of the transplanted stem cells and the promotion of angiogenesis in this particular setting. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the successful formation of vascularized pulp-like tissue in 3D-printed scaffolds containing dental stem cells, emphasizing the promising role of this approach in dental tissue engineering.
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41
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Trophic Activity and Phenotype of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Background of Their Regenerative Potential. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1653254. [PMID: 28757877 PMCID: PMC5516761 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1653254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue, due to their abundance and accessibility with no ethical concerns. Their multipotent properties make them appropriate for regenerative clinical applications. It has been shown that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may differ between the origin sites. Moreover, a variety of internal and external factors may affect their biological characteristics, as what we aimed to highlight in this review. It has been demonstrated that ASCs secrete multiple trophic factors that are capable of stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation and migration of various cell types. Particular attention should be given to exosomes, since it is known that they contribute to the paracrine effects of MSCs. Secretion of trophic agents by ASCs is thought to be in a greater importance for regenerative medicine applications, rather than cells engraftment to the site of injury and their differentiation ability. The surface marker profile of ASCs seems to be similar to that of the mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, although some molecular differences are observed. Thus, in this review, we have attempted to define trophic activity, as well as phenotypic characterization of ASCs, as crucial factors for therapeutic usage.
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42
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Murphy KC, Whitehead J, Falahee PC, Zhou D, Simon SI, Leach JK. Multifactorial Experimental Design to Optimize the Anti-Inflammatory and Proangiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1493-1504. [PMID: 28276602 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell therapies promote wound healing by manipulating the local environment to enhance the function of host cells. Aggregation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into three-dimensional spheroids increases cell survival and augments their anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic potential, yet there is no consensus on the preferred conditions for maximizing spheroid function in this application. The objective of this study was to optimize conditions for forming MSC spheroids that simultaneously enhance their anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic nature. We applied a design of experiments (DOE) approach to determine the interaction between three input variables (number of cells per spheroid, oxygen tension, and inflammatory stimulus) on MSC spheroids by quantifying secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), two potent molecules in the MSC secretome. DOE results revealed that MSC spheroids formed with 40,000 cells per spheroid in 1% oxygen with an inflammatory stimulus (Spheroid 1) would exhibit enhanced PGE2 and VEGF production versus those formed with 10,000 cells per spheroid in 21% oxygen with no inflammatory stimulus (Spheroid 2). Compared to Spheroid 2, Spheroid 1 produced fivefold more PGE2 and fourfold more VEGF, providing the opportunity to simultaneously upregulate the secretion of these factors from the same spheroid. The spheroids induced macrophage polarization, sprout formation with endothelial cells, and keratinocyte migration in a human skin equivalent model-demonstrating efficacy on three key cell types that are dysfunctional in chronic non-healing wounds. We conclude that DOE-based analysis effectively identifies optimal culture conditions to enhance the anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic potential of MSC spheroids. Stem Cells 2017;35:1493-1504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jacklyn Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Patrick C Falahee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dejie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Moeinzadeh S, Shariati SRP, Kader S, Melero-Martin JM, Jabbari E. Devitalized Stem Cell Microsheets for Sustainable Release of Osteogenic and Vasculogenic Growth Factors and Regulation of Anti-Inflammatory Immune Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 30221188 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of devitalized human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) seeded on mineralized nanofiber microsheets on protein release, osteogenesis, vasculogenesis, and macrophage polarization. Calcium phosphate nanocrystals were grown on the surface of aligned, functionalized nanofiber microsheets. The microsheets were seeded with hMSCs, ECFCs, or a mixture of hMSCs+ECFCs, cultured for cell attachment, differentiated to the osteogenic or vasculogenic lineage, and devitalized by lyophilization. The release kinetic of total protein, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from the devitalized microsheets was measured. Next, hMSCs and/or ECFCs were seeded on the devitalized cell microsheets and cultured in the absence of osteo-/vasculo-inductive factors to determine the effect of devitalized cell microsheets on hMSC/ECFC differentiation. Human macrophages were seeded on the microsheets to determine the effect of devitalized cells on macrophage polarization. Based on the results, devitalized undifferentiated hMSC and vasculogenic-differentiated ECFC microsheets had highest sustained release of BMP2 and VEGF, respectively. The devitalized hMSC microsheets did not affect M2 macrophage polarization while vascular-differentiated, devitalized ECFC microsheets did not affect M1 polarization. Both groups stimulated higher M2 macrophage polarization compared to M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedsina Moeinzadeh
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Seyed Ramin Pajoum Shariati
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Safaa Kader
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Esmaiel Jabbari
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Nau C, Henrich D, Seebach C, Schröder K, Barker JH, Marzi I, Frank J. Tissue engineered vascularized periosteal flap enriched with MSC/EPCs for the treatment of large bone defects in rats. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:907-917. [PMID: 28259928 PMCID: PMC5360440 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularized periosteal flaps are used for complex cases if the reconstruction of large bone defects is necessary in modern trauma and orthopedic surgery. In this study, we combined this surgical procedure with β-TCP scaffold and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) + endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as a tissue engineering approach to obtain optimum conditions for bone healing in rats. A critical size femoral defect was created in 80 rats allocated into 4 groups. Defects were treated according to the following protocol: i) vascularized periosteal flap alone; ii) vascularized periosteal flap + β-TCP scaffold; iii) vascularized periosteal flap + β-TCP scaffold + ligated vascular pedicle; and ii) vascularized periosteal flap + β-TCP scaffold + MSCs/EPCs. After 8 weeks, femur bones were extracted and analyzed for new bone formation, vascularization, proliferation and inflammatory processes and strength. Bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical stability at week 8 were highest in group 4 (flap + β-TCP scaffold + MSCs/EPCs) compared to all the other groups. Stability was significantly higher in group 4 (flap + β-TCP scaffold + MSCs/EPCs) in comparison to group 3 (ligated flap + β-TCP scaffold). BMD was found to be significantly lower in group 3 (ligated flap + β-TCP scaffold) compared to group 1 (flap) and group 4 (flap + β-TCP scaffold + MSCs/EPCs). The highest density of blood vessels was observed in group 4 (flap + β-TCP + MSCs/EPCs) and the values were significantly increased in comparison to group 3 (ligated flap), but not to group 1 (flap) and group 2 (flap + β-TCP). The highest amounts of proliferating cells were observed in group 4 (flap + β-TCP scaffold + MSC/EPCs). The percentage of proliferating cells was significantly higher in group 4 (flap + β-TCP scaffold + MSCs/EPCs) in comparison to all the other groups after 8 weeks. Our data thus indicate that critical size defect healing could be improved if MSCs/EPCs are added to β-TCP scaffold in combination with a periosteal flap. Even after 8 weeks, the amount of proliferating cells was increased. The flap blood supply is essential for bone healing and the reduction of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nau
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‑University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‑University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Seebach
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‑University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - John H Barker
- Frankfurt Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‑University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‑University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Frank
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‑University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddaraju V Boregowda
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, USA
| | - Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, USA
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46
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Harvestine JN, Vollmer NL, Ho SS, Zikry CA, Lee MA, Leach JK. Extracellular Matrix-Coated Composite Scaffolds Promote Mesenchymal Stem Cell Persistence and Osteogenesis. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3524-3531. [PMID: 27744699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Composite scaffolds of bioactive glass and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) provide advantages over homogeneous scaffolds, yet their therapeutic potential can be improved by strategies that promote adhesion and present instructive cues to associated cells. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) enhances survival and function of associated cells. To synergize the benefits of an instructive ECM with composite scaffolds, we tested the capacity of ECM-coated composite scaffolds to promote cell persistence and resultant osteogenesis. Human MSCs cultured on ECM-coated scaffolds exhibited increased metabolic activity and decreased apoptosis compared to uncoated scaffolds. Additionally, MSCs on ECM-coated substrates in short-term culture secreted more proangiogenic factors while maintaining markers of osteogenic differentiation. Upon implantation, we detected improved survival of MSCs on ECM-coated scaffolds over 3 weeks. Histological evaluation revealed enhanced cellularization and osteogenic differentiation in ECM-coated scaffolds compared to controls. These findings demonstrate the promise of blending synthetic and natural ECMs and their potential in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Harvestine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nina L Vollmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Steve S Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christopher A Zikry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mark A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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Bensiamar F, Olalde B, Cifuentes SC, Argarate N, Atorrasagasti G, González-Carrasco JL, García-Rey E, Vilaboa N, Saldaña L. Bioactivity of dexamethasone-releasing coatings on polymer/magnesium composites. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:055011. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/5/055011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu C, Cui X, Ackermann TM, Flamini V, Chen W, Castillo AB. Osteoblast-derived paracrine factors regulate angiogenesis in response to mechanical stimulation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:785-94. [PMID: 27332785 PMCID: PMC8274385 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00070c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process by which new blood vessels emerge from existing vessels through endothelial cell sprouting, migration, proliferation, and tubule formation. Angiogenesis during skeletal growth, homeostasis and repair is a complex and incompletely understood process. As the skeleton adapts to mechanical loading, we hypothesized that mechanical stimulation regulates "osteo-angio" crosstalk in the context of angiogenesis. We showed that conditioned media (CM) from osteoblasts exposed to fluid shear stress enhanced endothelial cell proliferation and migration, but not tubule formation, relative to CM from static cultures. Endothelial cell sprouting was studied using a dual-channel collagen gel-based microfluidic device that mimics vessel geometry. Static CM enhanced endothelial cell sprouting frequency, whereas loaded CM significantly enhanced both frequency and length. Both sprouting frequency and length were significantly enhanced in response to factors released from osteoblasts exposed to fluid shear stress in an adjacent channel. Osteoblasts released angiogenic factors, of which osteopontin, PDGF-AA, IGBP-2, MCP-1, and Pentraxin-3 were upregulated in response to mechanical loading. These data suggest that in vivo mechanical forces regulate angiogenesis in bone by modulating "osteo-angio" crosstalk through release of paracrine factors, which we term "osteokines".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Thomas M Ackermann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Vittoria Flamini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Alesha B Castillo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Murphy KC, Hoch AI, Harvestine JN, Zhou D, Leach JK. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids Retain Osteogenic Phenotype Through α2β1 Signaling. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1229-37. [PMID: 27365484 PMCID: PMC4996446 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward the osteoblastic lineage using osteogenic supplements prior to implantation is one approach under examination to enhance their bone-forming potential. Spheroids formed from induced cells exhibited improved retention of osteogenic markers as a function of integrin binding to cell-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM). These results demonstrate the capacity of spheroidal culture to sustain the mineral-producing phenotype of MSCs, thus enhancing their contribution toward bone formation and repair. The induction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward the osteoblastic lineage using osteogenic supplements prior to implantation is one approach under examination to enhance their bone-forming potential. MSCs rapidly lose their induced phenotype upon removal of the soluble stimuli; however, their bone-forming potential can be sustained when provided with continued instruction via extracellular matrix (ECM) cues. In comparison with dissociated cells, MSC spheroids exhibit improved survival and secretion of trophic factors while maintaining their osteogenic potential. We hypothesized that entrapment of MSC spheroids formed from osteogenically induced cells would exhibit better preservation of their bone-forming potential than would dissociated cells from monolayer culture. Spheroids exhibited comparable osteogenic potential and increased proangiogenic potential with or without osteogenic preconditioning versus monolayer-cultured MSCs. Spheroids were then entrapped in collagen hydrogels, and the osteogenic stimulus was removed. In comparison with entrapped dissociated MSCs, spheroids exhibited significantly increased markers of osteogenic differentiation. The capacity of MSC spheroids to retain their osteogenic phenotype upon withdrawal of inductive cues was mediated by α2β1 integrin binding to cell-secreted ECM. These results demonstrate the capacity of spheroidal culture to sustain the mineral-producing phenotype of MSCs, thus enhancing their contribution toward bone formation and repair. Significance Despite the promise of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell-based therapies for tissue repair and regeneration, there is little evidence that transplanted MSCs directly contribute to new bone formation, suggesting that induced cells rapidly lose their osteogenic phenotype or undergo apoptosis. In comparison with dissociated cells, MSC spheroids exhibit increased trophic factor secretion and improved cell survival. The loss of phenotype represents a significant clinical challenge for cell therapies, yet there is no evidence for whether MSC spheroids retain their osteogenic phenotype upon entrapment in a clinically relevant biomaterial. These findings demonstrate that MSC spheroids retain their osteogenic phenotype better than do dissociated MSCs, and this is due to integrin engagement with the cell-secreted extracellular matrix. These data provide evidence for a novel approach for potentiating the use of MSCs in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Allison I Hoch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jenna N Harvestine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dejie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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50
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Loi F, Córdova LA, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Yao Z, Goodman SB. Inflammation, fracture and bone repair. Bone 2016; 86:119-30. [PMID: 26946132 PMCID: PMC4833637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, metabolic bone disease, tumors, and periprosthetic particle-associated osteolysis. In this regard, the processes of acute and chronic inflammation play an integral role. Acute inflammation is initiated by endogenous or exogenous adverse stimuli, and can become chronic in nature if not resolved by normal homeostatic mechanisms. Dysregulated inflammation leads to increased bone resorption and suppressed bone formation. Crosstalk among inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes and cells of the monocyte-macrophage-osteoclast lineage) and cells related to bone healing (cells of the mesenchymal stem cell-osteoblast lineage and vascular lineage) is essential to the formation, repair and remodeling of bone. In this review, the authors provide a comprehensive summary of the literature related to inflammation and bone repair. Special emphasis is placed on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, and potential interventions that can favorably modulate the outcome of clinical conditions that involve bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Loi
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Luis A Córdova
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tzu-hua Lin
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R114, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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