1
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Saha N, Acharjee S, Tomar RS. Cdc73 is a major regulator of apoptosis-inducing factor 1 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via H3K36 methylation. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:658-669. [PMID: 38467538 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) overexpression is intimately linked to the sensitivity of yeast cells towards hydrogen peroxide or acetic acid. Therefore, studying the mechanism of AIF1 regulation in the cell would provide a significant understanding of the factors guiding yeast apoptosis. In this report, we show the time-dependent induction of AIF1 under hydrogen peroxide stress. Additionally, we find that AIF1 expression in response to hydrogen peroxide is mediated by two transcription factors, Yap5 (DNA binding) and Cdc73 (non-DNA binding). Furthermore, substituting the H3K36 residue with another amino acid significantly abrogates AIF1 expression. However, substituting the lysine (K) in H3K4 or H3K79 with alanine (A) does not affect AIF1 expression level under hydrogen peroxide stress. Altogether, reduced AIF1 expression in cdc73Δ is plausibly due to reduced H3K36me3 levels in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Saha
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
| | - Santoshi Acharjee
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India
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2
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Pijuan J, Moreno DF, Yahya G, Moisa M, Ul Haq I, Krukiewicz K, Mosbah R, Metwally K, Cavalu S. Regulatory and pathogenic mechanisms in response to iron deficiency and excess in fungi. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2053-2071. [PMID: 37804207 PMCID: PMC10616654 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all eukaryote organisms because of its redox properties, which are important for many biological processes such as DNA synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, oxygen transport, lipid, and carbon metabolism. For this reason, living organisms have developed different strategies and mechanisms to optimally regulate iron acquisition, transport, storage, and uptake in different environmental responses. Moreover, iron plays an essential role during microbial infections. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been of key importance for decrypting iron homeostasis and regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes. Specifically, the transcription factors Aft1/Aft2 and Yap5 regulate the expression of genes to control iron metabolism in response to its deficiency or excess, adapting to the cell's iron requirements and its availability in the environment. We also review which iron-related virulence factors have the most common fungal human pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans). These factors are essential for adaptation in different host niches during pathogenesis, including different fungal-specific iron-uptake mechanisms. While being necessary for virulence, they provide hope for developing novel antifungal treatments, which are currently scarce and usually toxic for patients. In this review, we provide a compilation of the current knowledge about the metabolic response to iron deficiency and excess in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pijuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular MedicineInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIIIMadridSpain
| | - David F. Moreno
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Systems Biology InstituteYale UniversityWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityAl SharqiaEgypt
| | - Mihaela Moisa
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of OradeaOradeaRomania
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Inovação TecnológicaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid ElectronicsSilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
| | - Rasha Mosbah
- Infection Control UnitHospitals of Zagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Kamel Metwally
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of OradeaOradeaRomania
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3
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Mfarej MG, Hyland CA, Sanchez AC, Falk MM, Iovine MK, Skibbens RV. Cohesin: an emerging master regulator at the heart of cardiac development. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:rs2. [PMID: 36947206 PMCID: PMC10162415 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are ATPase complexes that play central roles in cellular processes such as chromosome division, DNA repair, and gene expression. Cohesinopathies arise from mutations in cohesin proteins or cohesin complex regulators and encompass a family of related developmental disorders that present with a range of severe birth defects, affect many different physiological systems, and often lead to embryonic fatality. Treatments for cohesinopathies are limited, in large part due to the lack of understanding of cohesin biology. Thus, characterizing the signaling networks that lie upstream and downstream of cohesin-dependent pathways remains clinically relevant. Here, we highlight alterations in cohesins and cohesin regulators that result in cohesinopathies, with a focus on cardiac defects. In addition, we suggest a novel and more unifying view regarding the mechanisms through which cohesinopathy-based heart defects may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Caitlin A. Hyland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Annie C. Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Matthias M. Falk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - M. Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
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4
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Adaptation of Saccharomyces Species to High-Iron Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213965. [PMID: 36430442 PMCID: PMC9693265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable element that participates as an essential cofactor in multiple biological processes. However, when present in excess, iron can engage in redox reactions that generate reactive oxygen species that damage cells at multiple levels. In this report, we characterized the response of budding yeast species from the Saccharomyces genus to elevated environmental iron concentrations. We have observed that S. cerevisiae strains are more resistant to high-iron concentrations than Saccharomyces non-cerevisiae species. Liquid growth assays showed that species evolutionarily closer to S. cerevisiae, such as S. paradoxus, S. jurei, S. mikatae, and S. arboricola, were more resistant to high-iron levels than the more distant species S. eubayanus and S. uvarum. Remarkably, S. kudriavzevii strains were especially iron sensitive. Growth assays in solid media suggested that S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus were more resistant to the oxidative stress caused by elevated iron concentrations. When comparing iron accumulation and sensitivity, different patterns were observed. As previously described for S. cerevisiae, S. uvarum and particular strains of S. kudriavzevii and S. paradoxus became more sensitive to iron while accumulating more intracellular iron levels. However, no remarkable changes in intracellular iron accumulation were observed for the remainder of species. These results indicate that different mechanisms of response to elevated iron concentrations exist in the different species of the genus Saccharomyces.
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5
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Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Amaral C, Pobre V, Antunes W, Petronilho A, Paixão P, Matos AP, Pimentel C. Copper Acts Synergistically With Fluconazole in Candida glabrata by Compromising Drug Efflux, Sterol Metabolism, and Zinc Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:920574. [PMID: 35774458 PMCID: PMC9237516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic combinations of drugs are promising strategies to boost the effectiveness of current antifungals and thus prevent the emergence of resistance. In this work, we show that copper and the antifungal fluconazole act synergistically against Candida glabrata, an opportunistic pathogenic yeast intrinsically tolerant to fluconazole. Analyses of the transcriptomic profile of C. glabrata after the combination of copper and fluconazole showed that the expression of the multidrug transporter gene CDR1 was decreased, suggesting that fluconazole efflux could be affected. In agreement, we observed that copper inhibits the transactivation of Pdr1, the transcription regulator of multidrug transporters and leads to the intracellular accumulation of fluconazole. Copper also decreases the transcriptional induction of ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) genes by fluconazole, which culminates in the accumulation of toxic sterols. Co-treatment of cells with copper and fluconazole should affect the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane, as several ultrastructural alterations, including irregular cell wall and plasma membrane and loss of cell wall integrity, were observed. Finally, we show that the combination of copper and fluconazole downregulates the expression of the gene encoding the zinc-responsive transcription regulator Zap1, which possibly, together with the membrane transporters malfunction, generates zinc depletion. Supplementation with zinc reverts the toxic effect of combining copper with fluconazole, underscoring the importance of this metal in the observed synergistic effect. Overall, this work, while unveiling the molecular basis that supports the use of copper to enhance the effectiveness of fluconazole, paves the way for the development of new metal-based antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vânia Pobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Petronilho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Unidade de Infeção, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre – CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica – SYNLAB, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António P. Matos
- Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Egas Moniz Higher Education Cooperative, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina Pimentel,
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6
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Grosjean N, Le Jean M, Armengaud J, Schikora A, Chalot M, Gross EM, Blaudez D. Combined omics approaches reveal distinct responses between light and heavy rare earth elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127830. [PMID: 34896703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of green energy sources and new medical technologies contributes to the increased exploitation of rare earth elements (REEs). They can be subdivided into light (LREEs) and heavy (HREEs) REEs. Mining, industrial processing, and end-use practices of REEs has led to elevated environmental concentrations and raises concerns about their toxicity to organisms and their impact on ecosystems. REE toxicity has been reported, but its precise underlying molecular effects have not been well described. Here, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches were combined to decipher the molecular responses of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to La (LREE) and Yb (HREE). Differences were observed between the early and late responses to La and Yb. Several crucial pathways were modulated in response to both REEs, such as oxidative-reduction processes, DNA replication, and carbohydrate metabolism. REE-specific responses involving the cell wall and pheromone signalling pathways were identified, and these responses have not been reported for other metals. REE exposure also modified the expression and abundance of several ion transport systems, with strong discrepancies between La and Yb. These findings are valuable for prioritizing key genes and proteins involved in La and Yb detoxification mechanisms that deserve further characterization to better understand REE environmental and human health toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Grosjean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Marie Le Jean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Adam Schikora
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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7
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Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. Genetically induced redox stress occurs in a yeast model for Roberts syndrome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6460337. [PMID: 34897432 PMCID: PMC9210317 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a multispectrum developmental disorder characterized by severe limb, craniofacial, and organ abnormalities and often intellectual disabilities. The genetic basis of RBS is rooted in loss-of-function mutations in the essential N-acetyltransferase ESCO2 which is conserved from yeast (Eco1/Ctf7) to humans. ESCO2/Eco1 regulate many cellular processes that impact chromatin structure, chromosome transmission, gene expression, and repair of the genome. The etiology of RBS remains contentious with current models that include transcriptional dysregulation or mitotic failure. Here, we report evidence that supports an emerging model rooted in defective DNA damage responses. First, the results reveal that redox stress is elevated in both eco1 and cohesion factor Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cells. Second, we provide evidence that Eco1 and cohesion factors are required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage such that ECO1 and cohesin gene mutations result in reduced cell viability and hyperactivation of DNA damage checkpoints that occur in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, we show that mutation of ECO1 is solely sufficient to induce endogenous redox stress and sensitizes mutant cells to exogenous genotoxic challenges. Remarkably, antioxidant treatment desensitizes eco1 mutant cells to a range of DNA damaging agents, raising the possibility that modulating the cellular redox state may represent an important avenue of treatment for RBS and tumors that bear ESCO2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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8
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Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Afonso G, Amaral C, da Silva SM, Pimentel C. Zap1 is required for Candida glabrata response to fluconazole. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6510815. [PMID: 35040997 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida spp. strongly hinders the widespread use of the drug. To tackle this problem, great efforts have been made to fully understand the fungal response to fluconazole. In this work, we show that the role of Zap1 in Candida glabrata goes beyond regulating yeast adaptation to zinc deficiency. In line with our previous observation that deletion of ZAP1 makes yeast cells more sensitive to fluconazole, we found that the mutant CgΔzap1 accumulates higher levels of the drug, which correlates well with its lower levels of ergosterol. Surprisingly, Zap1 is a negative regulator of the drug efflux transporter gene CDR1 and of its regulator, PDR1. The apparent paradox of drug accumulation in cells where genes encoding transporters relevant for drug extrusion are being overexpressed led us to postulate that their activity could be impaired. In agreement, Zap1-depleted cells present, in addition to decreased ergosterol levels, an altered composition of membrane phospholipids, which together should impact membrane function and impair the detoxification of fluconazole. Overall, our study brings to light Zap1 as an important hub in Candida glabrata response to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - G Afonso
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S M da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Delaveau T, Thiébaut A, Benchouaia M, Merhej J, Devaux F. Yap5 Competes With Hap4 for the Regulation of Iron Homeostasis Genes in the Human Pathogen Candida glabrata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:731988. [PMID: 34900750 PMCID: PMC8662346 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.731988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT-binding complex (CBC) is a conserved heterotrimeric transcription factor which, in fungi, requires additional regulatory subunits to act on transcription. In the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, CBC has a dual role. Together with the Hap4 regulatory subunit, it activates the expression of genes involved in respiration upon growth with non-fermentable carbon sources, while its association with the Yap5 regulatory subunit is required for the activation of iron tolerance genes in response to iron excess. In the present work, we investigated further the interplay between CBC, Hap4 and Yap5. We showed that Yap5 regulation requires a specific Yap Response Element in the promoter of its target gene GRX4 and that the presence of Yap5 considerably strengthens the binding of CBC to the promoters of iron tolerance genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transcriptome experiments showed that Hap4 can also bind these promoters but has no impact on the expression of those genes when Yap5 is present. In the absence of Yap5 however, GRX4 is constitutively regulated by Hap4, similarly to the genes involved in respiration. Our results suggest that the distinction between the two types of CBC targets in C. glabrata is mainly due to the dependency of Yap5 for very specific DNA sequences and to the competition between Hap4 and Yap5 at the promoter of the iron tolerance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Delaveau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Thiébaut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
| | - Médine Benchouaia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
| | - Jawad Merhej
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
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10
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Sorribes-Dauden R, Martínez-Pastor MT, Puig S. Expression of a Truncated Yeast Ccc1 Vacuolar Transporter Increases the Accumulation of Endogenous Iron. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081120. [PMID: 34440294 PMCID: PMC8391176 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for all eukaryotic organisms because it participates as a redox cofactor in multiple metabolic processes. Iron bioavailability is highly restricted due to the low solubility of its oxidized form, frequently leading to iron deficiency anemia. The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a model organism for iron homeostasis studies, but also as a food supplement and fermentative microorganism in the food industry. Yeast cells use the vacuolar Ccc1 transporter to detoxify and store excess iron in the vacuoles. Here, we modulate CCC1 expression and properties to increase iron extraction from the environment. We show that constitutive expression of full-length CCC1 is toxic, whereas deletion of its cytosolic amino-terminal (Nt) domain (NtΔCCC1) rescues this phenotype. Toxicity is exacerbated in cells lacking AFT1 transcription factor. Further characterization of NtΔCcc1 protein suggests that it is a partially functional protein. Western blot analyses indicate that deletion of Ccc1 Nt domain does not significantly alter GFP-Ccc1 protein stability. A functional full-length GFP-Ccc1 protein localized to particular regions of the vacuolar membrane, whereas GFP-NtΔCcc1 protein was evenly distributed throughout this endogenous membrane. Interestingly, expression of NtΔCCC1 increased the accumulation of endogenous iron in cells cultivated under iron-sufficient conditions, a strategy that could be used to extract iron from media that are not rich in iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sorribes-Dauden
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Martínez-Pastor
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.T.M.-P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sergi Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.T.M.-P.); (S.P.)
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11
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An Internal Promoter Drives the Expression of a Truncated Form of CCC1 Capable of Protecting Yeast from Iron Toxicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061337. [PMID: 34203091 PMCID: PMC8235630 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In yeast, iron storage and detoxification depend on the Ccc1 transporter that mediates iron accumulation in vacuoles. While deletion of the CCC1 gene renders cells unable to survive under iron overload conditions, the deletion of its previously identified regulators only partially affects survival, indicating that the mechanisms controlling iron storage and detoxification in yeast are still far from well understood. This work reveals that CCC1 is equipped with a complex transcriptional structure comprising several regulatory regions. One of these is located inside the coding sequence of the gene and drives the expression of a short transcript encoding an N-terminally truncated protein, designated as s-Ccc1. s-Ccc1, though less efficiently than Ccc1, is able to promote metal accumulation in the vacuole, protecting cells against iron toxicity. While the expression of the s-Ccc1 appears to be repressed in the normal genomic context, our current data clearly demonstrates that it is functional and has the capacity to play a role under iron overload conditions.
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12
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Pujol-Carrion N, Pavón-Vergés M, Arroyo J, de la Torre-Ruiz MA. The MAPK Slt2/Mpk1 plays a role in iron homeostasis through direct regulation of the transcription factor Aft1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118974. [PMID: 33549702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for life. Cells develop mechanisms to tightly regulate its homeostasis, in order to avoid abnormal accumulation and the consequent cell toxicity. In budding yeast, the high affinity iron regulon is under the control of the transcription factor Aft1. We present evidence demonstrating that the MAPK Slt2 of the cell wall integrity pathway (CWI), phosphorylates and negatively regulates Aft1 activity upon the iron depletion signal, both in fermentative or respiratory conditions. The lack of Slt2 provokes Aft1 dysfunction leading to a shorter chronological life span. The signal of iron scarcity is not transmitted to Slt2 through other signalling pathways such as TOR1, PKA, SNF1 or TOR2/YPK1. The observation that Slt2 physically binds Aft1 rather suggests a direct regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pujol-Carrion
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mónica Pavón-Vergés
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Basics of Fungal Siderophores: Classification, Iron Transport and Storage, Chemistry and Biosynthesis, Application, and More. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. DNA damage induces Yap5-dependent transcription of ECO1/CTF7 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242968. [PMID: 33373396 PMCID: PMC7771704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast Eco1 (ESCO2 in humans) acetyltransferase converts chromatin-bound cohesins to a DNA tethering state, thereby establishing sister chromatid cohesion. Eco1 establishes cohesion during DNA replication, after which Eco1 is targeted for degradation by SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. SCF E3 ligase, and sequential phosphorylations that promote Eco1 ubiquitination and degradation, remain active throughout the M phase. In this way, Eco1 protein levels are high during S phase, but remain low throughout the remaining cell cycle. In response to DNA damage during M phase, however, Eco1 activity increases-providing for a new wave of cohesion establishment (termed Damage-Induced Cohesion, or DIC) which is critical for efficient DNA repair. To date, little evidence exists as to the mechanism through which Eco1 activity increases during M phase in response to DNA damage. Possibilities include that either the kinases or E3 ligase, that target Eco1 for degradation, are inhibited in response to DNA damage. Our results reveal instead that the degradation machinery remains fully active during M phase, despite the presence of DNA damage. In testing alternate models through which Eco1 activity increases in response to DNA damage, the results reveal that DNA damage induces new transcription of ECO1 and at a rate that exceeds the rate of Eco1 turnover, providing for rapid accumulation of Eco1 protein. We further show that DNA damage induction of ECO1 transcription is in part regulated by Yap5-a stress-induced transcription factor. Given the role for mutated ESCO2 (homolog of ECO1) in human birth defects, this study highlights the complex nature through which mutation of ESCO2, and defects in ESCO2 regulation, may promote developmental abnormalities and contribute to various diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Sorribes-Dauden R, Peris D, Martínez-Pastor MT, Puig S. Structure and function of the vacuolar Ccc1/VIT1 family of iron transporters and its regulation in fungi. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3712-3722. [PMID: 33304466 PMCID: PMC7714665 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most living beings since it participates as a redox active cofactor in many biological processes including cellular respiration, lipid biosynthesis, DNA replication and repair, and ribosome biogenesis and recycling. However, when present in excess, iron can participate in Fenton reactions and generate reactive oxygen species that damage cells at the level of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Organisms have developed different molecular strategies to protect themselves against the harmful effects of high concentrations of iron. In the case of fungi and plants, detoxification mainly occurs by importing cytosolic iron into the vacuole through the Ccc1/VIT1 iron transporter. New sequenced genomes and bioinformatic tools are facilitating the functional characterization, evolution and ecological relevance of metabolic pathways and homeostatic networks across the Tree of Life. Sequence analysis shows that Ccc1/VIT1 homologs are widely distributed among organisms with the exception of animals. The recent elucidation of the crystal structure of a Ccc1/VIT1 plant ortholog has enabled the identification of both conserved and species-specific motifs required for its metal transport mechanism. Moreover, recent studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have also revealed that multiple transcription factors including Yap5 and Msn2/Msn4 contribute to the expression of CCC1 in high-iron conditions. Interestingly, Malaysian S. cerevisiae strains express a partially functional Ccc1 protein that renders them sensitive to iron. Different regulatory mechanisms have been described for non-Saccharomycetaceae Ccc1 homologs. The characterization of Ccc1/VIT1 proteins is of high interest in the development of biofortified crops and the protection against microbial-derived diseases.
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Key Words
- BLOSUM, BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix
- CBC, CCAAT-binding core complex
- CRD, Cysteine-rich domain
- CS, Consistency score
- Ccc1
- Cg, Candida glabrata
- Eg, Eucalyptus grandis
- Fe, Iron
- Fungi
- H, Helix
- Hap, Heme activator protein
- ISC, Iron-sulfur luster
- Iron detoxification
- Iron regulation
- Iron transport
- MAFFT, Multiple Alignment using Fast Fourier Transform
- MBD, Metal-binding domain
- ML, Maximum-likelihood
- NRAMP, Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein
- Plants
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TMD, Transmembrane domain
- VIT, Vacuolar iron transporter
- VIT1
- VTL, Vacuolar iron transporter-like
- Vacuole
- YRE, Yap response elements
- Yeast
- bZIP, basic leucine-zipper
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sorribes-Dauden
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Peris
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Ramos-Alonso L, Romero AM, Martínez-Pastor MT, Puig S. Iron Regulatory Mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582830. [PMID: 33013818 PMCID: PMC7509046 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for all eukaryotic organisms because it participates as a redox cofactor in many cellular processes. However, excess iron can damage cells since it promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model organism to study the adaptation of eukaryotic cells to changes in iron availability. Upon iron deficiency, yeast utilizes two transcription factors, Aft1 and Aft2, to activate the expression of a set of genes known as the iron regulon, which are implicated in iron uptake, recycling and mobilization. Moreover, Aft1 and Aft2 activate the expression of Cth2, an mRNA-binding protein that limits the expression of genes encoding for iron-containing proteins or that participate in iron-using processes. Cth2 contributes to prioritize iron utilization in particular pathways over other highly iron-consuming and non-essential processes including mitochondrial respiration. Recent studies have revealed that iron deficiency also alters many other metabolic routes including amino acid and lipid synthesis, the mitochondrial retrograde response, transcription, translation and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis; and activates the DNA damage and general stress responses. At high iron levels, the yeast Yap5, Msn2, and Msn4 transcription factors activate the expression of a vacuolar iron importer called Ccc1, which is the most important high-iron protecting factor devoted to detoxify excess cytosolic iron that is stored into the vacuole for its mobilization upon scarcity. The complete sequencing and annotation of many yeast genomes is starting to unveil the diversity and evolution of the iron homeostasis network in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Ramos-Alonso
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonia María Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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17
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Soczewka P, Flis K, Tribouillard-Tanvier D, di Rago JP, Santos CN, Menezes R, Kaminska J, Zoladek T. Flavonoids as Potential Drugs for VPS13-Dependent Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E828. [PMID: 32708255 PMCID: PMC7397310 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several rare neurodegenerative diseases, including chorea acanthocytosis, are caused by mutations in the VPS13A-D genes. Only symptomatic treatments for these diseases are available. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a unique VPS13 gene and the yeast vps13Δ mutant has been proven as a suitable model for drug tests. A library of drugs and an in-house library of natural compounds and their derivatives were screened for molecules preventing the growth defect of vps13Δ cells on medium with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Seven polyphenols, including the iron-binding flavone luteolin, were identified. The structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of luteolin were characterized. The FET4 gene, which encodes an iron transporter, was found to be a multicopy suppressor of vps13Δ, pointing out the importance of iron in response to SDS stress. The growth defect of vps13Δ in SDS-supplemented medium was also alleviated by the addition of iron salts. Suppression did not involve cell antioxidant responses, as chemical antioxidants were not active. Our findings support that luteolin and iron may target the same cellular process, possibly the synthesis of sphingolipids. Unveiling the mechanisms of action of chemical and genetic suppressors of vps13Δ may help to better understand VPS13A-D-dependent pathogenesis and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Flis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Déborah Tribouillard-Tanvier
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux University, CEDEX, 33077 Bordeaux, France; (D.T.-T.); (J.-P.d.R.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Paul di Rago
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux University, CEDEX, 33077 Bordeaux, France; (D.T.-T.); (J.-P.d.R.)
| | - Cláudia N. Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Av. República, Qta. do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.N.S.); (R.M.)
- CEDOC—Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Regina Menezes
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Av. República, Qta. do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.N.S.); (R.M.)
- CEDOC—Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.F.); (J.K.)
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18
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Furukawa T, Scheven MT, Misslinger M, Zhao C, Hoefgen S, Gsaller F, Lau J, Jöchl C, Donaldson I, Valiante V, Brakhage AA, Bromley MJ, Haas H, Hortschansky P. The fungal CCAAT-binding complex and HapX display highly variable but evolutionary conserved synergetic promoter-specific DNA recognition. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3567-3590. [PMID: 32086516 PMCID: PMC7144946 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To sustain iron homeostasis, microorganisms have evolved fine-tuned mechanisms for uptake, storage and detoxification of the essential metal iron. In the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the fungal-specific bZIP-type transcription factor HapX coordinates adaption to both iron starvation and iron excess and is thereby crucial for virulence. Previous studies indicated that a HapX homodimer interacts with the CCAAT-binding complex (CBC) to cooperatively bind bipartite DNA motifs; however, the mode of HapX-DNA recognition had not been resolved. Here, combination of in vivo (genetics and ChIP-seq), in vitro (surface plasmon resonance) and phylogenetic analyses identified an astonishing plasticity of CBC:HapX:DNA interaction. DNA motifs recognized by the CBC:HapX protein complex comprise a bipartite DNA binding site 5′-CSAATN12RWT-3′ and an additional 5′-TKAN-3′ motif positioned 11–23 bp downstream of the CCAAT motif, i.e. occasionally overlapping the 3′-end of the bipartite binding site. Phylogenetic comparison taking advantage of 20 resolved Aspergillus species genomes revealed that DNA recognition by the CBC:HapX complex shows promoter-specific cross-species conservation rather than regulon-specific conservation. Moreover, we show that CBC:HapX interaction is absolutely required for all known functions of HapX. The plasticity of the CBC:HapX:DNA interaction permits fine tuning of CBC:HapX binding specificities that could support adaptation of pathogens to their host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Furukawa
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mareike Thea Scheven
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Matthias Misslinger
- Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Can Zhao
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sandra Hoefgen
- Leibniz Research Group Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Fabio Gsaller
- Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christoph Jöchl
- Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Ian Donaldson
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Vito Valiante
- Leibniz Research Group Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena D-07745, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena D-07745, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Michael J Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena D-07745, Germany
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19
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Nguyen TQ, Dziuba N, Lindahl PA. Isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuoles contain low-molecular-mass transition-metal polyphosphate complexes. Metallomics 2020; 11:1298-1309. [PMID: 31210222 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vacuoles play major roles in the trafficking, storage, and homeostasis of metal ions in fungi and plants. In this study, 29 batches of vacuoles were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Flow-through solutions (FTS) obtained by passing vacuolar extracts through a 10 kDa cut-off membrane were characterized for metal content using an anaerobic liquid chromatography system interfaced to an online ICP-MS. Nearly all iron, zinc, and manganese ions in these solutions were present as low-molecular-mass (LMM) complexes. Metal-detected peaks with masses between 500-1700 Da dominated; phosphorus-detected peaks generally comigrated. The distribution of metal:polyphosphate complexes was dominated by particular chain-lengths rather than a broad binomial distribution. Similarly treated synthetic FeIII polyphosphate complexes showed similar peaks. Treatment with a phosphatase disrupted the LMM metal-bound species in vacuolar FTSs. These results indicated metal:polyphosphate complexes 6-20 phosphate units in length and coordinated by 1-3 metals on average per chain. The speciation of iron in FTSs from iron-deficient cells was qualitatively similar, but intensities were lower. Under healthy conditions, nearly all copper ions in vacuolar FTSs were present as 1-2 species with masses between 4800-7800 Da. The absence of these high-mass peaks in vacuolar FTS from cup1Δ cells suggests that they were due to metallothionein, Cup1. Disrupting copper homeostasis increased the amount of LMM copper:polyphosphate complexes in vacuoles (masses between 1500-1700 Da). Potentially dangerous LMM copper species in the cytosol of metallothionein-deficient cells may traffic into vacuoles for sequestration and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA.
| | - Nathaniel Dziuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA. and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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20
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Gupta M, Outten CE. Iron-sulfur cluster signaling: The common thread in fungal iron regulation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:189-201. [PMID: 32234663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis in fungi involves balancing iron uptake and storage with iron utilization to achieve adequate, nontoxic levels of this essential nutrient. Extensive work in the nonpathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe has uncovered unique iron regulation networks for each organism that control iron metabolism via distinct molecular mechanisms. However, common themes have emerged from these studies. The activities of all fungal iron-sensing transcription factors characterized to date are regulated via iron-sulfur cluster signaling. Furthermore, glutaredoxins often play a key role in relaying the intracellular iron status to these DNA-binding proteins. Recent work with fungal pathogens, including Candida and Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans, has revealed novel iron regulation mechanisms, yet similar roles for iron-sulfur clusters and glutaredoxins in iron signaling have been confirmed. This review will focus on these recent discoveries regarding iron regulation pathways in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA 29208
| | - Caryn E Outten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA 29208.
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21
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Li L, Bertram S, Kaplan J, Jia X, Ward DM. The mitochondrial iron exporter genes MMT1 and MMT2 in yeast are transcriptionally regulated by Aft1 and Yap1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1716-1726. [PMID: 31896574 PMCID: PMC7008362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) responds to low cytosolic iron by up-regulating the expression of iron import genes; iron import can reflect iron transport into the cytosol or mitochondria. Mmt1 and Mmt2 are nuclearly encoded mitochondrial proteins that export iron from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Here we report that MMT1 and MMT2 expression is transcriptionally regulated by two pathways: the low-iron-sensing transcription factor Aft1 and the oxidant-sensing transcription factor Yap1. We determined that MMT1 and MMT2 expression is increased under low-iron conditions and decreased when mitochondrial iron import is increased through overexpression of the high-affinity mitochondrial iron importer Mrs3. Moreover, loss of iron-sulfur cluster synthesis induced expression of MMT1 and MMT2 We show that exposure to the oxidant H2O2 induced MMT1 expression but not MMT2 expression and identified the transcription factor Yap1 as being involved in oxidant-mediated MMT1 expression. We defined Aft1- and Yap1-dependent transcriptional sites in the MMT1 promoter that are necessary for low-iron- or oxidant-mediated MMT1 expression. We also found that the MMT2 promoter contains domains that are important for regulating its expression under low-iron conditions, including an upstream region that appears to partially repress expression under low-iron conditions. Our findings reveal that MMT1 and MMT2 are induced under low-iron conditions and that the low-iron regulator Aft1 is required for this induction. We further uncover an Aft1-binding site in the MMT1 promoter sufficient for inducing MMT1 transcription and identify an MMT2 promoter region required for low iron induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtao Li
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Sophie Bertram
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Jerry Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Xuan Jia
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Diane M Ward
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132.
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22
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The monothiol glutaredoxin GrxD is essential for sensing iron starvation in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008379. [PMID: 31525190 PMCID: PMC6762210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient adaptation to iron starvation is an essential virulence determinant of the most common human mold pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxin GrxD plays an essential role in iron sensing in this fungus. Our studies revealed that (i) GrxD is essential for growth; (ii) expression of the encoding gene, grxD, is repressed by the transcription factor SreA in iron replete conditions and upregulated during iron starvation; (iii) during iron starvation but not iron sufficiency, GrxD displays predominant nuclear localization; (iv) downregulation of grxD expression results in de-repression of genes involved in iron-dependent pathways and repression of genes involved in iron acquisition during iron starvation, but did not significantly affect these genes during iron sufficiency; (v) GrxD displays protein-protein interaction with components of the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster biosynthetic machinery, indicating a role in this process, and with the transcription factors SreA and HapX, which mediate iron regulation of iron acquisition and iron-dependent pathways; (vi) UV-Vis spectra of recombinant HapX or the complex of HapX and GrxD indicate coordination of iron-sulfur clusters; (vii) the cysteine required for iron-sulfur cluster coordination in GrxD is in vitro dispensable for interaction with HapX; and (viii) there is a GrxD-independent mechanism for sensing iron sufficiency by HapX; (ix) inactivation of SreA suppresses the lethal effect caused by GrxD inactivation. Taken together, this study demonstrates that GrxD is crucial for iron homeostasis in A. fumigatus. Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic mold and the major causative pathogen causing life-threatening aspergillosis. To improve therapy, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the fungal physiology. We have previously shown that adaptation to iron starvation is an essential virulence attribute of A. fumigatus. In the present study, we characterized the mechanism employed by A. fumigatus to sense the cellular iron status, which is essential for iron homeostasis. We demonstrate that the transcription factors SreA and HapX, which coordinate iron acquisition, iron consumption and iron detoxification require physical interaction with the monothiol glutaredoxin GrxD to sense iron starvation. Moreover, we show that there is a GrxD-independent mechanism for sensing excess of iron.
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23
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Ramos-Alonso L, Wittmaack N, Mulet I, Martínez-Garay CA, Fita-Torró J, Lozano MJ, Romero AM, García-Ferris C, Martínez-Pastor MT, Puig S. Molecular strategies to increase yeast iron accumulation and resistance. Metallomics 2019; 10:1245-1256. [PMID: 30137082 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms rely on iron as an essential micronutrient for life because it participates as a redox-active cofactor in multiple biological processes. However, excess iron can generate reactive oxygen species that damage cellular macromolecules. The low solubility of ferric iron under physiological conditions increases the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. A common strategy to treat iron deficiency consists of dietary iron supplementation. The baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a model eukaryotic organism, but also as a feed supplement. In response to iron deficiency, the yeast Aft1 transcription factor activates cellular iron acquisition. However, when constitutively active, Aft1 inhibits growth probably due to iron toxicity. In this report, we have studied the consequences of using hyperactive AFT1 alleles, including AFT1-1UP, to increase yeast iron accumulation. We first characterized the iron sensitivity of cells expressing different constitutively active AFT1 alleles. We rescued the high iron sensitivity conferred by the AFT1 alleles by deleting the sphingolipid signaling kinase YPK1. We observed that the deletion of YPK1 exerts different effects on iron accumulation depending on the AFT1 allele and the environmental iron. Moreover, we determined that the impairment of the high-affinity iron transport system partially rescues the high iron toxicity of AFT1-1UP-expressing cells. Finally, we observed that AFT1-1UP inhibits oxygen consumption through activation of the RNA-binding protein Cth2. Deletion of CTH2 partially rescues the AFT1-1UP negative respiratory effect. Collectively, these results contribute to understand how the Aft1 transcription factor functions and the multiple consequences derived from its constitutive activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Ramos-Alonso
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Rodrigues-Pousada C, Devaux F, Caetano SM, Pimentel C, da Silva S, Cordeiro AC, Amaral C. Yeast AP-1 like transcription factors (Yap) and stress response: a current overview. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:267-285. [PMID: 31172012 PMCID: PMC6545440 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.06.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yeast adaptation to stress has been extensively studied. It involves large reprogramming of genome expression operated by many, more or less specific, transcription factors. Here, we review our current knowledge on the function of the eight Yap transcription factors (Yap1 to Yap8) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were shown to be involved in various stress responses. More precisely, Yap1 is activated under oxidative stress, Yap2/Cad1 under cadmium, Yap4/Cin5 and Yap6 under osmotic shock, Yap5 under iron overload and Yap8/Arr1 by arsenic compounds. Yap3 and Yap7 seem to be involved in hydroquinone and nitrosative stresses, respectively. The data presented in this article illustrate how much knowledge on the function of these Yap transcription factors is advanced. The evolution of the Yap family and its roles in various pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungal species is discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Soraia M Caetano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
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Devaux F, Thiébaut A. The regulation of iron homeostasis in the fungal human pathogen Candida glabrata. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:1041-1060. [PMID: 31050635 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element to most microorganisms, yet an excess of iron is toxic. Hence, living cells have to maintain a tight balance between iron uptake and iron consumption and storage. The control of intracellular iron concentrations is particularly challenging for pathogens because mammalian organisms have evolved sophisticated high-affinity systems to sequester iron from microbes and because iron availability fluctuates among the different host niches. In this review, we present the current understanding of iron homeostasis and its regulation in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. This yeast is an emerging pathogen which has become the second leading cause of candidemia, a life-threatening invasive mycosis. C. glabrata is relatively poorly studied compared to the closely related model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Still, several research groups have started to identify the actors of C. glabrata iron homeostasis and its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. These studies have revealed interesting particularities of C. glabrata and have shed new light on the evolution of fungal iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Thiébaut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
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26
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Martins TS, Costa V, Pereira C. Signaling pathways governing iron homeostasis in budding yeast. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:422-432. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Telma S. Martins
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Clara Pereira
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
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da Silva SM, Batista-Nascimento L, Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Vernis L, Pimentel C, Rodrigues-Pousada C. Transcriptional regulation of FeS biogenesis genes: A possible shield against arsenate toxicity activated by Yap1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2152-2161. [PMID: 30025855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the eukaryotic model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, arsenic (As) detoxification is regulated by two transcriptional factors, Yap8 and Yap1. Yap8 specifically controls As extrusion from the cell, whether Yap1 avoids arsenic-induced oxidative damages. Accordingly, cells lacking both Yap1 and Yap8 are more sensitive to arsenate than cells lacking each regulator individually. Strikingly enough, the same sensitivity pattern was observed under anoxia, suggesting that Yap1 role in As detoxification might not be restricted to the regulation of the oxidative stress response. This finding prompted us to study the transcriptomic profile of wild-type and yap1 mutant cells exposed to arsenate. Interestingly, we found that, under such conditions, several genes involved in the biogenesis of FeS proteins were upregulated in a Yap1-dependent way. In line with this observation, arsenate treatment decreases the activity of the mitochondrial aconitase, Aco1, an FeS cluster-containing enzyme, this effect being even more pronounced in the yap1 mutant. Reinforcing the relevance of FeS cluster biogenesis in arsenate detoxification, the overexpression of several ISC and CIA machinery genes alleviates the deleterious effect of arsenate caused by the absence of Yap1 and Yap8. Altogether our data suggest that the upregulation of FeS biogenesis genes regulated by Yap1 might work as a cellular shield against arsenate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Liliana Batista-Nascimento
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Laurence Vernis
- CNRS UMR 3348, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 3348, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Gaspar‐Cordeiro A, Marques Caetano S, Amaral C, Rodrigues‐Pousada C, Pimentel C. Ace1 prevents intracellular copper accumulation by regulating Fet3 expression and thereby restricting Aft1 activity. FEBS J 2018; 285:1861-1872. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gaspar‐Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Soraia Marques Caetano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | | | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
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Gerwien F, Skrahina V, Kasper L, Hube B, Brunke S. Metals in fungal virulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:4562650. [PMID: 29069482 PMCID: PMC5812535 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are essential for life, and they play a central role in the struggle between infecting microbes and their hosts. In fact, an important aspect of microbial pathogenesis is the 'nutritional immunity', in which metals are actively restricted (or, in an extended definition of the term, locally enriched) by the host to hinder microbial growth and virulence. Consequently, fungi have evolved often complex regulatory networks, uptake and detoxification systems for essential metals such as iron, zinc, copper, nickel and manganese. These systems often differ fundamentally from their bacterial counterparts, but even within the fungal pathogens we can find common and unique solutions to maintain metal homeostasis. Thus, we here compare the common and species-specific mechanisms used for different metals among different fungal species-focusing on important human pathogens such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus or Cryptococcus neoformans, but also looking at model fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or A. nidulans as well-studied examples for the underlying principles. These direct comparisons of our current knowledge reveal that we have a good understanding how model fungal pathogens take up iron or zinc, but that much is still to learn about other metals and specific adaptations of individual species-not the least to exploit this knowledge for new antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gerwien
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Volha Skrahina
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology– Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
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30
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Martins TS, Pereira C, Canadell D, Vilaça R, Teixeira V, Moradas-Ferreira P, de Nadal E, Posas F, Costa V. The Hog1p kinase regulates Aft1p transcription factor to control iron accumulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Li L, Ward DM. Iron toxicity in yeast: transcriptional regulation of the vacuolar iron importer Ccc1. Curr Genet 2017; 64:413-416. [PMID: 29043483 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotes require the transition metal, iron, a redox active element that is an essential cofactor in many metabolic pathways, as well as an oxygen carrier. Iron can also react to generate oxygen radicals such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, which are highly toxic to cells. Therefore, organisms have developed intricate mechanisms to acquire iron as well as to protect themselves from the toxic effects of excess iron. In fungi and plants, iron is stored in the vacuole as a protective mechanism against iron toxicity. Iron storage in the vacuole is mediated predominantly by the vacuolar metal importer Ccc1 in yeast and the homologous transporter VIT1 in plants. Transcription of yeast CCC1 expression is tightly controlled primarily by the transcription factor Yap5, which sits on the CCC1 promoter and activates transcription through the binding of Fe-S clusters. A second mechanism that regulates CCC1 transcription is through the Snf1 signaling pathway involved in low-glucose sensing. Snf1 activates stress transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4 to mediate CCC1 transcription. Transcriptional regulation by Yap5 and Snf1 are completely independent and provide for a graded response in Ccc1 expression. The identification of multiple independent transcriptional pathways that regulate the levels of Ccc1 under high iron conditions accentuates the importance of protecting cells from the toxic effects of high iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtao Li
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132-2501, USA
| | - Diane M Ward
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132-2501, USA.
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Li L, Kaplan J, Ward DM. The glucose sensor Snf1 and the transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4 regulate transcription of the vacuolar iron importer gene CCC1 and iron resistance in yeast. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15577-15586. [PMID: 28760824 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae stores iron in the vacuole, which is a major resistance mechanism against iron toxicity. One key protein involved in vacuolar iron storage is the iron importer Ccc1, which facilitates iron entry into the vacuole. Transcription of the CCC1 gene is largely regulated by the binding of iron-sulfur clusters to the activator domain of the transcriptional activator Yap5. Additional evidence, however, suggests that Yap5-independent transcriptional activation of CCC1 also contributes to iron resistance. Here, we demonstrate that components of the signaling pathway involving the low-glucose sensor Snf1 regulate CCC1 transcription and iron resistance. We found that SNF1 deletion acts synergistically with YAP5 deletion to regulate CCC1 transcription and iron resistance. A kinase-dead mutation of Snf1 lowered iron resistance as did deletion of SNF4, which encodes a partner protein of Snf1. Deletion of all three alternative partners of Snf1 encoded by SIT1, SIT2, and GAL83 decreased both CCC1 transcription and iron resistance. The Snf1 complex is known to activate the general stress transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4. We show that Msn2 and Msn4 contribute to Snf1-mediated CCC1 transcription. Of note, SNF1 deletion in combination with MSN2 and MSN4 deletion resulted in additive effects on CCC1 transcription, suggesting that other activators contribute to the regulation of CCC1 transcription. In conclusion, we show that yeast have developed multiple transcriptional mechanisms to regulate Ccc1 expression and to protect against high cytosolic iron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtao Li
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2501
| | - Jerry Kaplan
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2501
| | - Diane M Ward
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2501
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The CCAAT-Binding Complex Controls Respiratory Gene Expression and Iron Homeostasis in Candida Glabrata. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3531. [PMID: 28615656 PMCID: PMC5471220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT-binding complex (CBC) is a heterotrimeric transcription factor which is widely conserved in eukaryotes. In the model yeast S. cerevisiae, CBC positively controls the expression of respiratory pathway genes. This role involves interactions with the regulatory subunit Hap4. In many pathogenic fungi, CBC interacts with the HapX regulatory subunit to control iron homeostasis. HapX is a bZIP protein which only shares with Hap4 the Hap4Like domain (Hap4L) required for its interaction with CBC. Here, we show that CBC has a dual role in the pathogenic yeast C. glabrata. It is required, along with Hap4, for the constitutive expression of respiratory genes and it is also essential for the iron stress response, which is mediated by the Yap5 bZIP transcription factor. Interestingly, Yap5 contains a vestigial Hap4L domain. The mutagenesis of this domain severely reduced Yap5 binding to its targets and compromised its interaction with Hap5. Hence, Yap5, like HapX in other species, acts as a CBC regulatory subunit in the regulation of iron stress response. This work reveals new aspects of iron homeostasis in C. glabrata and of the evolution of the role of CBC and Hap4L-bZIP proteins in this process.
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Mediator, SWI/SNF and SAGA complexes regulate Yap8-dependent transcriptional activation of ACR2 in response to arsenate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:472-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Mechanisms of iron sensing and regulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pang CNI, Lai YW, Campbell LT, Chen SCA, Carter DA, Wilkins MR. Transcriptome and network analyses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal that amphotericin B and lactoferrin synergy disrupt metal homeostasis and stress response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40232. [PMID: 28079179 PMCID: PMC5228129 DOI: 10.1038/srep40232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are difficult to treat. The few available antifungal drugs have problems with toxicity or efficacy, and resistance is increasing. To overcome these challenges, existing therapies may be enhanced by synergistic combination with another agent. Previously, we found amphotericin B (AMB) and the iron chelator, lactoferrin (LF), were synergistic against a range of different fungal pathogens. This study investigates the mechanism of AMB-LF synergy, using RNA-seq and network analyses. AMB treatment resulted in increased expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis and ATP synthesis. Unexpectedly, AMB-LF treatment did not lead to increased expression of iron and zinc homeostasis genes. However, genes involved in adaptive response to zinc deficiency and oxidative stress had decreased expression. The clustering of co-expressed genes and network analysis revealed that many iron and zinc homeostasis genes are targets of transcription factors Aft1p and Zap1p. The aft1Δ and zap1Δ mutants were hypersensitive to AMB and H2O2, suggesting they are key regulators of the drug response. Mechanistically, AMB-LF synergy could involve AMB affecting the integrity of the cell wall and membrane, permitting LF to disrupt intracellular processes. We suggest that Zap1p- and Aft1p-binding molecules could be combined with existing antifungals to serve as synergistic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Nam Ignatius Pang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu-Wen Lai
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leona T Campbell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Dee A Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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Merhej J, Thiebaut A, Blugeon C, Pouch J, Ali Chaouche MEA, Camadro JM, Le Crom S, Lelandais G, Devaux F. A Network of Paralogous Stress Response Transcription Factors in the Human Pathogen Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:645. [PMID: 27242683 PMCID: PMC4860858 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida glabrata has become the second cause of systemic candidemia in humans. However, relatively few genome-wide studies have been conducted in this organism and our knowledge of its transcriptional regulatory network is quite limited. In the present work, we combined genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq), transcriptome analyses, and DNA binding motif predictions to describe the regulatory interactions of the seven Yap (Yeast AP1) transcription factors of C. glabrata. We described a transcriptional network containing 255 regulatory interactions and 309 potential target genes. We predicted with high confidence the preferred DNA binding sites for 5 of the 7 CgYaps and showed a strong conservation of the Yap DNA binding properties between S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata. We provided reliable functional annotation for 3 of the 7 Yaps and identified for Yap1 and Yap5 a core regulon which is conserved in S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata, and C. albicans. We uncovered new roles for CgYap7 in the regulation of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, for CgYap1 in the regulation of heme biosynthesis and for CgYap5 in the repression of GRX4 in response to iron starvation. These transcription factors define an interconnected transcriptional network at the cross-roads between redox homeostasis, oxygen consumption, and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Merhej
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Antonin Thiebaut
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Plateforme Génomique Paris, France
| | - Juliette Pouch
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Plateforme Génomique Paris, France
| | - Mohammed El Amine Ali Chaouche
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Plateforme Génomique Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Le Crom
- Évolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Lelandais
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
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Taymaz-Nikerel H, Cankorur-Cetinkaya A, Kirdar B. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Stress-Induced Perturbations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:17. [PMID: 26925399 PMCID: PMC4757645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to environmental and/or genetic perturbations in order to survive and proliferate. Characterization of the changes after various stimuli at different -omics levels is crucial to comprehend the adaptation of cells to the changing conditions. Genome-wide quantification and analysis of transcript levels, the genes affected by perturbations, extends our understanding of cellular metabolism by pointing out the mechanisms that play role in sensing the stress caused by those perturbations and related signaling pathways, and in this way guides us to achieve endeavors, such as rational engineering of cells or interpretation of disease mechanisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system has been studied in response to different perturbations and corresponding transcriptional profiles were followed either statically or/and dynamically, short and long term. This review focuses on response of yeast cells to diverse stress inducing perturbations, including nutritional changes, ionic stress, salt stress, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, and to genetic interventions such as deletion and overexpression of genes. It is aimed to conclude on common regulatory phenomena that allow yeast to organize its transcriptomic response after any perturbation under different external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Betul Kirdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Cth2 Protein Mediates Early Adaptation of Yeast Cells to Oxidative Stress Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148204. [PMID: 26824473 PMCID: PMC4732752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cth2 is an mRNA-binding protein that participates in remodeling yeast cell metabolism in iron starvation conditions by promoting decay of the targeted molecules, in order to avoid excess iron consumption. This study shows that in the absence of Cth2 immediate upregulation of expression of several of the iron regulon genes (involved in high affinity iron uptake and intracellular iron redistribution) upon oxidative stress by hydroperoxide is more intense than in wild type conditions where Cth2 is present. The oxidative stress provokes a temporary increase in the levels of Cth2 (itself a member of the iron regulon). In such conditions Cth2 molecules accumulate at P bodies-like structures when the constitutive mRNA decay machinery is compromised. In addition, a null Δcth2 mutant shows defects, in comparison to CTH2 wild type cells, in exit from α factor-induced arrest at the G1 stage of the cell cycle when hydroperoxide treatment is applied. The cell cycle defects are rescued in conditions that compromise uptake of external iron into the cytosol. The observations support a role of Cth2 in modulating expression of diverse iron regulon genes, excluding those specifically involved in the reductive branch of the high-affinity transport. This would result in immediate adaptation of the yeast cells to an oxidative stress, by controlling uptake of oxidant-promoting iron cations.
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Mazzola D, Pimentel C, Caetano S, Amaral C, Menezes R, Santos CN, Eleutherio E, Rodrigues-Pousada C. Inhibition of Yap2 activity by MAPKAP kinase Rck1 affects yeast tolerance to cadmium. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2841-9. [PMID: 26296316 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Yap2 is a cadmium responsive transcription factor that interacts with MAPK-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase Rck1. We show that Rck1 deletion confers protection against cadmium toxicity and that the mechanism underlying this observation relies on Yap2. Rck1 removal from the yeast genome potentiates Yap2 activity by increasing protein half-life and delaying its nuclear export. As a consequence, several Yap2 antioxidant targets are over-activated by a mechanism that also requires Yap1. Several genes of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway are upregulated under cadmium stress in a Yap2 dependent way. We showed that deletion of CWI genes renders yeast cells more sensitive to cadmium. These findings led us to suggest that in response to cadmium stress Yap2 may serve a dual purpose: oxidative stress attenuation and cell wall maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Mazzola
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Bloco A, Lab 547, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Soraia Caetano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Regina Menezes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claudia N Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elis Eleutherio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Bloco A, Lab 547, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Caetano SM, Menezes R, Amaral C, Rodrigues-Pousada C, Pimentel C. Repression of the Low Affinity Iron Transporter Gene FET4: A NOVEL MECHANISM AGAINST CADMIUM TOXICITY ORCHESTRATED BY YAP1 VIA ROX1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18584-95. [PMID: 26063801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a well known mutagenic metal that can enter cells via nonspecific metal transporters, causing several cellular damages and eventually leading to death. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription factor Yap1 plays a key role in the regulation of several genes involved in metal stress response. We have previously shown that Yap1 represses the expression of FET4, a gene encoding a low affinity iron transporter able to transport metals other than iron. Here, we have studied the relevance of this repression in cell tolerance to cadmium. Our results indicate that genomic deletion of Yap1 increases FET4 transcript and protein levels. In addition, the cadmium toxicity exhibited by this strain is completely reversed by co-deletion of FET4 gene. These data correlate well with the increased intracellular levels of cadmium observed in the mutant yap1. Rox1, a well known aerobic repressor of hypoxic genes, conveys the Yap1-mediated repression of FET4. We further show that, in a scenario where the activity of Yap1 or Rox1 is compromised, cells activate post-transcriptional mechanisms, involving the exoribonuclease Xrn1, to compensate the derepression of FET4. Our data thus reveal a novel protection mechanism against cadmium toxicity mediated by Yap1 that relies on the aerobic repression of FET4 and results in the impairment of cadmium uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia M Caetano
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and
| | - Regina Menezes
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and the Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and
| | | | - Catarina Pimentel
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and
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Couturier J, Przybyla-Toscano J, Roret T, Didierjean C, Rouhier N. The roles of glutaredoxins ligating Fe–S clusters: Sensing, transfer or repair functions? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1513-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Merhej J, Delaveau T, Guitard J, Palancade B, Hennequin C, Garcia M, Lelandais G, Devaux F. Yap7 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric oxide oxidase in yeasts, which arose from neofunctionalization after whole genome duplication. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:951-72. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Merhej
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
| | - Thierry Delaveau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris); 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Inserm; U1135; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St Antoine; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie; F-75012 Paris France
- CNRS; ERL 8255; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
| | - Benoit Palancade
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75205 Paris France
| | - Christophe Hennequin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris); 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Inserm; U1135; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St Antoine; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie; F-75012 Paris France
- CNRS; ERL 8255; CIMI-Paris; 91 Bd de l'hôpital F-75013 Paris France
| | - Mathilde Garcia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
| | - Gaëlle Lelandais
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75205 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7238; Laboratoire de biologie computationnelle et quantitative; F-75006 Paris France
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Srivastava VK, Suneetha KJ, Kaur R. The mitogen-activated protein kinase CgHog1 is required for iron homeostasis, adherence and virulence in Candida glabrata. FEBS J 2015; 282:2142-66. [PMID: 25772226 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata has emerged as a major fungal pathogen over the last two decades, although our understanding of its survival strategies inside the mammalian host remains rudimentary. An important requirement for survival in vivo is the ability to acquire critical nutrients such as iron from host niches of varied iron content. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that C. glabrata cells respond to high external iron levels via activation of two stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, CgHog1 and CgSlt2, and lack of either kinase results in sensitivity to the high-iron medium. Furthermore, we show that CgHOG1 deletion led to perturbed iron homeostasis (elevated intracellular iron content and high mitochondrial aconitase activity), reduced survival in macrophages and attenuated virulence in the murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Consistently, several genes implicated in iron acquisition and storage displayed deregulated expression in the Cghog1∆ mutant. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis revealed upregulation of genes implicated in DNA repair, RNA processing and autophagy, and downregulation of genes related to cellular respiration and organonitrogen compound metabolism under iron-limiting conditions. In contrast, genes involved in the respiratory electron transport chain were induced under iron-replete conditions. Gene expression microarrays also identified a set of iron-responsive regulon in C. glabrata. Lastly, we present evidence for the iron-regulated expression of the major adhesin-encoding EPA1 gene, decreased histone deacetylase activity in a high-iron environment and increased adherence of iron-surplus-medium-grown C. glabrata cells to epithelial cells. Together, our findings yield novel insights into iron abundance-based regulation of transcriptional and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal University, India
| | - Korivi J Suneetha
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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The basic leucine zipper stress response regulator Yap5 senses high-iron conditions by coordination of [2Fe-2S] clusters. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:370-8. [PMID: 25368382 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01033-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential, yet at elevated concentrations toxic trace element. To date, the mechanisms of iron sensing by eukaryotic iron-responsive transcription factors are poorly understood. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Yap5, a member of the Yap family of bZIP stress response regulators, administrates the adaptive response to high-iron conditions. Despite the central role of the iron-sensing process for cell viability, the molecule perceived by Yap5 and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that Yap5 senses high-iron conditions by two Fe/S clusters bound to its activator domain (Yap5-AD). The more stable iron-regulatory Fe/S cluster at the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (n-CRD) of Yap5 is detected in vivo and in vitro. The second cluster coordinated by the C-terminal CRD can only be shown after chemical reconstitution, since it is bound in a labile fashion. Both clusters are of the [2Fe-2S] type as characterized by UV/visible (UV/Vis), circular dichroism, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Fe/S cluster binding to Yap5-AD induces a conformational change that may activate transcription. The cluster-binding motif of the n-CRD domain is highly conserved in HapX-like transcription factors of pathogenic fungi and thus may represent a general sensor module common to many eukaryotic stress response regulators.
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Foster AW, Dainty SJ, Patterson CJ, Pohl E, Blackburn H, Wilson C, Hess CR, Rutherford JC, Quaranta L, Corran A, Robinson NJ. A chemical potentiator of copper-accumulation used to investigate the iron-regulons of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:317-30. [PMID: 24895027 PMCID: PMC4149784 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extreme resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to copper is overcome by 2-(6-benzyl-2-pyridyl)quinazoline (BPQ), providing a chemical-biology tool which has been exploited in two lines of discovery. First, BPQ is shown to form a red (BPQ)2Cu(I) complex and promote Ctr1-independent copper-accumulation in whole cells and in mitochondria isolated from treated cells. Multiple phenotypes, including loss of aconitase activity, are consistent with copper-BPQ mediated damage to mitochondrial iron–sulphur clusters. Thus, a biochemical basis of copper-toxicity in S. cerevisiae is analogous to other organisms. Second, iron regulons controlled by Aft1/2, Cth2 and Yap5 that respond to mitochondrial iron–sulphur cluster status are modulated by copper-BPQ causing iron hyper-accumulation via upregulated iron-import. Comparison of copper-BPQ treated, untreated and copper-only treated wild-type and fra2Δ by RNA-seq has uncovered a new candidate Aft1 target-gene (LSO1) and paralogous non-target (LSO2), plus nine putative Cth2 target-transcripts. Two lines of evidence confirm that Fra2 dominates basal repression of the Aft1/2 regulons in iron-replete cultures. Fra2-independent control of these regulons is also observed but CTH2 itself appears to be atypically Fra2-dependent. However, control of Cth2-target transcripts which is independent of CTH2 transcript abundance or of Fra2, is also quantified. Use of copper-BPQ supports a substantial contribution of metabolite repression to iron-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Foster
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Pimentel C, Caetano SM, Menezes R, Figueira I, Santos CN, Ferreira RB, Santos MA, Rodrigues-Pousada C. Yap1 mediates tolerance to cobalt toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1977-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Cockrell A, McCormick SP, Moore MJ, Chakrabarti M, Lindahl PA. Mössbauer, EPR, and modeling study of iron trafficking and regulation in Δccc1 and CCC1-up Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2926-40. [PMID: 24785783 PMCID: PMC4025571 DOI: 10.1021/bi500002n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Strains lacking and overexpressing
the vacuolar iron (Fe) importer CCC1 were characterized
using Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies.
Vacuolar Fe import is impeded in Δccc1 cells
and enhanced in CCC1-up cells, causing vacuolar Fe
in these strains to decline and accumulate, respectively, relative
to WT cells. Cytosolic Fe levels should behave oppositely. The Fe
content of Δccc1 cells grown under low-Fe conditions
was similar to that in WT cells. Most Fe was mitochondrial with some
nonheme high spin (NHHS) FeII present. Δccc1 cells grown with increasing Fe concentration in the medium contained
less total Fe, less vacuolar HS FeIII, and more NHHS FeII than in comparable WT cells. As the Fe concentration in
the growth medium increased, the concentration of HS FeIII in Δccc1 cells increased to just 60% of WT
levels, while NHHS FeII increased to twice WT levels, suggesting
that the NHHS FeII was cytosolic. Δccc1 cells suffered more oxidative damage than WT cells, suggesting that
the accumulated NHHS FeII promoted Fenton chemistry. The
Fe concentration in CCC1-up cells was higher than
in WT cells; the extra Fe was present as NHHS FeII and
FeIII and as FeIII oxyhydroxide nanoparticles.
These cells contained less mitochondrial Fe and exhibited less ROS
damage than Δccc1 cells. CCC1-up cells were adenine-deficient on minimal medium; supplementing with
adenine caused a decline of NHHS FeII suggesting that some
of the NHHS FeII that accumulated in these cells was associated
with adenine deficiency rather than the overexpression of CCC1. A mathematical model was developed that simulated
changes in Fe distributions. Simulations suggested that only a modest
proportion of the observed NHHS FeII in both strains was
the cytosolic form of Fe that is sensed by the Fe import regulatory
system. The remainder is probably generated by the reduction of the
vacuolar NHHS FeIII species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Cockrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States
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Abstract
Comparative genomic studies have reported widespread variation in levels of gene expression within and between species. Using these data to infer organism-level trait divergence has proven to be a key challenge in the field. We have used a wild Malaysian population of S. cerevisiae as a test bed in the search to predict and validate trait differences based on observations of regulatory variation. Malaysian yeast, when cultured in standard medium, activated regulatory programs that protect cells from the toxic effects of high iron. Malaysian yeast also showed a hyperactive regulatory response during culture in the presence of excess iron and had a unique growth defect in conditions of high iron. Molecular validation experiments pinpointed the iron metabolism factors AFT1, CCC1, and YAP5 as contributors to these molecular and cellular phenotypes; in genome-scale sequence analyses, a suite of iron toxicity response genes showed evidence for rapid protein evolution in Malaysian yeast. Our findings support a model in which iron metabolism has diverged in Malaysian yeast as a consequence of a change in selective pressure, with Malaysian alleles shifting the dynamic range of iron response to low-iron concentrations and weakening resistance to extreme iron toxicity. By dissecting the iron scarcity specialist behavior of Malaysian yeast, our work highlights the power of expression divergence as a signpost for biologically and evolutionarily relevant variation at the organismal level. Interpreting the phenotypic relevance of gene expression variation is one of the primary challenges of modern genomics.
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Outten CE, Albetel AN. Iron sensing and regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Ironing out the mechanistic details. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:662-8. [PMID: 23962819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of iron metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is achieved at the transcriptional level by low (Aft1 and Aft2) and high iron-sensing (Yap5) transcription factors, and at the post-transcriptional level by mRNA-binding proteins (Cth1 and Cth2). In this review we highlight recent studies unveiling the critical role that iron-sulfur clusters play in control of Aft1/2 and Yap5 activity, as well as the complex relationship between iron homeostasis and thiol redox metabolism. In addition, new insights into the localization and regulation of Cth1/Cth2 have added another layer of complexity to the cell's adaptation to iron deficiency. Finally, biophysical studies on subcellular iron speciation changes in response to environmental and genetic factors have further illuminated the elaborate control mechanisms required to manage iron bioavailability in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn E Outten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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