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Hamidpour SK, Amiri M, Ketabforoush AHME, Saeedi S, Angaji A, Tavakol S. Unraveling Dysregulated Cell Signaling Pathways, Genetic and Epigenetic Mysteries of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04128-1. [PMID: 38573414 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent and burdensome neurodegenerative disorder that has been extensively researched to understand its complex etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in PD makes its pathophysiology difficult to comprehend, emphasizing the need for further investigation into genetic and epigenetic markers involved in the disease. Early diagnosis is crucial for optimal management of the disease, and the development of novel diagnostic biomarkers is ongoing. Although many efforts have been made in the field of recognition and interpretation of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, the current knowledge about PD is just the tip of the iceberg. By scrutinizing genetic and epigenetic patterns underlying PD, new avenues can be opened for dissecting the pathology of the disorder, leading to more precise and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review emphasizes the importance of studying dysregulated cell signaling pathways and molecular processes associated with genes and epigenetic alterations in understanding PD, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayesteh Kokabi Hamidpour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Amiri
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeedeh Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Abdolhamid Angaji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
- Department of Research and Development, Tavakol BioMimetic Technologies Company, Tehran, Iran.
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Imbriani P, Martella G, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105851. [PMID: 36007757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are widely accepted as crucial neuropathogenic mechanisms, as also evidenced by the identification of PD-associated genes that are directly involved in mitochondrial function. The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to that of synaptic dysfunction. Indeed, compelling evidence supports the role of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many aspects have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the most relevant evidence obtained in different neurotoxin-based and genetic rodent models of PD, focusing on mitochondrial impairment and synaptopathy, an early central event preceding overt nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. The identification of early deficits occurring in PD pathogenesis is crucial in view of the development of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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SerThr-PhosphoProteome of Brain from Aged PINK1-KO+A53T-SNCA Mice Reveals pT1928-MAP1B and pS3781-ANK2 Deficits, as Hub between Autophagy and Synapse Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133284. [PMID: 31277379 PMCID: PMC6651490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be triggered by an autosomal dominant overdose of alpha-Synuclein (SNCA) as stressor or the autosomal recessive deficiency of PINK1 Serine/Threonine-phosphorylation activity as stress-response. We demonstrated the combination of PINK1-knockout with overexpression of SNCAA53T in double mutant (DM) mice to exacerbate locomotor deficits and to reduce lifespan. To survey posttranslational modifications of proteins underlying the pathology, brain hemispheres of old DM mice underwent quantitative label-free global proteomic mass spectrometry, focused on Ser/Thr-phosphorylations. As an exceptionally strong effect, we detected >300-fold reductions of phosphoThr1928 in MAP1B, a microtubule-associated protein, and a similar reduction of phosphoSer3781 in ANK2, an interactor of microtubules. MAP1B depletion is known to trigger perturbations of microtubular mitochondria trafficking, neurite extension, and synaptic function, so it was noteworthy that relevantly decreased phosphorylation was also detected for other microtubule and microfilament factors, namely MAP2S1801, MARK1S394, MAP1AT1794, KIF1AS1537, 4.1NS541, 4.1GS86, and ADD2S528. While the MAP1B heavy chain supports regeneration and growth cones, its light chain assists DAPK1-mediated autophagy. Interestingly, relevant phosphorylation decreases of DAPK2S299, VPS13DS2429, and VPS13CS2480 in the DM brain affected regulators of autophagy, which are implicated in PD. Overall, significant downregulations were enriched for PFAM C2 domains, other kinases, and synaptic transmission factors upon automated bioinformatics, while upregulations were not enriched for selective motifs or pathways. Validation experiments confirmed the change of LC3 processing as reflection of excessive autophagy in DM brain, and dependence of ANK2/MAP1B expression on PINK1 levels. Our new data provide independent confirmation in a mouse model with combined PARK1/PARK4/PARK6 pathology that MAP1B/ANK2 phosphorylation events are implicated in Parkinsonian neurodegeneration. These findings expand on previous observations in Drosophila melanogaster that the MAP1B ortholog futsch in the presynapse is a primary target of the PARK8 protein LRRK2, and on a report that MAP1B is a component of the pathological Lewy body aggregates in PD patient brains. Similarly, ANK2 gene locus variants are associated with the risk of PD, ANK2 interacts with PINK1/Parkin-target proteins such as MIRO1 or ATP1A2, and ANK2-derived peptides are potent inhibitors of autophagy.
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Pfeffer M, Zimmermann Z, Gispert S, Auburger G, Korf HW, von Gall C. Impaired Photic Entrainment of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Mice Overexpressing Human Mutant α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1651. [PMID: 29865270 PMCID: PMC6032049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by distinct motor and non-motor symptoms. Sleep disorders are the most frequent and challenging non-motor symptoms in PD patients, and there is growing evidence that they are a consequence of disruptions within the circadian system. PD is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the dorsal vagal nucleus and midbrain dopaminergic neurons together with an imbalance of many other neurotransmitters. Mutations in α-synuclein (SNCA), a protein modulating SNARE complex-dependent neurotransmission, trigger dominantly inherited PD variants and sporadic cases of PD. The A53T SNCA missense mutation is associated with an autosomal dominant early-onset familial PD. To test whether this missense mutation affects the circadian system, we analyzed the spontaneous locomotor behavior of non-transgenic wildtype mice and transgenic mice overexpressing mutant human A53T α-synuclein (A53T). The mice were subjected to entrained- and free-running conditions as well as to experimental jet lag. Furthermore, the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Free-running circadian rhythm and, thus, circadian rhythm generation, were not affected in A53T mice. A53T mice entrained to the light⁻dark cycle, however, with an advanced phase angle of 2.65 ± 0.5 h before lights off. Moreover, re-entrainment after experimental jet lag was impaired in A53T mice. Finally, VGLUT2 immunoreaction was reduced in the SCN of A53T mice. These data suggest an impaired light entrainment of the circadian system in A53T mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pfeffer
- Institut für Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Zuzana Zimmermann
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Institut für Anatomie I, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institut für Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Torres-Odio S, Key J, Hoepken HH, Canet-Pons J, Valek L, Roller B, Walter M, Morales-Gordo B, Meierhofer D, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Tegeder I, Gispert S, Auburger G. Progression of pathology in PINK1-deficient mouse brain from splicing via ubiquitination, ER stress, and mitophagy changes to neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:154. [PMID: 28768533 PMCID: PMC5541666 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PINK1 deficiency causes the autosomal recessive PARK6 variant of Parkinson’s disease. PINK1 activates ubiquitin by phosphorylation and cooperates with the downstream ubiquitin ligase PARKIN, to exert quality control and control autophagic degradation of mitochondria and of misfolded proteins in all cell types. Methods Global transcriptome profiling of mouse brain and neuron cultures were assessed in protein-protein interaction diagrams and by pathway enrichment algorithms. Validation by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblots was performed, including human neuroblastoma cells and patient primary skin fibroblasts. Results In a first approach, we documented Pink1-deleted mice across the lifespan regarding brain mRNAs. The expression changes were always subtle, consistently affecting “intracellular membrane-bounded organelles”. Significant anomalies involved about 250 factors at age 6 weeks, 1300 at 6 months, and more than 3500 at age 18 months in the cerebellar tissue, including Srsf10, Ube3a, Mapk8, Creb3, and Nfkbia. Initially, mildly significant pathway enrichment for the spliceosome was apparent. Later, highly significant networks of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing occurred. Finally, an enrichment of neuroinflammation factors appeared, together with profiles of bacterial invasion and MAPK signaling changes—while mitophagy had minor significance. Immunohistochemistry showed pronounced cellular response of Iba1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes; brain lipidomics observed increases of ceramides as neuroinflammatory signs at old age. In a second approach, we assessed PINK1 deficiency in the presence of a stressor. Marked dysregulations of microbial defense factors Ifit3 and Rsad2 were consistently observed upon five analyses: (1) Pink1−/− primary neurons in the first weeks after brain dissociation, (2) aged Pink1−/− midbrain with transgenic A53T-alpha-synuclein overexpression, (3) human neuroblastoma cells with PINK1-knockdown and murine Pink1−/− embryonal fibroblasts undergoing acute starvation, (4) triggering mitophagy in these cells with trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and (5) subjecting them to pathogenic RNA-analogue poly(I:C). The stress regulation of MAVS, RSAD2, DDX58, IFIT3, IFIT1, and LRRK2 was PINK1 dependent. Dysregulation of some innate immunity genes was also found in skin fibroblast cells from PARK6 patients. Conclusions Thus, an individual biomarker with expression correlating to progression was not identified. Instead, more advanced disease stages involved additional pathways. Hence, our results identify PINK1 deficiency as an early modulator of innate immunity in neurons, which precedes late stages of neuroinflammation during alpha-synuclein spreading. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0928-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jana Key
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Hoepken
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Júlia Canet-Pons
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucie Valek
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bastian Roller
- Edinger-Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Blas Morales-Gordo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Cecilio, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger-Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger-Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Pathology, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Animal models of α-synucleinopathy for Parkinson disease drug development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:515-529. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lahut S, Gispert S, Ömür Ö, Depboylu C, Seidel K, Domínguez-Bautista JA, Brehm N, Tireli H, Hackmann K, Pirkevi C, Leube B, Ries V, Reim K, Brose N, den Dunnen WF, Johnson M, Wolf Z, Schindewolf M, Schrempf W, Reetz K, Young P, Vadasz D, Frangakis AS, Schröck E, Steinmetz H, Jendrach M, Rüb U, Başak AN, Oertel W, Auburger G. Blood RNA biomarkers in prodromal PARK4 and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder show role of complexin 1 loss for risk of Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:619-631. [PMID: 28108469 PMCID: PMC5451169 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative process in old age. Accumulation and aggregation of the lipid-binding SNARE complex component α-synuclein (SNCA) underlies this vulnerability and defines stages of disease progression. Determinants of SNCA levels and mechanisms of SNCA neurotoxicity have been intensely investigated. In view of the physiological roles of SNCA in blood to modulate vesicle release, we studied blood samples from a new large pedigree with SNCA gene duplication (PARK4 mutation) to identify effects of SNCA gain of function as potential disease biomarkers. Downregulation of complexin 1 (CPLX1) mRNA was correlated with genotype, but the expression of other Parkinson's disease genes was not. In global RNA-seq profiling of blood from presymptomatic PARK4 indviduals, bioinformatics detected significant upregulations for platelet activation, hemostasis, lipoproteins, endocytosis, lysosome, cytokine, Toll-like receptor signaling and extracellular pathways. In PARK4 platelets, stimulus-triggered degranulation was impaired. Strong SPP1, GZMH and PLTP mRNA upregulations were validated in PARK4. When analysing individuals with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific known prodromal stage of general PD, only blood CPLX1 levels were altered. Validation experiments confirmed an inverse mutual regulation of SNCA and CPLX1 mRNA levels. In the 3'-UTR of the CPLX1 gene we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism that is significantly associated with PD risk. In summary, our data define CPLX1 as a PD risk factor and provide functional insights into the role and regulation of blood SNCA levels. The new blood biomarkers of PARK4 in this Turkish family might become useful for PD prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Lahut
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
- NDAL, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Özgür Ömür
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
- NDAL, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Candan Depboylu
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Brehm
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Hülya Tireli
- Department of Neurology, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Leube
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vincent Ries
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reim
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Wilfred F den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Center, University, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Madrid Johnson
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Wolf
- Haemophilia Centre, Medical Clinic III, Institute of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marc Schindewolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Hemostaseology, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schrempf
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - David Vadasz
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Helmuth Steinmetz
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
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Chung SY, Kishinevsky S, Mazzulli JR, Graziotto J, Mrejeru A, Mosharov EV, Puspita L, Valiulahi P, Sulzer D, Milner TA, Taldone T, Krainc D, Studer L, Shim JW. Parkin and PINK1 Patient iPSC-Derived Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Exhibit Mitochondrial Dysfunction and α-Synuclein Accumulation. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:664-677. [PMID: 27641647 PMCID: PMC5063469 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra; however, the mechanism of neurodegeneration in PD remains unclear. A subset of familial PD is linked to mutations in PARK2 and PINK1, which lead to dysfunctional mitochondria-related proteins Parkin and PINK1, suggesting that pathways implicated in these monogenic forms could play a more general role in PD. We demonstrate that the identification of disease-related phenotypes in PD-patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons depends on the type of differentiation protocol utilized. In a floor-plate-based but not a neural-rosette-based directed differentiation strategy, iPSC-derived mDA neurons recapitulate PD phenotypes, including pathogenic protein accumulation, cell-type-specific vulnerability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal neurotransmitter homeostasis. We propose that these form a pathogenic loop that contributes to disease. Our study illustrates the promise of iPSC technology for examining PD pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Chung
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah Kishinevsky
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John Graziotto
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ana Mrejeru
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lesly Puspita
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, 25, Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - Parvin Valiulahi
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, 25, Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Teresa A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tony Taldone
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jae-Won Shim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, 25, Bongjeong-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea.
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9
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Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME. Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:123-148. [PMID: 27141430 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by clearance by the DA transporter, diffusion, and extracellular metabolism. We review how axonal DA release is regulated by neuronal activity and by autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and address how quantal release events are regulated in size and frequency. In brain regions densely innervated by DA axons, DA clearance is due predominantly to uptake by the DA transporter, whereas in cortex, midbrain, and other regions with relatively sparse DA inputs, the norepinephrine transporter and diffusion are involved. We discuss the role of DA uptake in restricting the sphere of influence of DA and in temporal accumulation of extracellular DA levels upon successive action potentials. The tonic discharge activity of DA neurons may be translated into a tonic extracellular DA level, whereas their bursting activity can generate discrete extracellular DA transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Depts of Psychiatry, Neurology, & Pharmacology, NY State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Dept Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Depts of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Brehm N, Rau K, Kurz A, Gispert S, Auburger G. Age-Related Changes of 14-3-3 Isoforms in Midbrain of A53T-SNCA Overexpressing Mice. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:595-604. [PMID: 26406140 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are affected by cytoplasmic inclusions, named Lewy pathology. The main component is alpha-synuclein (SNCA), a protein modulating SNARE-complex dependent neurotransmission. SNCA mutations trigger dominantly inherited PD variants and sporadic cases of PD via aggregation and transmission. SNCA and isoforms of the 14-3-3 family show sequence homology, protein interaction and joint aggregation, so 14-3-3 s may be key molecules of pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the relevant isoforms in midbrain and to distinguish for the first time the changes that occur very early versus those that progress with pathology. METHODS We assessed expression of the 14-3-3 family with quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblots of differential solubility fractions in mice with A53T-SNCA overexpression longitudinally at different ages. RESULTS Transcript levels showed reductions at age 3 months with increases at later ages for the beta, eta and zeta isoforms. Protein levels at age 3 months exhibited a concordant reduction only for beta, while increased insolubility was observed for epsilon and zeta. At age 18 months only the reduction of 14-3-3 beta protein remained significant. Thus, the toxic gain-of-function of alpha-synuclein leads to early transitory alterations of several 14-3-3 isoforms. When the levels of soluble 14-3-3 proteins become apparently normal during later life, increasing amounts of beta, eta and zeta mRNA are produced, possibly to compensate for protein insolubility and aggregation in a SNCA/14-3-3 complex. CONCLUSIONS These data may contribute to identify key molecular events that reflect Parkinson's disease risk and progression.
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Methyl-Arginine Profile of Brain from Aged PINK1-KO+A53T-SNCA Mice Suggests Altered Mitochondrial Biogenesis. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:4686185. [PMID: 27034888 PMCID: PMC4791501 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4686185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Parkinson's disease can be triggered by an autosomal dominant overdose of alpha-Synuclein (SNCA) or the autosomal recessive deficiency of PINK1. We recently showed that the combination of PINK1-knockout with overexpression of A53T-SNCA in double mutant (DM) mice potentiates phenotypes and reduces survival. Now we studied brain hemispheres of DM mice at age of 18 months in a hypothesis-free approach, employing a quantitative label-free global proteomic mass spectrometry scan of posttranslational modifications focusing on methyl-arginine. The strongest effects were documented for the adhesion modulator CMAS, the mRNA decapping/deadenylation factor PATL1, and the synaptic plasticity mediator CRTC1/TORC1. In addition, an intriguing effect was observed for the splicing factor PSF/SFPQ, known to interact with the dopaminergic differentiation factor NURR1 as well as with DJ-1, the protein responsible for the autosomal recessive PARK7 variant of PD. CRTC1, PSF, and DJ-1 are modulators of PGC1alpha and of mitochondrial biogenesis. This pathway was further stressed by dysregulations of oxygen sensor EGLN3 and of nuclear TMPO. PSF and TMPO cooperate with dopaminergic differentiation factors LMX1B and NURR1. Further dysregulations concerned PRR18, TRIO, HNRNPA1, DMWD, WAVE1, ILDR2, DBNDD1, and NFM. Thus, we report selective novel endogenous stress responses in brain, which highlight early dysregulations of mitochondrial homeostasis and midbrain vulnerability.
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Mutant α-synuclein enhances firing frequencies in dopamine substantia nigra neurons by oxidative impairment of A-type potassium channels. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13586-99. [PMID: 25297088 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5069-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is an α-synucleinopathy resulting in the preferential loss of highly vulnerable dopamine (DA) substantia nigra (SN) neurons. Mutations (e.g., A53T) in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA) are sufficient to cause PD, but the mechanism of their selective action on vulnerable DA SN neurons is unknown. In a mouse model overexpressing mutant α-synuclein (A53T-SNCA), we identified a SN-selective increase of in vivo firing frequencies in DA midbrain neurons, which was not observed in DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The selective and age-dependent gain-of-function phenotype of A53T-SCNA overexpressing DA SN neurons was in part mediated by an increase of their intrinsic pacemaker frequency caused by a redox-dependent impairment of A-type Kv4.3 potassium channels. This selective enhancement of "stressful pacemaking" of DA SN neurons in vivo defines a functional response to mutant α-synuclein that might be useful as a novel biomarker for the "DA system at risk" before the onset of neurodegeneration in PD.
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Hunn BHM, Cragg SJ, Bolam JP, Spillantini MG, Wade-Martins R. Impaired intracellular trafficking defines early Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:178-88. [PMID: 25639775 PMCID: PMC4740565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an insidious and incurable neurodegenerative disease, and represents a significant cost to individuals, carers, and ageing societies. It is defined at post-mortem by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra together with the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We examine here the role of α-synuclein and other cellular transport proteins implicated in PD and how their aberrant activity may be compounded by the unique anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron. This review uses multiple lines of evidence from genetic studies, human tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells, and refined animal models to argue that prodromal PD can be defined as a disease of impaired intracellular trafficking. Dysfunction of the dopaminergic synapse heralds trafficking impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H M Hunn
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - J Paul Bolam
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Maria-Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, The Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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Xu W, Tan L, Yu JT. Link between the SNCA gene and parkinsonism. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1505-18. [PMID: 25554495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The groundbreaking discovery of mutations in the SNCA gene in a rare familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD) has revolutionized our basic understanding of the etiology of PD and other related disorders. Genome-wide Association Studies has demonstrated a wide array of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the increasing risk of developing the more common type, sporadic PD, further corroborating the genetic etiology of PD. Among them, SNCA is a gene responsible for encoding α-synuclein, a protein found to be the major component of Lewy body and Lewy neurite, both of these components are the pathognomonic hallmarks of PD. Thus, it has been postulated that this gene plays specific roles in pathogenesis of PD. Here, we summarize the basic biological characteristics of the wild type of the protein (wt-α-synuclein) as well as genetic and epigenetic features of its encoding gene (SNCA) in PD. Based on these characteristics, SNCA may be involved in PD pathogenesis in at least 2 ways: wt-α-synuclein overexpression and its mutation types via different mechanisms. Associations between SNCA mutations and other Lewy body disorders, such as dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, are also mentioned. Finally, it is necessary to explore the influences which SNCA exerts on clinical and neuropathological phenotypes by promoting the transfer of scientific research into practice, such as clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. We believe it is promising to target SNCA for developing novel therapeutic strategies for parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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A Genetic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease Shows Involuntary Movements and Increased Postsynaptic Sensitivity to Apomorphine. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1152-1164. [PMID: 25307288 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) protein aggregation plays a causal role in Parkinson's disease (PD). The SNCA protein modulates neurotransmission via the SNAP receptor (SNARE) complex assembly and presynaptic vesicle trafficking. The striatal presynaptic dopamine deficit is alleviated by treatment with levodopa (L-DOPA), but postsynaptic plastic changes induced by this treatment lead to a development of involuntary movements (dyskinesia). While this process is currently modeled in rodents harboring neurotoxin-induced lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway, we have here explored the postsynaptic supersensitivity of dopamine receptor-mediated signaling in a genetic mouse model of early PD. To this end, we used mice with prion promoter-driven overexpression of A53T-SNCA in the nigrostriatal and corticostriatal projections. At a symptomatic age (18 months), mice were challenged with apomorphine (5 mg/kg s.c.) and examined using both behavioral and molecular assays. After the administration of apomorphine, A53T-transgenic mice showed more severe stereotypic and dystonic movements in comparison with wild-type controls. Molecular markers of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, and Fos messenger RNA (mRNA), were examined in striatal tissue at 30 and 100 min after apomorphine injection. At 30 min, wild-type and transgenic mice showed a similar induction of phosphorylated ERK1/2, Dusp1, and Dusp6 mRNA (two MAPK phosphatases). At the same time point, Fos mRNA was induced more strongly in mutant mice than in wild-type controls. At 100 min after apomorphine treatment, the induction of both Fos, Dusp1, and Dusp6 mRNA was significantly larger in mutant mice than wild-type controls. At this time point, apomorphine caused a reduction in phospho-ERK1/2 levels specifically in the transgenic mice. Our results document for the first time a disturbance of ERK1/2 signaling regulation associated with apomorphine-induced involuntary movements in a genetic mouse model of synucleinopathy. This mouse model will be useful to identify novel therapeutic targets that can counteract abnormal dopamine-dependent striatal plasticity during both prodromal and manifest stages of PD.
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Gispert S, Brehm N, Weil J, Seidel K, Rüb U, Kern B, Walter M, Roeper J, Auburger G. Potentiation of neurotoxicity in double-mutant mice with Pink1 ablation and A53T-SNCA overexpression. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1061-76. [PMID: 25296918 PMCID: PMC4986551 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The common age-related neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease can result from dominant causes like increased dosage of vesicle-associated alpha-synuclein (SNCA) or recessive causes like deficiency of mitophagy factor PINK1. Interactions between these triggers and their convergence onto shared pathways are crucial, but currently conflicting evidence exists. Here, we crossed previously characterized mice with A53T-SNCA overexpression and with Pink1 deletion to generate double mutants (DMs). We studied their lifespan and behavior, histological and molecular anomalies at late and early ages. DM animals showed potentiated phenotypes in comparison with both single mutants (SMs), with reduced survival and strongly reduced spontaneous movements from the age of 3 months onwards. In contrast to SMs, a quarter of DM animals manifested progressive paralysis at ages >1 year and exhibited protein aggregates immunopositive for pSer129-SNCA, p62 and ubiquitin in spinal cord and basal brain. Brain proteome quantifications of ubiquitination sites documented altered degradation of SNCA and the DNA-damage marker H2AX at the age of 18 months. Global brain transcriptome profiles and qPCR validation experiments identified many consistent transcriptional dysregulations already at the age of 6 weeks, which were absent from SMs. The observed downregulations for Dapk1, Dcaf17, Rab42 and the novel SNCA-marker Lect1 as well as the upregulations for Dctn5, Mrpl9, Tmem181a, Xaf1 and H2afx reflect changes in ubiquitination, mitochondrial/synaptic/microtubular/cell adhesion dynamics and DNA damage. Thus, our study confirmed that SNCA-triggered neurotoxicity is exacerbated by the absence of PINK1 and identified a novel molecular signature that is detectable early in the course of this double pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Brehm
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Weil
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beatrice Kern
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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Gispert S, Kurz A, Brehm N, Rau K, Walter M, Riess O, Auburger G. Complexin-1 and Foxp1 Expression Changes Are Novel Brain Effects of Alpha-Synuclein Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:57-63. [PMID: 25112678 PMCID: PMC4510914 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder of the aging population, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive deficits in spontaneous movement, atrophy of dopaminergic midbrain neurons and aggregation of the protein alpha-synuclein (SNCA). To elucidate molecular events before irreversible cell death, we studied synucleinopathy-induced expression changes in mouse brain and identified 49 midbrain/brainstem-specific transcriptional dysregulations. In particular complexin-1 (Cplx1), Rabl2a and 14-3-3epsilon (Ywhae) downregulation, as well as upregulation of the midbrain-specific factor forkhead box P1 (Foxp1) and of Rabgef1, were interesting as early mRNA level effects of alpha-synuclein triggered pathology. The protein levels of complexin-1 were elevated in midbrain/brainstem tissue of mice with A53T-SNCA overexpression and of mice with SNCA-knockout. The response of CPLX1 and Foxp1 levels to SNCA deficiency supports the notion that these factors are regulated by altered physiological function of alpha-synuclein. Thus, their analysis might be useful in PD stages before the advent of Lewy pathology. Because both alpha-synuclein and complexin-1 modulate vesicle release, our findings support presynaptic dysfunction as an early event in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Exp. Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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The PD-associated alpha-synuclein promoter Rep1 allele 2 shows diminished frequency in restless legs syndrome. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:189-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sanchez G, Varaschin RK, Büeler H, Marcogliese PC, Park DS, Trudeau LE. Unaltered striatal dopamine release levels in young Parkin knockout, Pink1 knockout, DJ-1 knockout and LRRK2 R1441G transgenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94826. [PMID: 24733019 PMCID: PMC3986353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative brain diseases; it is accompanied by extensive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra that project to the putamen, leading to impaired motor functions. Several genes have been associated with hereditary forms of the disease and transgenic mice have been developed by a number of groups to produce animal models of PD and to explore the basic functions of these genes. Surprisingly, most of the various mouse lines generated such as Parkin KO, Pink1 KO, DJ-1 KO and LRRK2 transgenic have been reported to lack degeneration of nigral DA neuron, one of the hallmarks of PD. However, modest impairments of motor behavior have been reported, suggesting the possibility that the models recapitulate at least some of the early stages of PD, including early dysfunction of DA axon terminals. To further evaluate this possibility, here we provide for the first time a systematic comparison of DA release in four different mouse lines, examined at a young age range, prior to potential age-dependent compensations. Using fast scan cyclic voltammetry in striatal sections prepared from young, 6–8 weeks old mice, we examined sub-second DA overflow evoked by single pulses and action potential trains. Unexpectedly, none of the models displayed any dysfunction of DA overflow or reuptake. These results, compatible with the lack of DA neuron loss in these models, suggest that molecular dysfunctions caused by the absence or mutation of these individual genes are not sufficient to perturb the function and survival of mouse DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sanchez
- Departments of pharmacology and neurosciences, Central Nervous System Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rafael K. Varaschin
- Departments of pharmacology and neurosciences, Central Nervous System Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hansruedi Büeler
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Paul C. Marcogliese
- Department of cellular and molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David S. Park
- Department of cellular and molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Departments of pharmacology and neurosciences, Central Nervous System Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Auburger G, Gispert S, Jendrach M. Mitochondrial acetylation and genetic models of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:155-82. [PMID: 25149217 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequent at old age, leading to atrophy of specific neurons and to early death. Lifespan and healthy aging of organisms depend on growth factor/nutrient signaling and on bioenergetics via mitochondria, all of which regulate downstream nuclear functions through FOXO and SIR proteins. Mammalian SIRtuins include the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3, and recently mitochondrial lysine acetylation (AcLys) was found to initiate mitochondrial degradation by autophagy. This mitophagy process is closely regulated by PINK1 and Parkin, two interacting proteins which relocalize to mitochondria with deficient proton gradients, and whose mutations cause autosomal recessive variants of PD. Strong generalized deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins and altered SIRT3 levels occur in rodent models of PD before the onset of toxic aggregate formation. We propose that the development of site-specific AcLys-antibodies and their characterization in patients will have medical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Taylor TN, Potgieter D, Anwar S, Senior SL, Janezic S, Threlfell S, Ryan B, Parkkinen L, Deltheil T, Cioroch M, Livieratos A, Oliver PL, Jennings KA, Davies KE, Ansorge O, Bannerman DM, Cragg SJ, Wade-Martins R. Region-specific deficits in dopamine, but not norepinephrine, signaling in a novel A30P α-synuclein BAC transgenic mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:193-207. [PMID: 24121116 PMCID: PMC3898275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by the death of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and by intracellular Lewy bodies composed largely of α-synuclein. Approximately 5–10% of PD patients have a familial form of Parkinsonism, including mutations in α-synuclein. To better understand the cell-type specific role of α-synuclein on DA neurotransmission, and the effects of the disease-associated A30P mutation, we generated and studied a novel transgenic model of PD. We expressed the A30P mutant form of human α-synuclein in a spatially-relevant manner from the 111 kb SNCA genomic DNA locus on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) insert on a mouse null (Snca −/−) background. The BAC transgenic mice expressed α-synuclein in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and expression of either A30P α-synuclein or wildtype α-synuclein restored the sensitivity of DA neurons to MPTP in resistant Snca −/− animals. A30P α-synuclein mice showed no Lewy body-like aggregation, and did not lose catecholamine neurons in substantia nigra or locus coeruleus. However, using cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes we identified a deficit in evoked DA release in the caudate putamen, but not in the nucleus accumbens, of SNCA-A30P Snca −/− mice but no changes to release of another catecholamine, norepinephrine (NE), in the NE-rich ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis. SNCA-A30P Snca −/− mice had no overt behavioral impairments but exhibited a mild increase in wheel-running. In summary, this refined PD mouse model shows that A30P α-synuclein preferentially perturbs the dopaminergic system in the dorsal striatum, reflecting the region-specific change seen in PD. SNCA A30P BAC transgenic mice recapitulate endogenous α-synuclein expression pattern SNCA A30P BAC transgenic mice demonstrate a region specific deficit in evoked DA, but not NE, release. Expression of A30P or WT α-syn restored the sensitivity of DA neurons to MPTP. A30P BAC mice had no Lewy body-like aggregation or neuronal loss in SNpc or LC. Early changes in DA neurotransmission in the absence of aggregation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya N Taylor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dawid Potgieter
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabina Anwar
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven L Senior
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Janezic
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Threlfell
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brent Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thierry Deltheil
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Milena Cioroch
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Achilleas Livieratos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie A Jennings
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Oaks AW, Frankfurt M, Finkelstein DI, Sidhu A. Age-dependent effects of A53T alpha-synuclein on behavior and dopaminergic function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60378. [PMID: 23560093 PMCID: PMC3613356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of A53T mutant human alpha-synuclein under the mouse prion promoter is among the most successful transgenic models of Parkinson's disease. Accumulation of A53T alpha-synuclein causes adult mice to develop severe motor impairment resulting in early death at 8–12 months of age. In younger, pre-symptomatic animals, altered motor activity and anxiety-like behaviors have also been reported. These behavioral changes, which precede severe neuropathology, may stem from non-pathological functions of alpha-synuclein, including modulation of monoamine neurotransmission. Our analysis over the adult life-span of motor activity, anxiety-like, and depressive-like behaviors identifies perturbations both before and after the onset of disease. Young A53T mice had increased distribution of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to the membrane that was associated with increased striatal re-uptake function. DAT function decreased with aging, and was associated with neurochemical alterations that included increased expression of beta-synuclein and gamma synuclein. Prior to normalization of dopamine uptake, transient activation of Tau kinases and hyperphosphorylation of Tau in the striatum were also observed. Aged A53T mice had reduced neuron counts in the substantia nigra pars compacta, yet striatal medium spiny neuron dendritic spine density was largely maintained. These findings highlight the involvement of the synuclein family of proteins and phosphorylation of Tau in the response to dopaminergic dysfunction of the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Oaks
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Maya Frankfurt
- Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Sidhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Subthalamic lesion or levodopa treatment rescues giant GABAergic currents of PINK1-deficient striatum. J Neurosci 2013; 32:18047-53. [PMID: 23238720 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2474-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular electrophysiological signatures of Parkinson's disease described in the pharmacological 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) animal models of Parkinson's disease include spontaneous repetitive giant GABAergic currents in a subpopulation of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and spontaneous rhythmic bursts of spikes generated by subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons. We investigated whether similar signatures are present in Pink1(-/-) mice, a genetic rodent model of the PARK6 variant of Parkinson's disease. Although 9- to 24-month-old Pink1(-/-) mice show reduced striatal dopamine content and release, and impaired spontaneous locomotion, the relevance of this model to Parkinson's disease has been questioned because mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons do not degenerate during the mouse lifespan. We show that 75% of the MSNs of 5- to 7-month-old Pink1(-/-) mice exhibit giant GABAergic currents, occurring either singly or in bursts (at 40 Hz), rather than the low-frequency (2 Hz), low-amplitude, tonic GABAergic drive common to wild-type MSNs of the same age. STN neurons from 5- to 7-month-old Pink1(-/-) mice spontaneously generated bursts of spikes instead of the control tonic drive. Chronic kainic acid lesion of the STN or chronic levodopa treatment reliably suppressed the giant GABAergic currents of MSNs after 1 month and replaced them with the control tonic activity. The similarity between the in vitro resting states of Pink1 MSNs and those of fully dopamine (DA)-depleted MSNs of 6-OHDA-treated mice, together with the beneficial effect of levodopa treatment, strongly suggest that dysfunction of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in Pink1(-/-) mice is more severe than expected. The beneficial effect of the STN lesion also suggests that pathological STN activity strongly influences striatal networks in Pink1(-/-) mice.
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