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Kumari L, Yadav R, Kumar Y, Bhatia A. Role of tight junction proteins in shaping the immune milieu of malignancies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39126381 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2391915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tight junctions (TJs) and their constituent proteins play pivotal roles in cellular physiology and anatomy by establishing functional boundaries within and between neighboring cells. While the involvement of TJ proteins, such as claudins, in cancer is extensively studied, studies highlighting their interaction with immune system are still meager. Studies indicate that alterations in cytokines and immune cell populations can affect TJ proteins, compromising TJ barrier function and exacerbating pro-inflammatory conditions, potentially leading to epithelial cell malignancy. Disrupted TJs in established tumors may foster a pro-tumor immune microenvironment, facilitating tumor progression, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Although previous literature contains many studies describing the involvement of TJs in pathogenesis of malignancies their role in modulating the immune microenvironment of tumors is just beginning to be unleashed. AREAS COVERED This article for the first time attempts to discern the importance of interaction between TJs and immune microenvironment in malignancies. To achieve the above aim a thorough search of databases like PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify the recent and relevant articles on the topic. EXPERT OPINION Breaking the vicious cycle of dysbiosis/infections/chemical/carcinogen-induced inflammation-TJ remodeling-malignancy-TJ dysregulation-more inflammation can be used as a strategy to complement the effect of immunotherapies in various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kumari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reena Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Jaiswal S, Wang F, Wu X, Chang TS, Shirazi A, Lee M, Dame MK, Spence JR, Wang TD. Near-Infrared In Vivo Imaging of Claudin-1 Expression by Orthotopically Implanted Patient-Derived Colonic Adenoma Organoids. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:273. [PMID: 38337789 PMCID: PMC10854921 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claudin-1 becomes overexpressed during the transformation of normal colonic mucosa to colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Patient-derived organoids expressed clinically relevant target levels and genetic heterogeneity, and were established from human adenoma and normal colons. Colonoids were implanted orthotopically in the colon of immunocompromised mice. This pre-clinical model of CRC provides an intact microenvironment and representative vasculature. Colonoid growth was monitored using white light endoscopy. A peptide specific for claudin-1 was fluorescently labeled for intravenous administration. NIR fluorescence images were collected using endoscopy and endomicroscopy. RESULTS NIR fluorescence images collected using wide-field endoscopy showed a significantly greater target-to-background (T/B) ratio for adenoma versus normal (1.89 ± 0.35 and 1.26 ± 0.06) colonoids at 1 h post-injection. These results were confirmed by optical sections collected using endomicroscopy. Optical sections were collected in vivo with sub-cellular resolution in vertical and horizontal planes. Greater claudin-1 expression by individual epithelial cells in adenomatous versus normal crypts was visualized. A human-specific cytokeratin stain ex vivo verified the presence of human tissues implanted adjacent to normal mouse colonic mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Increased claudin-1 expression was observed from adenoma versus normal colonoids in vivo using imaging with wide field endoscopy and endomicrosopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Jaiswal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fa Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tse-Shao Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ahmad Shirazi
- Division of Integrative System and Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Miki Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael K Dame
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Tao D, Guan B, Li H, Zhou C. Expression patterns of claudins in cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21338. [PMID: 37954388 PMCID: PMC10637965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are four-transmembrane proteins, which were found in tight junctions. They maintain cell barriers and regulate cell differentiation and proliferation. They are involved in maintaining cellular polarity and normal functions. Different claudins show different expression patterns. The expression level and localization of claudins are altered in various cancers. They promote or inhibit proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells through multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, claudins may serve as diagnostic markers, novel therapeutic targets, and prognostic risk factors. The important roles of claudins in cancer aroused our great interest. In the present review, we provide a summary of insights into expression patterns of claudins in cancer, which is more comprehensive and provides new ideas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyu Tao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bingxin Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chengjun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
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Voutsadakis IA. Tight Junction Claudins and Occludin Are Differentially Regulated and Expressed in Genomically Defined Subsets of Colon Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8670-8686. [PMID: 37998722 PMCID: PMC10669963 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colon cancer remains incurable despite improvements in survival outcomes. New therapies based on the discovery of colon cancer genomic subsets could improve outcomes. Colon cancers from genomic studies with publicly available data were examined to define the expression and regulation of the major tight junction proteins claudins and occludin in genomic groups. Putative regulations of the promoters of tight junction genes by colon-cancer-deregulated pathways were evaluated in silico. The effect of claudin mRNA expression levels on survival of colon cancer patients was examined. Common mutations in colon-cancer-related genes showed variable prevalence in genomically identified groups. Claudin genes were rarely mutated in colon cancer patients. Genomically identified groups of colon cancer displayed distinct regulation of claudins and occludin at the mRNA level. Claudin gene promoters possessed clustered sites of binding sequences for transcription factors TCF4 and SMADs, consistent with a key regulatory role of the WNT and TGFβ pathways in their expression. Although an effect of claudin mRNA expression on survival of colon cancer patients as a whole was not prominent, survival of genomic subsets was significantly influenced by claudin mRNA expression. mRNA expression of the main tight junction genes showed differential regulation in various genomically defined subgroups of colon cancer. These data pinpoint a distinct role of claudins and pathways that regulate them in these subgroups and suggest that subgroups of colon cancer should be considered in future efforts to therapeutically target claudins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Voutsadakis
- Algoma District Cancer Program, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6B 0A8, Canada; or
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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5
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Urwyler-Rösselet C, Tanghe G, Devos M, Hulpiau P, Saeys Y, Declercq W. Functions of the RIP kinase family members in the skin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:285. [PMID: 37688617 PMCID: PMC10492769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPK) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the integration of various stress signals. In response to several extracellular and/or intracellular stimuli, RIP kinases engage signaling cascades leading to the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell death, inflammation, differentiation and Wnt signaling and can have kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions. Although it was previously suggested that seven RIPKs are part of the RIPK family, phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are only five genuine RIPKs. RIPK1 and RIPK3 are mainly involved in controlling and executing necroptosis in keratinocytes, while RIPK4 controls proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and thereby can act as a tumor suppressor in skin. Therefore, in this review we summarize and discuss the functions of RIPKs in skin homeostasis as well as the signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Urwyler-Rösselet
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giel Tanghe
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Howest University of Applied Sciences, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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Ma X, Wang D, Liu Y, Liu B, Feng X, Yang W. Transcriptomics and experimental validation-based approach to understand the effect and mechanism of Huangqin tang interfeience with colitis associated colorectal cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13739. [PMID: 36925536 PMCID: PMC10011003 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Chronic inflammation is usually caused by persistent irritation or uncontrolled infection and is characterized by ongoing tissue damage, injury-induced cellular proliferation and tissue repair. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) isone of the classic examples of tumors that are tightly related to chronic inflammation. Background To investigated the key pharmacodynamic genes of HQT interventions in CAC by using transcriptome predictions and experiments.Materials & Methods: We used the azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate method to induce the mice CAC model. After preventive administration of HQT to the mice model, colonic tissues were taken for transcriptome sequencing and the transcriptome results were then experimentally validated using quantitative Real-Time PCR technique. Results Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the effect of the mechanism of HQT on the CAC mice model maybe related to its inhibition of accelerated epithelial mesenchymal transition and induction of pyroptosis. The levels of Matrix-metalloproteinases such as MMP-2, MMP-9 were significantly reduced in CAC mice treated with HQT; The mRNA expression for Krt17, App, CD44 and WNT pathway related sites such as Lrrc15, Cldn-1, Mpc1, Agr2 which are related factors affecting the epithelial mesenchymal transition were significantly reduced in CAC mice treated with HQT; the aberrant mRNA expression of inflammasome components that drive pyroptosis, including Nlrp3, Caspase-1, ASC, GSDMD and its mediated product IL-18 have been improved. Conclusions Our findings provide preliminary clarification that inhibiting the progression of CAC by using HQT is effective, the mechanism of action may be relatedto the inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition and induction of pyroptosis during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Jinan, China
| | - Dunfang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weipeng Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang DW, Zhang WH, Danil G, Yang K, Hu JK. The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1051497. [PMID: 36620607 PMCID: PMC9818346 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wen Wang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Han Zhang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Galiullin Danil
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Kun Yang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Kun Hu
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jian-Kun Hu,
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CDX2 as a Predictive Biomarker Involved in Immunotherapy Response Suppresses Metastasis through EMT in Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9025668. [PMID: 36277982 PMCID: PMC9582897 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9025668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have confirmed that Caudal Type Homeobox 2 (CDX2) plays a tumor suppressor role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and as a prognostic and predictive marker for colorectal cancer. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a transdifferentiation process, providing migratory and invasive properties to cancer cells during tumor progression. However, the role of CDX2 during the activation of EMT in CRC maintains controversial. Aim To investigate whether CDX2 is associated with EMT in CRC. Methods Forty-six CRC patients were included in the study. Expressions of CDX2, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in all CRC patients were detected by IHC. ROC assays were applied to detect cut-off points for IHC scores to distinguish high and low expressions of CDX2 in 46 CRC samples. The prognostic value of CDX2 was statistically analyzed. MTT, Western blot, invasion, and migration assays in vitro were employed to explore the function of CDX2. Results We observed that high expressions of CDX2 and E-cadherin as well as low expressions of N-cadherin were significantly correlated with favorable prognosis. The levels of CDX2 protein exhibited a positive associated with E-cadherin while negative correlation with N-cadherin. Then, the low expression of CDX2 and high expression of CA199 in combination are positively related with poor prognosis. Overexpression of CDX2 reduced expression of MMP-2 and diminished cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while knockdown CDX2 enhanced MMP-2 expression and increased cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in HCT-116 cells. CDX2 was correlated with expression of EMT markers. Overexpression of CDX2 suppressed the EMT markers indicating that CDX2 suppresses CRC cell viability, invasion, and metastasis through inhibiting EMT. Finally, we found that the expression of CDX2 was negatively associated with Th1 cells, macrophages, Th2 cells, cytotoxic cells, T cells, and T helper cells. Conclusions These results indicated CDX2 as prognostic biomarkers involved in immunotherapy response for CRC. CDX2 loss promotes metastasis in CRC through a CDX2-dependent mechanism.
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Resveratrol Downregulates miR-155-5p to Block the Malignant Behavior of Gastric Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6968641. [PMID: 35789645 PMCID: PMC9250436 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6968641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that resveratrol (Res) exerts significant antiproliferative effects in cancer, and regulating the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is one the underlying mechanisms of these effects. Overexpression of miR-155-5p leads to oncogenesis. However, it is unclear whether Res exerts antitumor effects by regulating the expression of miR-155-5p, and its specific mechanism in gastric cancer remains unknown. In this study, qRT-PCR was performed to assess the expression of miR-155-5p in gastric cells and clinical tissues, and the MTT assay, plate clone formation test, cell scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the functions of Res on the growth of gastric cancer cells after treatment with miR-155-5p. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of claudin 1, c-Myc, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins in gastric cancer cell lines after treatment with miR-155-5p and Res. We found that miR-155-5p was overexpressed in gastric cancer cells and clinical tissues, while Res inhibited gastric cancer cell growth by regulating miR-155-5p expression. The results of MTT assay, plate clone formation test, cell scratch test, Transwell test, and flow cytometry showed that miR-155-5p promoted the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer cell lines and inhibited apoptosis, while Res addition inhibited this effect (
). When miR-155-5p was overexpressed, the expressions of claudin 1, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and Bcl-2 were upregulated and that of caspase-3 was downregulated. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-155-5p may be a therapeutic target in gastric cancer, and Res may be a potential therapeutic agent based on its regulation of miR-155-5p.
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Negative elongation factor: a key factor in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:453-455. [PMID: 34992279 PMCID: PMC8976046 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Chen ZX, Huang HQ, Wen JY, Qin LS, Song YD, Fang YY, Zeng DT, Huang WJ, Qin XG, Gan TQ, Luo J, Li JJ. Active Enhancer Assessment by H3K27ac ChIP-seq Reveals Claudin-1 as a Biomarker for Radiation Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. Dose Response 2022; 19:15593258211058981. [PMID: 34987334 PMCID: PMC8669133 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211058981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most common malignant tumor in the worldwide. Radiotherapy is the common therapeutic treatment for CRC, but radiation resistance is often encountered. ChIP-seq of Histone H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) has revealed enhancers that play an important role in CRC. This study examined the relationship between an active CRC enhancer and claudin-1 (CLDN1), and its effect on CRC radiation resistance. Methods The target CRC genes of active enhancers were obtained from public H3K27ac ChIP-seq, and the genes highly expressed in radio-resistant CRC were screened and intersected with enhancer-driven genes. The clinical roles of CLDN1 in radiation resistance were examined using the t-test, standard mean deviation (SMD), summary receiver operating characteristic curve and Kaplan-Meier curves. The co-expressed genes of CLDN1 were calculated using Pearson Correlation analysis, and Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) analyses were used to examine the molecular mechanisms of CLDN1. Results Total 13 703 CRC genes were regulated by enhancers using 58 H3K27ac ChIP-seq. Claudin-1 (CLDN1) was enhancer-driven and notably up-regulated in CRC tissues compared to non-CRC controls, with a SMD of 3.45 (95 CI % = .56-4.35). CLDN1 expression was increased in radiation-resistant CRC with a SMD of .42 (95% CI = .16-.68) and an area under the curve of .74 (95% CI = .70-.77). The cell cycle and immune macrophage levels were the most significant pathways associated with CLDN1. Conclusion CLDN1 as an enhancer-regulated gene that can boost radiation resistance in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Xuan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - He-Qing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ying Wen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Li-Sha Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Dong Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Ying Fang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Da-Tong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Redcross Hospital of Yulin, Yulin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Redcross Hospital of Yulin, Yulin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Gan Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Qing Gan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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Abstract
Claudins are adhesion molecules located at the tight junctions between epithelial cells. A series of studies have now reported aberrant expression of claudin proteins in the context of neoplastic transformation, suggesting its role in tumorigenesis. However, the precise mechanisms are still not well understood. Studies on expression alterations of claudins have revealed a range of outcomes that reflect the complexity of claudins in terms of spatial localization, tumor type and stage of disease. The diverse and dynamic expression patterns of claudins in cancer are tightly controlled by a wide range of regulatory mechanisms, which are commonly modulated by oncogenic signaling pathways. The present review summarizes the recent knowledge describing the dysregulation of claudin expression in cancer and discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of the context-specific expression patterns of claudins.
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Visco ZR, Sfakianos G, Grenier C, Boudreau MH, Simpson S, Rodriguez I, Whitaker R, Yao DY, Berchuck A, Murphy SK, Huang Z. Epigenetic Regulation of Claudin-1 in the Development of Ovarian Cancer Recurrence and Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:620873. [PMID: 33828978 PMCID: PMC8019902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.620873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 21,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer (OC) in the United States each year and over half that number succumb to this disease annually, often due to recurrent disease. A deeper understanding of the molecular events associated with recurrent disease is needed to identify potential targets. Using genome-scale DNA methylation and gene expression data for 16 matched primary-recurrent advanced stage serous epithelial OCs, we discovered that Claudin-1 (CLDN1), a tight junction protein, shows a stronger correlation between expression and methylation in recurrent versus primary OC at multiple CpG sites (R= –0.47 to −0.64 versus R= -0.32 to −0.57, respectively). An independent dataset showed that this correlation is stronger in tumors from short-term (<3y) survivors than in tumors from long-term (>7y) survivors (R= −0.41 to −0.46 versus R= 0.06 to −0.19, respectively). The presence of this inverse correlation in short-term survivors and recurrent tumors suggests an important role for this relationship and potential predictive value for disease prognosis. CLDN1 expression increased following pharmacologic inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity (p< 0.001), thus validating the role of methylation in CLDN1 gene inhibition. CLDN1 knockdown enhanced chemosensitivity and suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and wound healing (p< 0.05). Stable CLDN1 knockdown in vivo resulted in reduced xenograft tumor growth but did not reach significance. Our results indicate that the relationship between CLDN1 methylation and expression plays an important role in OC aggressiveness and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Visco
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gregory Sfakianos
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carole Grenier
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marie-Helene Boudreau
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sabrina Simpson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Regina Whitaker
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derek Y Yao
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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CDX2 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer by modulation of Snail expression and β-catenin stabilisation via transactivation of PTEN expression. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:270-280. [PMID: 33239678 PMCID: PMC7782852 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests the involvement of caudal-related homoeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) in tumorigenesis of various cancers. Although CDX2 functions in cancer invasion and metastasis, fewer studies focus on the role of CDX2 during the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of CDX2 was performed. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the role of CDX2 in the invasion and metastasis of CRC. Results CDX2 was downregulated in CRC tissues and reduced CDX2 correlated with poor prognosis. Knockdown of CDX2 promoted colon cancer cell invasion in vitro and facilitated liver metastasis in vivo with inducing EMT phenotypes. Further investigation indicated that CDX2 retarded Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, and thereby diminished Snail expression, β-catenin stabilisation and nuclear translocation. The depletion of β-catenin neutralised the regulation of Slug and ZEB1 by CDX2 knockdown. Mechanistically, CDX2 antagonised PI3K/Akt activity in CRC by modulating PTEN expression. CDX2 directly bound to the promoter of PTEN and transactivated its expression. Conclusions Our study first uncovered that CDX2 inhibits EMT and metastasis of CRC by regulation of Snail expression and β-catenin stabilisation via transactivation of PTEN expression. ![]()
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15
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Wu CC, Hsu TW, Yeh CC, Huang HB. The role of transcription factor caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 in colorectal cancer. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 32:305-311. [PMID: 33163374 PMCID: PMC7605288 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_49_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant tumors in humans and causes mass mortality. In the age of precise medicine, more and more subtypes of CRC were classified. The caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is an intestine-specific transcription factor which is implicated in differentiation, proliferation, cell-adhesion, and migration. The loss of CDX2 in immunohistochemical stain was reported to be a prognostic factor of colon cancer, but the clinical application remained controversial. Most of the CRCs expressed or over-expressed CDX2. Homeobox genes can display either an oncogenic or a tumor-suppressing activity. CDX2 regulates the developing intestinal epithelium and CRC by different pathways. The complex regulation of CDX2 and its complex targets cause the difficulties of application for CDX2 in the prediction of prognosis. However, CDX2 is a potential biomarker applied in the precise classification of CRC for personalized medicine. This review partially clarifies the role of CDX2 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chia Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wen Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Bing Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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16
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CDX2 Loss With Microsatellite Stable Phenotype Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Stage II Colorectal Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 43:1473-1482. [PMID: 31490234 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current risk factors in stage II colorectal carcinoma are insufficient to guide treatment decisions. Loss of CDX2 has been shown to associate with poor clinical outcome and predict benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II and III colorectal carcinoma. The prognostic relevance of CDX2 in stage II disease has not been sufficiently validated, especially in relation to clinical risk factors, such as microsatellite instability (MSI) status, BRAF mutation status, and tumor budding. In this study, we evaluated the protein expression of CDX2 in tumor center and front areas in a tissue microarrays material of stage II colorectal carcinoma patients (n=232). CDX2 expression showed a partial or total loss in respective areas in 8.6% and 10.9% of patient cases. Patients with loss of CDX2 had shorter disease-specific survival when scored independently either in tumor center or tumor front areas (log rank P=0.012; P=0.012). Loss of CDX2 predicted survival independently of other stage II risk factors, such as MSI status and BRAF mutation status, pT class, and tumor budding (hazard ratio=5.96, 95% confidence interval=1.55-22.95; hazard ratio=3.70, 95% confidence interval=1.30-10.56). Importantly, CDX2 loss predicted inferior survival only in patients with microsatellite stable, but not with MSI-high phenotype. Interestingly, CDX2 loss associated with low E-cadherin expression, tight junction disruption, and high expression of ezrin protein. The work demonstrates that loss of CDX2 is an independent risk factor of poor disease-specific survival in stage II colorectal carcinoma. Furthermore, the study suggests that CDX2 loss is linked with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition independently of tumor budding.
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17
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Bhat AA, Syed N, Therachiyil L, Nisar S, Hashem S, Macha MA, Yadav SK, Krishnankutty R, Muralitharan S, Al-Naemi H, Bagga P, Reddy R, Dhawan P, Akobeng A, Uddin S, Frenneaux MP, El-Rifai W, Haris M. Claudin-1, A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020569. [PMID: 31952355 PMCID: PMC7013445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins, a group of membrane proteins involved in the formation of tight junctions, are mainly found in endothelial or epithelial cells. These proteins have attracted much attention in recent years and have been implicated and studied in a multitude of diseases. Claudins not only regulate paracellular transepithelial/transendothelial transport but are also critical for cell growth and differentiation. Not only tissue-specific but the differential expression in malignant tumors is also the focus of claudin-related research. In addition to up- or down-regulation, claudin proteins also undergo delocalization, which plays a vital role in tumor invasion and aggressiveness. Claudin (CLDN)-1 is the most-studied claudin in cancers and to date, its role as either a tumor promoter or suppressor (or both) is not established. In some cancers, lower expression of CLDN-1 is shown to be associated with cancer progression and invasion, while in others, loss of CLDN-1 improves the patient survival. Another topic of discussion regarding the significance of CLDN-1 is its localization (nuclear or cytoplasmic vs perijunctional) in diseased states. This article reviews the evidence regarding CLDN-1 in cancers either as a tumor promoter or suppressor from the literature and we also review the literature regarding the pattern of CLDN-1 distribution in different cancers, focusing on whether this localization is associated with tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, we utilized expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate the association between CLDN-1 expression and overall survival (OS) in different cancer types. We also used TCGA data to compare CLDN-1 expression in normal and tumor tissues. Additionally, a pathway interaction analysis was performed to investigate the interaction of CLDN-1 with other proteins and as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A. Bhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (A.A.B.); (N.S.); (S.N.); (S.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Najeeb Syed
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (A.A.B.); (N.S.); (S.N.); (S.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Lubna Therachiyil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (L.T.); (R.K.); (S.U.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (A.A.B.); (N.S.); (S.N.); (S.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (A.A.B.); (N.S.); (S.N.); (S.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir 191201, India;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Santosh K. Yadav
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (A.A.B.); (N.S.); (S.N.); (S.H.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Roopesh Krishnankutty
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (L.T.); (R.K.); (S.U.)
| | | | - Hamda Al-Naemi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.M.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (P.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Anthony Akobeng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar;
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (L.T.); (R.K.); (S.U.)
| | | | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (A.A.B.); (N.S.); (S.N.); (S.H.); (S.K.Y.)
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.M.); (H.A.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4003-7407
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18
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Retinoic acid signalling adjusts tight junction permeability in response to air-liquid interface conditions. Cell Signal 2020; 65:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Role of Claudin Proteins in Regulating Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance-Potential Implication in Disease Prognosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010053. [PMID: 31861759 PMCID: PMC6982342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are cell–cell adhesion proteins, which are expressed in tight junctions (TJs), the most common apical cell-cell adhesion. Claudin proteins help to regulate defense and barrier functions, as well as differentiation and polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells. A series of studies have now reported dysregulation of claudin proteins in cancers. However, the precise mechanisms are still not well understood. Nonetheless, studies have clearly demonstrated a causal role of multiple claudins in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key feature in the acquisition of a cancer stem cell phenotype in cancer cells. In addition, claudin proteins are known to modulate therapy resistance in cancer cells, a feature associated with cancer stem cells. In this review, we have focused primarily on highlighting the causal link between claudins, cancer stem cells, and therapy resistance. We have also contemplated the significance of claudins as novel targets in improving the efficacy of cancer therapy. Overall, this review provides a much-needed understanding of the emerging role of claudin proteins in cancer malignancy and therapeutic management.
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20
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HASSANI E, SHEKARI KHANIANI M, SAFFARI M, EMAMI RAZAVI A, SHIRKOOHI R, MANSOORI DERAKHSHAN S. Differential Expression Pattern of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Gens: AXL, GAS6, Claudin-1, and Cofilin-1, in Different Stages of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 48:1723-1731. [PMID: 31700829 PMCID: PMC6825678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), is the fatal form of gynecological cancer. Almost 70% of ovarian cancer patients are detected at an advanced stage (III-IV) with metastases. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process associated with metastasis. This study investigated the expression levels of AXL, GAS6, Claudin-1, and Cofilin-1, as genes involved in EMT in relation to clinicopathologic features in ovarian cancer patients. METHODS In this descriptive study, 78 ovarian epithelial cancer patients were enrolled. Samples were provided by the Iran National Tumor Bank, founded by the Cancer Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The expression levels of AXL, GAS6, Claudin-1, and Cofilin-1 genes were investigated in a fresh, frozen tumor sample and normal adjacent tissue by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS Findings showed a significant relationship between the overexpression of AXL and TNM staging (P=0.03). The expression level of GAS6 decreased in more advanced stages (P=0.01). There is a negative relationship between Cofilin-1 expression level and TNM staging (P=0.002). Claudin-1 expression level was higher in low stages compared with that in high stages (P=0.01). There was no relationship between gene expression levels of target genes with size and grade of the tumor. CONCLUSION Given the importance of these genes in EMT, alteration in their expression pattern can contribute to the progression of the disease and distant metastasis of cancer cells. Additionally, knowing the alteration pattern of these genes expression can help to better understanding and prediction of the prognosis of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham HASSANI
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmood SHEKARI KHANIANI
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba SAFFARI
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirnader EMAMI RAZAVI
- Iran National Tumor Bank, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza SHIRKOOHI
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Authors:
| | - Sima MANSOORI DERAKHSHAN
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding Authors:
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21
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Chivero ET, Ahmad R, Thangaraj A, Periyasamy P, Kumar B, Kroeger E, Feng D, Guo ML, Roy S, Dhawan P, Singh AB, Buch S. Cocaine Induces Inflammatory Gut Milieu by Compromising the Mucosal Barrier Integrity and Altering the Gut Microbiota Colonization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12187. [PMID: 31434922 PMCID: PMC6704112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD), a major health crisis, has traditionally been considered a complication of the CNS; however, it is also closely associated with malnourishment and deteriorating gut health. In light of emerging studies on the potential role of gut microbiota in neurological disorders, we sought to understand the causal association between CUD and gut dysbiosis. Using a comprehensive approach, we confirmed that cocaine administration in mice resulted in alterations of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, cocaine-mediated gut dysbiosis was associated with upregulation of proinflammatory mediators including NF-κB and IL-1β. In vivo and in vitro analyses confirmed that cocaine altered gut-barrier composition of the tight junction proteins while also impairing epithelial permeability by potentially involving the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling. Taken together, our findings unravel a causal link between CUD, gut-barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis and set a stage for future development of supplemental strategies for the management of CUD-associated gut complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Elisa Kroeger
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Florida, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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22
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Zhu L, Han J, Li L, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang S. Claudin Family Participates in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1441. [PMID: 31316506 PMCID: PMC6610251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a multigene transmembrane protein family comprising at least 27 members. In gastrointestinal tract, claudins are mainly located in the intestinal epithelia; many types of claudins form a network of strands in tight junction plaques within the intercellular space of neighboring epithelial cells and build paracellular selective channels, while others act as signaling proteins and mediates cell behaviors. Claudin dysfunction may contribute to epithelial permeation disorder and multiple intestinal diseases. Over recent years, the importance of claudins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has gained focus and is being investigated. This review analyzes the expression pattern and regulatory mechanism of claudins based on existing evidence and elucidates the fact that claudin dysregulation correlates with increased intestinal permeability, sustained activation of inflammation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor progression in IBD as well as consequent colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), possibly shedding new light on further etiologic research and clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shenghong Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Pyo JS, Kim NY, Cho WJ. Prognostic Role of Claudin-1 Immunohistochemistry in Malignant Solid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis. J Pathol Transl Med 2019; 53:173-179. [PMID: 30832458 PMCID: PMC6527940 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2019.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the correlation between low claudin-1 expression and worse prognosis has been reported, details on the prognostic implications of claudin-1 expression in various malignant tumors remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the prognostic roles of claudin- 1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) in various malignant tumors through a meta-analysis. Methods The study included 2,792 patients from 22 eligible studies for assessment of the correlation between claudin-1 expression and survival rate in various malignant tumors. A subgroup analysis based on the specific tumor and evaluation criteria of claudin-1 IHC was conducted. Results Low claudin-1 expression was significantly correlated with worse overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR], 1.851; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.506 to 2.274) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR, 2.028; 95% CI, 1.313 to 3.134) compared to high claudin-1 expression. Breast, colorectal, esophageal, gallbladder, head and neck, and lung cancers, but not cervical, liver or stomach cancers, were significantly correlated with worse OS. Breast, colorectal, esophageal, and thyroid cancers with low claudin-1 expression were associated with poorer DFS. In the lower cut-off subgroup (< 25.0%) with respect to claudin-1 IHC, low claudin-1 expression was significantly correlated with worse OS and DFS. Conclusions Taken together, low claudin-1 IHC expression is significantly correlated with worse survival in various malignant tumors. More detailed criteria for claudin-1 IHC expression in various malignant tumors are needed for application in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Pyo
- Departments of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nae Yu Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won Jin Cho
- Department of Urology, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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24
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Zeisel MB, Dhawan P, Baumert TF. Tight junction proteins in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Gut 2019; 68:547-561. [PMID: 30297438 PMCID: PMC6453741 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades a growing body of evidence has demonstrated an important role of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the physiology and disease biology of GI and liver disease. On one side, TJ proteins exert their functional role as integral proteins of TJs in forming barriers in the gut and the liver. Furthermore, TJ proteins can also be expressed outside TJs where they play important functional roles in signalling, trafficking and regulation of gene expression. A hallmark of TJ proteins in disease biology is their functional role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. A causative role of TJ proteins has been established in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. Among the best characterised roles of TJ proteins in liver disease biology is their function as cell entry receptors for HCV-one of the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time TJ proteins are emerging as targets for novel therapeutic approaches for GI and liver disease. Here we review our current knowledge of the role of TJ proteins in the pathogenesis of GI and liver disease biology and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B. Zeisel
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Bhat AA, Uppada S, Achkar IW, Hashem S, Yadav SK, Shanmugakonar M, Al-Naemi HA, Haris M, Uddin S. Tight Junction Proteins and Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Inflammation: A Functional Crosstalk. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1942. [PMID: 30728783 PMCID: PMC6351700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of epithelial cells to organize through cell–cell adhesion into a functioning epithelium serves the purpose of a tight epithelial protective barrier. Contacts between adjacent cells are made up of tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes with unique cellular functions and a complex molecular composition. These proteins mediate firm mechanical stability, serves as a gatekeeper for the paracellular pathway, and helps in preserving tissue homeostasis. TJ proteins are involved in maintaining cell polarity, in establishing organ-specific apical domains and also in recruiting signaling proteins involved in the regulation of various important cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. As a vital component of the epithelial barrier, TJs are under a constant threat from proinflammatory mediators, pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding inflammation and the development of disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients reveal loss of TJ barrier function, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and immune dysregulation; yet, the relationship between these events is partly understood. Although TJ barrier defects are inadequate to cause experimental IBD, mucosal immune activation is changed in response to augmented epithelial permeability. Thus, the current studies suggest that altered barrier function may predispose or increase disease progression and therapies targeted to specifically restore the barrier function may provide a substitute or supplement to immunologic-based therapies. This review provides a brief introduction about the TJs, AJs, structure and function of TJ proteins. The link between TJ proteins and key signaling pathways in cell proliferation, transformation, and metastasis is discussed thoroughly. We also discuss the compromised intestinal TJ integrity under inflammatory conditions, and the signaling mechanisms involved that bridge inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Srijayaprakash Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hamda A Al-Naemi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Wang HB, Wei H, Wang JS, Li L, Chen AY, Li ZG. Down-regulated expression of LINC00518 prevents epithelial cell growth and metastasis in breast cancer through the inhibition of CDX2 methylation and the Wnt signaling pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:708-723. [PMID: 30611858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC)-related mortality is associated with the potential metastatic properties of the primary breast tumors. The following study was conducted with the main focus on the effect of LINC00518 on the growth and metastasis of BC epithelial cells via the Wnt signaling pathway through regulation of the methylation of CDX2 gene. Initially, differentially expressed long intergenic non-protein coding RNAs (lincRNAs) related to BC were screened out in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, after which we detected the LINC00518 expression and localization in BC tissues and cells. Then the CDX2 positive expression and methylation level were identified. The targeting relationship of LINC00518 and CDX2, and binding methyltransferase in the promoter region were examined. BC epithelial cell proliferation, colony formation ability, invasion, migration and apoptosis were further evaluated. The lincRNA expression data related to BC downloaded from the TCGA database revealed that there was a high expression of LINC00518 in BC, and a negative correlation between LINC00518 and CDX2. In addition, LINC00518 promotes CDX2 methylation by recruiting DNA methyltransferase through activating the Wnt signaling pathway. The down-regulation of LINC00518 inhibited proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT of BC epithelial cells while enhancing apoptosis. The inhibitory effects of LINC00518 down-regulation was reversed by CDX2 down-regulation. In conclusion, our findings revealed that down-regulation of LINC00518 might have the ability to suppress BC progression by up-regulating CDX2 expression through the reduction of methylation and blockade of the Wnt signaling pathway, resulting in the inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis of BC epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery (No. 2 Sickroom), Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of In-Patient Ultrasound, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery (No. 2 Sickroom), Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery (No. 2 Sickroom), Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - An-Yue Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery (No. 2 Sickroom), Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery (No. 2 Sickroom), Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, PR China.
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Wang Y, Hong D, Qian Y, Tu X, Wang K, Yang X, Shao S, Kong X, Lou Z, Jin L. Lupeol inhibits growth and migration in two human colorectal cancer cell lines by suppression of Wnt-β-catenin pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7987-7999. [PMID: 30519040 PMCID: PMC6235339 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lupeol, a triterpene isolated from various herbal plants, possesses an anti-inflammatory function and has been proposed as a candidate for anticancer agents. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of lupeol on the viability, apoptosis, cell-cycle distribution, and migration of colorectal cancer cell lines and its molecular mechanism. Methods Lupeol was assessed for its anticancer effect using two human colorectal cancer cell lines: SW480 and HCT116. These cells were treated with lupeol, and their viability, apoptosis, migration, and cycle distribution were detected by CCK8, flow cytometry, and the transwell method. Quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were applied to detect the expressions of CTNNB1, TCF4, cMYC, CCND1, CLDN1, and CCNA2. Results Lupeol suppressed cell viability and migration and induced cellular apoptosis of both cell lines, with increased p53 and decreased Bcl2 protein levels (P<0.05). Cell cycles of both lupeol-treated cell lines were arrested in the S phase (P<0.05). Quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses showed significantly reduced expressions of CTNNB1, TCF4, and downstream genes of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway, including the cell-cycle-regulated genes of cMYC and CCND1 of both cell lines upon lupeol treatment (P<0.05). mRNA and protein levels of CLDN1 decreased in HCT116 cells, plus the expression of CCNA2 mRNA and protein decreased in SW480 cells (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed decreased expression of Wnt–β-catenin signaling. Conclusion Our findings indicate that lupeol effectively inhibits proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest of two colorectal cell lines by inactivation of the Wnt–β-catenin signaling pathway and downregulation of cMYC, CCND1, CCNA2, and CLDN1, thereby making it a promising anticancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ; .,School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Hong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yuqin Qian
- School of the first Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezi Tu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Keke Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xianhong Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Sijia Shao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xinlong Kong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Zhefeng Lou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Longjin Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, ;
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28
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Danielsen ET, Olsen AK, Coskun M, Nonboe AW, Larsen S, Dahlgaard K, Bennett EP, Mitchelmore C, Vogel LK, Troelsen JT. Intestinal regulation of suppression of tumorigenicity 14 (ST14) and serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type -1 (SPINT1) by transcription factor CDX2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11813. [PMID: 30087389 PMCID: PMC6081401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II membrane-anchored serine protease, matriptase, encoded by suppression of tumorgenicity-14 (ST14) regulates the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier in concert with its inhibitor, HAI-1 encoded by serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type -1 (SPINT1). The balance of the protease/inhibitor gene expression ratio is vital in preventing the oncogenic potential of matriptase. The intestinal cell lineage is regulated by a transcriptional regulatory network where the tumor suppressor, Caudal homeobox 2 (CDX2) is considered to be an intestinal master transcription factor. In this study, we show that CDX2 has a dual function in regulating both ST14 and SPINT1, gene expression in intestinal cells. We find that CDX2 is not required for the basal ST14 and SPINT1 gene expression; however changes in CDX2 expression affects the ST14/SPINT1 mRNA ratio. Exploring CDX2 ChIP-seq data from intestinal cell lines, we identified genomic CDX2-enriched enhancer elements for both ST14 and SPINT1, which regulate their corresponding gene promoter activity. We show that CDX2 displays both repressive and enhancing regulatory abilities in a cell specific manner. Together, these data reveal new insight into transcriptional mechanisms controlling the intestinal matriptase/inhibitor balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thomas Danielsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krüger Olsen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annika W Nonboe
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvester Larsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Region Zealand, Denmark
| | - Katja Dahlgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Eric Paul Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathy Mitchelmore
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lotte Katrine Vogel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Role of HOX Genes in Stem Cell Differentiation and Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3569493. [PMID: 30154863 PMCID: PMC6081605 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HOX genes encode an evolutionarily conserved set of transcription factors that control how the phenotype of an organism becomes organized during development based on its genetic makeup. For example, in bilaterian-type animals, HOX genes are organized in gene clusters that encode anatomic segment identity, that is, whether the embryo will form with bilateral symmetry with a head (anterior), tail (posterior), back (dorsal), and belly (ventral). Although HOX genes are known to regulate stem cell (SC) differentiation and HOX genes are dysregulated in cancer, the mechanisms by which dysregulation of HOX genes in SCs causes cancer development is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript was (i) to review the role of HOX genes in SC differentiation, particularly in embryonic, adult tissue-specific, and induced pluripotent SC, and (ii) to investigate how dysregulated HOX genes in SCs are responsible for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We analyzed HOX gene expression in CRC and AML using information from The Cancer Genome Atlas study. Finally, we reviewed the literature on HOX genes and related therapeutics that might help us understand ways to develop SC-specific therapies that target aberrant HOX gene expression that contributes to cancer development.
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30
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Sun M, Na Q, Huang L, Song G, Jin F, Li Y, Hou Y, Kang D, Qiao C. YAP Is Decreased in Preeclampsia and Regulates Invasion and Apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo. Reprod Sci 2018; 25:1382-1393. [PMID: 29303055 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117746784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a gestational disorder with hypertension and proteinuria leading to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcription coactivator of Hippo pathway, was identified as an oncoprotein participated in tumorigenesis. However, the effect of YAP on trophoblast has not been investigated. In our study, YAP expression levels in first-trimester, full-term, and PE placentas were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot assays, and immunohistochemistry. Yes-associated protein expression was also detected in BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo. Overexpression plasmid and YAP small interfering RNA were introduced into trophoblast cells. Furthermore, we utilized a Transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry, and Cell Counting Kit-8 analysis to examine the role of YAP in the invasion, apoptosis, and proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells. The result showed that both YAP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels were less in preeclamptic placentas. Yes-associated protein mRNA and protein expression levels were more highly expressed in BeWo. Yes-associated protein enhanced cell invasion, reduced the cellular apoptotic response, and had no effect on proliferation. In addition, the overexpression of YAP activated the expression of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), whereas reduced expression of YAP inhibited the expression of CDX2. Our results demonstrate that decreased YAP levels may contribute to the development of PE by regulating trophoblast invasion and apoptosis involving regulation of CDX2. Collectively, we proposed decreased YAP may contribute to trophoblast dysfunction, which suggests it might represent a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Sun
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Quan Na
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling Huang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guiyu Song
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Jin
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Hou
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Danyang Kang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chong Qiao
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,3 Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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31
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Li XG, Xu GF, Zhai ZY, Gao CQ, Yan HC, Xi QY, Guan WT, Wang SB, Wang XQ. CDX2 increases SLC7A7 expression and proliferation of pig intestinal epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30597-609. [PMID: 27121315 PMCID: PMC5058704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient absorption mediated by nutrient transporters expressed in the intestinal epithelium supplies substrates to support intestinal processes, including epithelial cell proliferation. We evaluated the role of Caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), an intestine-specific transcription factor, in the proliferation of pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-1) and searched for novel intestinal nutrient transporter genes activated by CDX2. Our cloned pig CDX2 cDNA contains a “homeobox” DNA binding motif, suggesting it is a transcriptional activator. CDX2 overexpression in IPEC-1 cells increased cell proliferation, the percentage of cells in S/G2 phase, and the abundance of transcripts of the cell cycle-related genes Cyclin A2; Cyclin B; Cyclin D2; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and cell cycle cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2 and 4, as well as the predicted CDX2 target genes SLC1A1, SLC5A1 and SLC7A7. In addition, luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that CDX2 binds directly to the SLC7A7 promoter. This is the first report of CDX2 function in pig intestinal epithelial cells and identifies SLC7A7 as a novel CDX2 target gene. Our findings show that nutrient transporters are activated during CDX2-induced proliferation of normal intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guang Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gao-Feng Xu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Zhai
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wu-Tai Guan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
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32
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Reggiani Bonetti L, Lionti S, Vitarelli E, Barresi V. Prognostic significance of CDX2 immunoexpression in poorly differentiated clusters of colorectal carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:731-741. [PMID: 28819729 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CDX2 is a transcription factor that acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer (CRC). Its loss triggers metastatic process and tumor progression; however, its prognostic role in patients with CRC is still controversial. Poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) are aggregates of neoplastic cells which likely have high metastatic potential in CRC. In this study, we analyzed and compared CDX2 expression in PDC (CDX2-PDC) and corresponding main tumor (CDX2 main tumor) in 42 CRCs showing at least 10 PDC (PDC G3). Five of 42 CRCs (12%) were classified as CDX2 main tumor negative (4/5 were also PDC-CDX2 negative); all had tumor recurrence and died of CRC. Twenty nine of 42 cases were CDX2-PDC negative. Among CRC CDX2 main tumor positive, 15 had recurrences and 13 died from CRC; 13 and 11 of them, respectively, were CDX2-PDC negative. By assigning one point to CDX2 main tumor or CDX2-PDC positivity, we assessed CDX2-staining score for each case. Twelve cases had CDX2-staining score 2 (CDX2 positive in main tumor and PDC); 26 had score 1 (CDX2 positive in main tumor or PDC), and 4 had CDX2 score 0 (CDX2 negative in main tumor and PDC). In our patients, CDX2-staining score had higher prognostic value compared to CDX2 main tumor or CDX2-PDC alone. In addition, it represented a significant and independent prognostic variable for disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Our findings suggest that, although loss of CDX2 in the main tumor identifies high-risk patients with high specificity, CDX2-PDC should also be considered in CDX2 main tumor positive cases to predict prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Laboratory Integrated Activities, Anatomic Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Lionti
- Department of Pathology in Evolutive Age and Adulthood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Polyclinic G. Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrica Vitarelli
- Department of Pathology in Evolutive Age and Adulthood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Polyclinic G. Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Pathology in Evolutive Age and Adulthood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Polyclinic G. Martino, Pad D, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
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33
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Roles of Wnt Target Genes in the Journey of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081604. [PMID: 28757546 PMCID: PMC5577996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been acknowledged; however, the mechanism through which it regulates the biological function of CSCs and promotes cancer progression remains elusive. Hence, to understand the intricate mechanism by which Wnt controls stemness, the specific downstream target genes of Wnt were established by analyzing the genetic signatures of multiple types of metastatic cancers based on gene set enrichment. By focusing on the molecular function of Wnt target genes, the biological roles of Wnt were interpreted in terms of CSC dynamics from initiation to metastasis. Wnt signaling participates in cancer initiation by generating CSCs from normal stem cells or non-CSCs and augmenting persistent growth at the primary region, which is resistant to anti-cancer therapy. Moreover, it assists CSCs in invading nearby tissues and in entering the blood stream, during which the negative feedback of the Wnt signaling pathway maintains CSCs in a dormant state that is suitable for survival. When CSCs arrive at distant organs, another burst of Wnt signaling induces CSCs to succeed in re-initiation and colonization. This comprehensive understanding of Wnt target genes provides a plausible explanation for how Wnt allows CSCs variation during cancer progression.
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34
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Khan N, Binder L, Pantakani DVK, Asif AR. MPA Modulates Tight Junctions' Permeability via Midkine/PI3K Pathway in Caco-2 Cells: A Possible Mechanism of Leak-Flux Diarrhea in Organ Transplanted Patients. Front Physiol 2017; 8:438. [PMID: 28694783 PMCID: PMC5483464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is prescribed to prevent allograft rejection in organ transplanted patients. However, its use is sporadically linked to leak flux diarrhea and other gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances in around 75% of patients through yet unknown mechanisms. Recently, we identified Midkine as a modulator of tight junctions (TJs) permeability in MPA treated Caco-2 monolayer. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of Midkine dependent PI3K pathway in alteration of TJs under MPA treatment. Caco-2 cells were grown as monolayer to develop TJs and were treated for 72 h with DMSO (control) or MPA in presence and absence of Midkine inhibitor (iMDK) or PI3K inhibitors (LY/AMG). Caco-2 monolayer integrity was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran assays. Our functional assays showed that PI3K inhibitors (LY/AMG) can significantly inhibit the compromised TJs integrity of MPA-treated Caco-2 cells monolayer. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed a significant epigenetic activation of Midkine, PI3K, Cdx-2, and Cldn-2 genes and epigenetic repression of Cldn-1 gene after MPA treatment. The MPA-induced epigenetic alterations were further confirmed by mRNA and protein expression analysis. Collectively, our data shows that PI3K pathway as the downstream target of Midkine which in turn modulates p38MAPK and pAKT signaling to alter TJs permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers treated with MPA. These results highlight the possible use of either Midkine or PI3K inhibitors as therapeutic agents to prevent MPA induced GI disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamat Khan
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical CenterGoettingen, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and TechnologyKohat, Pakistan
| | - Lutz Binder
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical CenterGoettingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - D V Krishna Pantakani
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical CenterGoettingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Abdul R Asif
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Laboratories, University Medical CenterGoettingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
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Garcia-Hernandez V, Quiros M, Nusrat A. Intestinal epithelial claudins: expression and regulation in homeostasis and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:66-79. [PMID: 28493289 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms a highly dynamic and selective barrier that controls absorption of fluid and solutes while restricting pathogen access to underlying tissues. Barrier properties are achieved by intercellular junctions that include an apical tight junction (TJ) and subjacent adherens junctions and desmosomes. The TJ tetraspan claudin proteins form pores between epithelial cells to control paracellular fluid and ion movement. In addition to regulation of barrier function, claudin family members control epithelial homeostasis and are expressed in a spatiotemporal manner in the intestinal crypt-luminal axis. This delicate balance of physiologic differential claudin protein expression is altered during mucosal inflammation. Inflammatory mediators influence transcriptional regulation, as well as endocytic trafficking, targeting, and retention of claudins in the TJ. Increased expression of intestinal epithelial claudin-1, -2, and -18 with downregulation of claudin-3, -4, -5, -7, -8, and -12 has been observed in intestinal inflammatory disorders. Such changes in claudin proteins modify the epithelial barrier function in addition to influencing epithelial and mucosal homeostasis. An improved understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control epithelial claudin proteins will provide strategies to strengthen the epithelial barrier function and restore mucosal homeostasis in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Quiros
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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36
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Amoozadeh Y, Dan Q, Anwer S, Huang HH, Barbieri V, Waheed F, Maishan M, Szászi K. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Increases Claudin-1, 4, and 7 Expression in Tubular Cells: Role in Permeability Changes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2210-2220. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Amoozadeh
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Shaista Anwer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Hsiao Han Huang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Vanessa Barbieri
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Faiza Waheed
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
| | - Mazharul Maishan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital; Ontario Canada
- Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
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Singh AB, Uppada SB, Dhawan P. Claudin proteins, outside-in signaling, and carcinogenesis. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:69-75. [PMID: 27988840 PMCID: PMC6166644 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environment affects an individual's development and disease risk which then suggest that the environmental cues must have ways of reaching to the cellular nuclei to orchestrate desired genetic changes. Polarized and differentiated epithelial cells join together by cell-cell adhesions to create a protective sheet which separates body's internal milieu from its environment, albeit in highly regulated manner. Among these cell-cell adhesions, a key role of tight junction, the apical cell-cell adhesion, in maintaining epithelial cell polarity and differentiation is well recognized. Moreover, significant changes in expression and cellular distribution of claudin proteins, integral component of the tight junction, characterize pathophysiological changes including neoplastic growth and progression. Studies have further confirmed existence of complex claudin-based interactomes and demonstrated that changes in such protein partnering can influence barrier integrity and communication between a cell and its environment to produce undesired outcome. Cell signaling is the process by which cells respond to their environment to make dynamic decisions to live, grow and proliferate, or die. Thus, pivotal role of the deregulated tight junction structure/function in influencing cellular signaling cascades to alter cellular phenotype can be envisaged, however, is not well understood. Needless to mention that advanced knowledge in this area can help improve therapeutic considerations and preventive measures. Here, we discuss potential role of the tight junction in the regulation of "outside-in" signaling to regulate cancer growth, with specific focus upon the claudin family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
- Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.
- Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA.
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38
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Bhat AA, Ahmad R, Uppada SB, Singh AB, Dhawan P. Claudin-1 promotes TNF-α-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 349:119-127. [PMID: 27742576 PMCID: PMC6166648 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism in cancer progression and malignancy including colorectal cancer (CRC). Importantly, inflammatory mediators are critical constituents of the local tumor environment and an intimate link between CRC progression and inflammation is now validated. We and others have reported key role of the deregulated claudin-1 expression in colon carcinogenesis including colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). However, the causal association between claudin-1 expression and inflammation-induced colon cancer progression remains unclear. Here we demonstrate, TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, regulates claudin-1 to modulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration in colon adenocarcinoma cells. Importantly, colon cancer cells cultured in the presence of TNF-α (10ng/ml), demonstrated a sharp decrease in E-cadherin expression and an increase in vimentin expression (versus control cells). Interestingly, TNF-α treatment also upregulated (and delocalized) claudin-1 expression in a time-dependent manner accompanied by increase in proliferation and wound healing. Furthermore, similar to our previous observation that claudin-1 overexpression in CRC cells induces ERK1/2 and Src- activation, signaling associated with colon cancer cell survival and transformation, TNF-α-treatment induced upregulation of phospho-ERK1/2 and -Src expression. The shRNA-mediated inhibition of claudin-1 expression largely abrogated the TNF-α-induced changes in EMT, proliferation, migration, p-Erk and p-Src expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate TNF-α mediated regulation of claudin-1 and tumorigenic abilities of colon cancer cells and highlights a key role of deregulated claudin-1 expression in inflammation-induced colorectal cancer growth and progression, through the regulation of the ERK and Src-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States
| | - SrijayaPrakash B Uppada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States
| | - Amar B Singh
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States; Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States
| | - Punita Dhawan
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States; Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68022, United States.
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39
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The role of claudins in cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 36:1176-1190. [PMID: 27524421 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
TJs are large intercellular adhesion complexes that maintain cell polarity in normal epithelia and endothelia. During the metastatic process, TJs must be 'loosened' or dismantled in cancer cells to enable migration and dissemination. Diminished TJ integrity must also occur within endothelial cells to allow intravasation and extravasation of cancer cells across endothelial barriers. Claudins are critical components of TJs, forming homo- and heteromeric interactions between the adjacent cells, which have been implicated as key modulators of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Numerous epithelial-derived cancers display altered claudin expression patterns and certain claudins can now be used as biomarkers to predict patient prognosis. Moreover, claudins have been functionally implicated in numerous steps of the metastatic cascade. The distinct roles played by claudins during the cancer progression to metastatic disease are just starting to be elucidated. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms through which claudins augment cancer metastasis is required to develop new therapeutic agents against this family of proteins. In this review, we will summarize the relationship between the claudin expression and clinical outcomes in diverse cancers, discuss tumor intrinisic roles through which claudins regulate metastasis and explore claudin-mediated functions within stromal cells that influence the metastatic process. Finally, we will consider possible strategies for targeting claudins that have the potential to improve the management of metastatic cancer.
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Lili LN, Farkas AE, Gerner-Smidt C, Overgaard CE, Moreno CS, Parkos CA, Capaldo CT, Nusrat A. Claudin-based barrier differentiation in the colonic epithelial crypt niche involves Hopx/Klf4 and Tcf7l2/Hnf4-α cascades. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1214038. [PMID: 27583195 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1214038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonic enterocytes form a rapidly renewing epithelium and barrier to luminal antigens. During renewal, coordinated expression of the claudin family of genes is vital to maintain the epithelial barrier. Disruption of this process contributes to barrier compromise and mucosal inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the regulation of this critical aspect of epithelial cell differentiation. In order to identify claudin regulatory factors we utilized high-throughput gene microarrays and correlation analyses. We identified complex expression gradients for the transcription factors Hopx, Hnf4a, Klf4 and Tcf7l2, as well as 12 claudins, during differentiation. In vitro confirmatory methods identified 2 pathways that stimulate claudin expression; Hopx/Klf4 activation of Cldn4, 7 and 15, and Tcf7l2/Hnf4a up-regulation of Cldn23. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed a Tcf7l2/Hnf4a/Claudin23 cascade. Furthermore, Hnf4a conditional knockout mice fail to induce Cldn23 during colonocyte differentiation. In conclusion, we report a comprehensive screen of colonic claudin gene expression and discover spatiotemporal Hopx/Klf4 and Tcf7l2/Hnf4a signaling as stimulators of colonic epithelial barrier differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia N Lili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Attila E Farkas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Christian Gerner-Smidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Olsen J, Eiholm S, Kirkeby LT, Espersen MLM, Jess P, Gögenür I, Olsen J, Troelsen JT. CDX2 downregulation is associated with poor differentiation and MMR deficiency in colon cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 100:59-66. [PMID: 26551082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox genes are often deregulated in cancer and can have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing potential. The Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is an intestine-specific transcription factor. CDX2 has been implicated in differentiation, proliferation, cell adhesion, and migration. In this study, we investigated CDX2 mRNA and protein expression in relation to the clinicopathological characteristics of colon cancer, including mismatch repair status and recurrence risk. METHODS Tumor samples were obtained from colon cancer patients. Biopsies from tumor tissue and normal adjacent tissue were fixed in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction or in formalin and paraffin embedded (FFPE) for immunohistochemical staining. CDX2 mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. FFPE sections were stained for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and CDX2. RESULTS A total of 191 patient samples were included in the study and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Of these samples, 97 were further evaluated by RT-qPCR. There was no significant difference in CDX2 mRNA expression between tumor and normal tissues. CDX2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in right-sided tumors (p<0.05), poorly differentiated tumors (p<0.05), and MMR-deficient tumors (p<0.05). Similarly, CDX2 protein expression was more often low or absent in right-sided tumors (p<0.01), poorly differentiated tumors (p<0.001), and MMR-deficient tumors (p<0.001). Low CDX2 protein or mRNA expression was not associated with recurrence risk. CONCLUSION We found that CDX2 downregulation is associated with MMR deficiency, right-sided tumors, and poor differentiation at both the mRNA and protein level. Whether CDX2 plays an active role in tumor progression in MSI/MMR-deficient tumors remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Olsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Surgery, Koege-Roskilde University Hospital, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - S Eiholm
- Department of Pathology, Roskilde University Hospital, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - L T Kirkeby
- Department of Surgery, Koege-Roskilde University Hospital, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - M L M Espersen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; The Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - P Jess
- Department of Surgery, Koege-Roskilde University Hospital, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - I Gögenür
- Department of Surgery, Koege-Roskilde University Hospital, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - J Olsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - J T Troelsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Leech AO, Cruz RGB, Hill ADK, Hopkins AM. Paradigms lost-an emerging role for over-expression of tight junction adhesion proteins in cancer pathogenesis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:184. [PMID: 26366401 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) are multi-protein complexes located at the apicalmost tip of the lateral membrane in polarised epithelial and endothelial cells. Their principal function is in mediating intercellular adhesion and polarity. Accordingly, it has long been a paradigm that loss of TJ proteins and consequent deficits in cell-cell adhesion are required for tumour cell dissemination in the early stages of the invasive/metastatic cascade. However it is becoming increasingly apparent that TJ proteins play important roles in not just adhesion but also intracellular signalling events, activation of which can contribute to, or even drive, tumour progression and metastasis. In this review, we shall therefore highlight cases wherein the gain of TJ proteins has been associated with signals promoting tumour progression. We will also discuss the potential of overexpressed TJ proteins to act as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. The overall purpose of this review is not to disprove the fact that loss of TJ-based adhesion contributes to the progression of several cancers, but rather to introduce the growing body of evidence that gain of TJ proteins may have adhesion-independent consequences for promoting progression in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid O Leech
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rodrigo G B Cruz
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold D K Hill
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Claudins and cancer: Fall of the soldiers entrusted to protect the gate and keep the barrier intact. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:58-65. [PMID: 26025580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of the tight junctions (TJ) in controlling paracellular traffic of ions and molecules, through the regulation of claudin proteins, is now established. However, it has also become increasingly evident that claudin proteins, as integral components of the TJs, play crucial role in maintaining the cell-cell integrity. In conformity, deregulation of claudin expression and cellular distribution in cancer tissues has been widely documented and correlated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, this correlation is not unidirectional and rather suggests tissue specific regulations. Irrespective, if the widely described correlations between altered claudin expression and cancer initiation/progression could be established, they may serve as important markers for prognostic purposes and potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize data from screening of the cancer tissues, manipulation of claudin expression in cells and animals subjected to cancer models, and how claudins are regulated in cancer. The focus of this article remains analysis of the association between cancer and the claudins and to decipher clinical relevance.
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44
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Transcriptional regulators of claudins in epithelial tight junctions. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:219843. [PMID: 25948882 PMCID: PMC4407569 DOI: 10.1155/2015/219843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal tract is covered by a monolayer of specialized epithelial cells that constitute a protective barrier surface to external toxic and infectious agents along with metabolic and digestive functions. Intercellular junctions, among epithelial cells, such as desmosomes, adherens, gap, and tight junctions (TJs), not only provide mechanical integrity but also limit movement of molecules across the monolayer. TJ is a complex structure composed of approximately 35 different proteins that interact with each other at the apical side of two adjacent epithelial cells. Claudin family proteins are important members of TJ with so far 24 known isoforms in different species. Claudins are structural proteins of TJ that help to control the paracellular movement by forming fence and barrier across the epithelial monolayer. Altered function of claudins is implicated in different form of cancers, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and leaky diarrhea. Based on their significant role in the molecular architecture of TJ, diversity, and disease association, further understanding about claudin family proteins and their genetic/epigenetic regulators is indispensable.
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Qin Y, Mohandessi S, Gordon L, Wadehra M. Regulation of FAK Activity by Tetraspan Proteins: Potential Clinical Implications in Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:391-405. [PMID: 27279237 PMCID: PMC5390008 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v20.i5-6.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates multiple cell signaling pathways in both physiological and pathological conditions. Overexpression and activation of FAK is associated with many advanced stage cancers through promoting cancer cell tumorigenicity and progression as well as by regulating the tumor microenvironment. FAK has multiple binding partners through which FAK exerts its functions including RhoGEF, Src family, talin, cortactin, and paxilin. Over the last few years, it has been proposed that a novel group of four transmembrane proteins can interact with FAK and regulate its activity. These include select tetraspanins such as CD151 and CD9 as well as the GAS3 family members epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) and peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22). In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the interaction between FAK and tetraspan proteins in physiological and pathological conditions, with an emphasis on the potential of tetraspan family members as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shabnam Mohandessi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynn Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA
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Alshbool FZ, Mohan S. Differential expression of claudin family members during osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation: Cldn-1 is a novel positive regulator of osteoblastogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114357. [PMID: 25479235 PMCID: PMC4257558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins (Cldns), a family of 27 transmembrane proteins, represent major components of tight junctions. Aside from functioning as tight junctions, Cldns have emerging roles as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. While Cldns are known to be expressed and have important functions in various tissues, their expression and function in bone cells is ill-defined. In this study, the expression of Cldns was examined during osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. The expression of Cldn-1, -7, -11, and -15 was downregulated during early stages of osteoclast differentiation, whereas Cldn-6 was upregulated. Moreover, the expression of several Cldns increased 3–7 fold in fully differentiated osteoclasts. As for osteoblasts, the expression of several Cldns was found to increase more than 10-fold during differentiation, with some peaking at early, and others at late stages. By contrast, only expression of Cldn-12, and -15 decreased during osteoblast differentiation. In subsequent studies, we focused on the role of Cldn-1 in osteoblasts as its expression was increased by more than 10 fold during osteoblast differentiation and was found to be regulated by multiple osteoregulatory agents including IGF-1 and Wnt3a. We evaluated the consequence of lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of Cldn-1 on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation using MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts. Cldn-1 knockdown caused a significant reduction in MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and ALP activity. Accordingly, expression levels of cyclinD1 and ALP mRNA levels were reduced in Cldn-1 shRNA knockdown cells. We next determined if Cldn-1 regulates the expression of Runx-2 and osterix, master transcription factors of osteoblast differentiation, and found that their levels were reduced significantly as a consequence of Cldn-1 knockdown. Moreover, knocking down Cldn-1 reduced β-catenin level. In conclusion, the expression of Cldn family members during bone cell differentiation is complex and involves cell type and differentiation stage-dependent regulation. In addition, Cldn-1 is a positive regulator of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Alshbool
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Med Ctr, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States of America
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Med Ctr, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States of America; Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States of America
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47
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Herr R, Köhler M, Andrlová H, Weinberg F, Möller Y, Halbach S, Lutz L, Mastroianni J, Klose M, Bittermann N, Kowar S, Zeiser R, Olayioye MA, Lassmann S, Busch H, Boerries M, Brummer T. B-Raf inhibitors induce epithelial differentiation in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 75:216-29. [PMID: 25381152 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BRAF mutations are associated with aggressive, less-differentiated and therapy-resistant colorectal carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms for these correlations remain unknown. To understand how oncogenic B-Raf contributes to carcinogenesis, in particular to aspects other than cellular proliferation and survival, we generated three isogenic human colorectal carcinoma cell line models in which we can dynamically modulate the expression of the B-Raf(V600E) oncoprotein. Doxycyclin-inducible knockdown of endogenous B-Raf(V600E) decreases cellular motility and invasion in conventional and three-dimensional (3D) culture, whereas it promotes cell-cell contacts and induces various hallmarks of differentiated epithelia. Importantly, all these effects are recapitulated by B-Raf (PLX4720, vemurafenib, and dabrafenib) or MEK inhibitors (trametinib). Surprisingly, loss of B-Raf(V600E) in HT29 xenografts does not only stall tumor growth, but also induces glandular structures with marked expression of CDX2, a tumor-suppressor and master transcription factor of intestinal differentiation. By performing the first transcriptome profiles of PLX4720-treated 3D cultures of HT29 and Colo-205 cells, we identify several upregulated genes linked to epithelial differentiation and effector functions, such as claudin-1, a Cdx-2 target gene encoding a critical tight junction component. Thereby, we provide a mechanism for the clinically observed correlation between mutant BRAF and the loss of Cdx-2 and claudin-1. PLX4720 also suppressed several metastasis-associated transcripts that have not been implicated as targets, effectors or potential biomarkers of oncogenic B-Raf signaling so far. Together, we identify a novel facet of clinically applied B-Raf or MEK inhibitors by showing that they promote cellular adhesion and differentiation of colorectal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Herr
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Köhler
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hana Andrlová
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberg
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Möller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Halbach
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lutz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justin Mastroianni
- Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klose
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Bittermann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kowar
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU Freiburg
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Silke Lassmann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU Freiburg. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Signal Transduction in Tumour Development and Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany. Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU Freiburg.
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48
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Chu M, Wang L, Wang H, Shen T, Yang Y, Sun Y, Tang N, Ni T, Zhu J, Mailman RB, Wang Y. A novel role of CDX1 in embryonic epicardial development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103271. [PMID: 25068460 PMCID: PMC4113346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism that regulates epicardial development has yet to be understood. In this study, we explored the function of CDX1, a Caudal-related family member, in epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in the migration and the differentiation of epicardium-derived progenitors into vascular smooth muscle cells. We detected a transient expression of CDX1 in murine embryonic hearts at 11.5 days post coitum (dpc). Using a doxycycline-inducible CDX1 mouse model, primary epicardium, and ex vivo heart culture, we further demonstrated that ectopic expression of CDX1 promoted epicardial EMT. In addition, a low-dose CDX1 induction led to enhanced migration and differentiation of epicardium-derived cells into α-SMA+ vascular smooth muscles. In contrast, either continued high-level induction of CDX1 or CDX1 deficiency attenuated the ability of epicardium-derived cells to migrate and to mature into smooth muscles induced by TGF-β1. Further RNA-seq analyses showed that CDX1 induction altered the transcript levels of genes involved in neuronal development, angiogenesis, and cell adhesions required for EMT. Our data have revealed a previously undefined role of CDX1 during epicardial development, and suggest that transient expression of CDX1 promotes epicardial EMT, whereas subsequent down-regulation of CDX1 after 11.5 dpc in mice is necessary for further subepicardial invasion of EPDCs and contribution to coronary vascular endothelium or smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessel Anomalies/genetics
- Embryonic Stem Cells
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heart/embryology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Organogenesis/genetics
- Pericardium/embryology
- Pericardium/metabolism
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics Engineering & MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics Engineering & MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Mailman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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49
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Olsen J, Espersen MLM, Jess P, Kirkeby LT, Troelsen JT. The clinical perspectives of CDX2 expression in colorectal cancer: a qualitative systematic review. Surg Oncol 2014; 23:167-76. [PMID: 25126956 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Homeobox genes are often deregulated in cancer. They can have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing potential. The Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is an intestine-specific transcription factor. It is implicated in differentiation, proliferation, cell-adhesion, and migration. CDX2 has been proposed as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer but its role is still controversial. This systematic review were undertaken in order to clarify CDX2s role in colorectal cancer. METHODS A literature search was performed in the MEDLINE database from 1966 to February 2014. Only studies in which all or a part of the experimental design were performed on human colorectal cancer tissue were included. Thus, studies solely performed in cell-lines or animal models were excluded. RESULTS Fifty-two articles of relevance were identified. CDX2 expression was rarely lost in colorectal cancers, however the expression pattern may often be heterogeneous within the tumor and can be selectively down regulated at the invasive front and in tumor buddings. Loss of CDX2 expression is probably correlated to tumor grade, stage, right-sided tumor location, MMR-deficiency, CIMP, and BRAF mutations. The CDX2 gene is rarely mutated but the locus harboring the gene is often amplified and may suggest CDX2 as a linage-survival oncogene. CDX2 might be implicated in cell proliferation and migration through cross-talk with the Wnt-signaling pathway, tumor-stroma proteins, and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION A clear role for CDX2 expression in colorectal cancer remains to be elucidated, and it might differ in relation to the underlying molecular pathways leading to the cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Olsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Surgery, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Sygehus, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - M L M Espersen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; The Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - P Jess
- Department of Surgery, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Sygehus, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - L T Kirkeby
- Department of Surgery, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde Sygehus, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - J T Troelsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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50
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Sauer RS, Krug SM, Hackel D, Staat C, Konasin N, Yang S, Niedermirtl B, Bosten J, Günther R, Dabrowski S, Doppler K, Sommer C, Blasig IE, Brack A, Rittner HL. Safety, efficacy, and molecular mechanism of claudin-1-specific peptides to enhance blood–nerve–barrier permeability. J Control Release 2014; 185:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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