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Huang Y, Jiao Z, Fu Y, Hou Y, Sun J, Hu F, Yu S, Gong K, Liu Y, Zhao G. An overview of the functions of p53 and drugs acting either on wild- or mutant-type p53. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116121. [PMID: 38194777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
TP53, also known as the "guardian of the genome," is an important tumor suppressor gene. It is encoded by the human genome and is associated with the development of diverse cancers. The p53 protein, encoded by TP53, functions in the cell to monitor DNA damage and prompts the cell to respond appropriately. When DNA is damaged, p53 halts the cell cycle, allowing cells to enter the repair state. If the repair is ineffective, p53 induces cell death via apoptosis. This prevents DNA damage transmission during cell division and reduces cancer risk. However, the p53 gene mutation compromises its function. This leads to the inability of cells to respond properly to DNA damage, which may result in cancer development. Mutations in p53 are widespread in diverse cancers, especially highly prevalent cancers, including breast, colon, and lung cancers. Despite the association between p53 mutations and cancer, researchers have discovered drugs and treatments that may reactivate mutated p53 function. Therefore, p53 remains an important area of research in cancer treatment and holds promise as a new direction for cancer therapy. In summary, TP53 is a vital tumor suppressor gene responsible for monitoring DNA damage and prompting cells to respond appropriately. This article summarizes drugs related to p53 and diverse strategies for discovering drugs that act on either wide or mutant p53. Herein, p53 is categorized into two types: wild and mutant type. Drugs are also classified according to diverse treatment strategies, enabling readers to differentiate between the two types of p53 and aiding in selecting the appropriate research direction. Additionally, this review offers a valuable reference for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zhihao Jiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yuqing Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jinxiao Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Feiran Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shangzhe Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Kexin Gong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yiru Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guisen Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China.
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Zeng X, Zhao F, Jia J, Ma X, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Li C, Wang T, Liu W, Hao Y, Tao K, Lou Z, Zhang P. Targeting BCL6 in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Promotes p53-Mediated Apoptosis to Enhance the Antitumor Activity of Imatinib. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3624-3635. [PMID: 37556508 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (IM) has revolutionized the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). However, most patients inevitably acquire IM resistance. Second- and third-line treatments exhibit modest clinical benefits with a median time to disease progression of 4 to 6 months, highlighting the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we report that the expression of BCL6, a known oncogenic driver and transcriptional repressor, was significantly induced in GIST cells following IM treatment. Elevated BCL6 levels suppressed apoptosis and contributed to IM resistance. Mechanistically, BCL6 recruited SIRT1 to the TP53 promoter to modulate histone acetylation and transcriptionally repress TP53 expression. The reduction in p53 subsequently attenuated cell apoptosis and promoted tolerance of GIST cells to IM. Concordantly, treatment of GIST cells showing high BCL6 expression with a BCL6 inhibitor, BI-3802, conferred IM sensitivity. Furthermore, BI-3802 showed striking synergy with IM in IM-responsive and IM-resistant GIST cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, these findings reveal a role for BCL6 in IM resistance and suggest that a combination of BCL6 inhibitors and IM could be a potentially effective treatment for GIST. SIGNIFICANCE BCL6 drives resistance to imatinib by inhibiting p53-mediated apoptosis and can be targeted in combination with imatinib to synergistically suppress tumor growth, providing a therapeutic strategy for treating gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianxiong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengguo Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Zhang D, He C, Guo Y, Li J, Li B, Zhao Y, Yu L, Chang Z, Pei H, Yang M, Li N, Zhang Q, He Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ, Zhang C, Chen Y. Efficacy of SCF drug conjugate targeting c-KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. BMC Med 2022; 20:257. [PMID: 35999600 PMCID: PMC9400206 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. The majority of GIST cases carry oncogenic forms of KIT, the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF). Small molecule kinase inhibitor imatinib is effective in prolonging the survival of GIST patients by targeting KIT. However, drug resistance often develops during the therapeutic treatment. Here, we produced a SCF-emtansine drug conjugate (SCF-DM1) with favorable drug efficacy towards GIST cells. METHODS Recombinant human SCF (rhSCF) was expressed in E. coli cells and further purified with Ni-NTA Sepharose and Phenyl Sepharose. It was then conjugated with DM1, and the conjugated product SCF-DM1 was evaluated using in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo xenograft mouse model. RESULTS SCF-DM1 was effective in inhibiting imatinib-sensitive and -resistant GIST cell lines and primary tumor cells, with IC50 values of < 30 nM. It induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in GIST cells. In xenograft mouse model, SCF-DM1 showed favorable efficacy and safety profiles. CONCLUSIONS rhSCF is a convenient and effective vector for drug delivery to KIT positive GIST cells. SCF-DM1 is an effective drug candidate to treat imatinib-sensitive and -resistant GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyang Zhang
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunxiao He
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Li
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuting Yu
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiguang Chang
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanzhong Pei
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulong He
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihang Pan
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
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Wu CE, Chen CP, Huang WK, Pan YR, Aptullahoglu E, Yeh CN, Lunec J. p53 as a biomarker and potential target in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:872202. [PMID: 35965531 PMCID: PMC9372431 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.872202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
KIT and PDGFRA play a major role in the oncogenic process in gastrointestinal stroma tumors (GIST) and small molecules have been employed with great success to target the KIT and PDGFRA pathways in this cancer. However, approximately 10% of patients with GIST are resistant to current targeted drug therapy. There is a need to explore other potential targets. Although p53 alterations frequently occur in most cancers, studies regarding p53 in GIST have been limited. The CDKN2A/MDM2/p53 axis regulates cell cycle progression and DNA damage responses, which in turn control tumor growth. This axis is the major event required for transformation from low- to high-risk GIST. Generally, p53 mutation is infrequent in GIST, but p53 overexpression has been reported to be associated with high-risk GIST and unfavorable prognosis, implying that p53 should play a critical role in GIST. Also, Wee1 regulates the cell cycle and the antitumor activity of Wee1 inhibition was reported to be p53 mutant dependent. In addition, Wee1 was reported to have potential activity in GIST through the regulation of KIT protein and this mechanism may be dependent on p53 status. In this article, we review previous reports regarding the role of p53 in GIST and propose targeting the p53 pathway as a novel additional treatment strategy for GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ping Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuan Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Pan
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Erhan Aptullahoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chun-Nan Yeh, ; John Lunec,
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle University Cancer Center, Bioscience Institute, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chun-Nan Yeh, ; John Lunec,
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5
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Risk stratification of gastrointestinal stromal tumors by Nanostring gene expression profiling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1325-1336. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim JO, Kim KH, Baek EJ, Park B, So MK, Ko BJ, Ko HJ, Park SG. A novel anti-c-Kit antibody-drug conjugate to treat wild-type and activating-mutant c-Kit-positive tumors. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1290-1308. [PMID: 34407310 PMCID: PMC8936518 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
c‐Kit overexpression and activating mutations, which are reported in various cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC), acute myeloid leukemia, acral melanoma, and systemic mastocytosis (SM), confer resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To overcome TKI resistance, an anti‐c‐Kit antibody–drug conjugate was developed in this study to treat wild‐type and mutant c‐Kit‐positive cancers. NN2101, a fully human IgG1, was conjugated to DM1, a microtubule inhibitor, through N‐succinimidyl‐4‐(N‐maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate (SMCC) (to give NN2101‐DM1). The antitumor activity of NN2101‐DM1 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using various cancer cell lines. NN2101‐DM1 exhibited potent growth‐inhibitory activities against c‐Kit‐positive cancer cell lines. In a mouse xenograft model, NN2101‐DM1 exhibited potent growth‐inhibitory activities against imatinib‐resistant GIST and SM cells. In addition, NN2101‐DM1 exhibited a significantly higher anti‐cancer effect than carboplatin/etoposide against SCLC cells where c‐Kit does not mediate cancer pathogenesis. Furthermore, the combination of NN2101‐DM1 with imatinib in imatinib‐sensitive GIST cells induced complete remission compared with treatment with NN2101‐DM1 or imatinib alone in mouse xenograft models. These results suggest that NN2101‐DM1 is a potential therapeutic agent for wild‐type and mutant c‐Kit‐positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ock Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
| | | | - Eun Ji Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
| | - Bomi Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sang Gyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea.,Novelty Nobility, Seongnam-si, Korea
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Miles X, Vandevoorde C, Hunter A, Bolcaen J. MDM2/X Inhibitors as Radiosensitizers for Glioblastoma Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703442. [PMID: 34307171 PMCID: PMC8296304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the MDM2/X-p53 interaction is recognized as a potential anti-cancer strategy, including the treatment of glioblastoma (GB). In response to cellular stressors, such as DNA damage, the tumor suppression protein p53 is activated and responds by mediating cellular damage through DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Hence, p53 activation plays a central role in cell survival and the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Alterations and reduced activity of p53 occur in 25-30% of primary GB tumors, but this number increases drastically to 60-70% in secondary GB. As a result, reactivating p53 is suggested as a treatment strategy, either by using targeted molecules to convert the mutant p53 back to its wild type form or by using MDM2 and MDMX (also known as MDM4) inhibitors. MDM2 down regulates p53 activity via ubiquitin-dependent degradation and is amplified or overexpressed in 14% of GB cases. Thus, suppression of MDM2 offers an opportunity for urgently needed new therapeutic interventions for GB. Numerous small molecule MDM2 inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy and/or other targeted agents. In addition, considering the major role of both p53 and MDM2 in the downstream signaling response to radiation-induced DNA damage, the combination of MDM2 inhibitors with radiation may offer a valuable therapeutic radiosensitizing approach for GB therapy. This review covers the role of MDM2/X in cancer and more specifically in GB, followed by the rationale for the potential radiosensitizing effect of MDM2 inhibition. Finally, the current status of MDM2/X inhibition and p53 activation for the treatment of GB is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthene Miles
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alistair Hunter
- Radiobiology Section, Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
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Chen T, Ni N, Yuan L, Xu L, Bahri N, Sun B, Wu Y, Ou WB. Proteasome Inhibition Suppresses KIT-Independent Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Via Targeting Hippo/YAP/Cyclin D1 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:686874. [PMID: 34025442 PMCID: PMC8134732 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.686874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin of the digestive tract. A yet more challenging resistance mechanism involves transition from oncogenic KIT to a new imatinib-insensitive oncogenic driver, heralded by loss of KIT expression. Our recent studies have shown that inhibition of cyclin D1 and Hippo signaling, which are overexpressed in KIT-independent GIST, is accompanied by anti-proliferative and apoptosis-promoting effects. PRKCQ, JUN, and the Hippo/YAP pathway coordinately regulate GIST cyclin D1 expression. Thus, targeting of these pathways could be effective therapeutically for these now untreatable tumors. Methods: Targeting cyclin D1 expression of small molecular drugs was screened by a cell monolayer growth and western blotting. The biologic mechanisms of bortezomib to KIT-independent GISTs were assessed by immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, cell viability, colony growth, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis, migration and invasiveness. Results: In the initial small molecular inhibitor screening in KIT-independent GIST62, we found that bortezomib-mediated inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery showed anti-proliferative effects of KIT-independent GIST cells via downregulation of cyclin D1 and induction of p53 and p21. Treatment with proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, led to downregulation of cyclin D1 and YAP/TAZ and an increase in the cleaved PARP expression in three KIT-independent GIST cell lines (GIST48B, GIST54, and GIST226). Additionally, it induced p53 and p21 expression in GIST48B and GIST54, increased apoptosis, and led to cell cycle G1/G2-phase arrest, decreased cell viability, colony formation, as well as migration and invasiveness in all GIST cell lines. Conclusion: Although our findings are early proof-of-principle, there are signs of a potential effective treatment for KIT-independent GISTs, the data highlight that targeting of cyclin D1 and Hippo/YAP by bortezomib warrants evaluation as a novel therapeutic strategy in KIT-independent GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nacef Bahri
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Boshu Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bin Ou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Zhang P, Kitchen-Smith I, Xiong L, Stracquadanio G, Brown K, Richter PH, Wallace MD, Bond E, Sahgal N, Moore S, Nornes S, De Val S, Surakhy M, Sims D, Wang X, Bell DA, Zeron-Medina J, Jiang Y, Ryan AJ, Selfe JL, Shipley J, Kar S, Pharoah PD, Loveday C, Jansen R, Grochola LF, Palles C, Protheroe A, Millar V, Ebner DV, Pagadala M, Blagden SP, Maughan TS, Domingo E, Tomlinson I, Turnbull C, Carter H, Bond GL. Germline and Somatic Genetic Variants in the p53 Pathway Interact to Affect Cancer Risk, Progression, and Drug Response. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1667-1680. [PMID: 33558336 PMCID: PMC10266546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insights into oncogenesis derived from cancer susceptibility loci (SNP) hold the potential to facilitate better cancer management and treatment through precision oncology. However, therapeutic insights have thus far been limited by our current lack of understanding regarding both interactions of these loci with somatic cancer driver mutations and their influence on tumorigenesis. For example, although both germline and somatic genetic variation to the p53 tumor suppressor pathway are known to promote tumorigenesis, little is known about the extent to which such variants cooperate to alter pathway activity. Here we hypothesize that cancer risk-associated germline variants interact with somatic TP53 mutational status to modify cancer risk, progression, and response to therapy. Focusing on a cancer risk SNP (rs78378222) with a well-documented ability to directly influence p53 activity as well as integration of germline datasets relating to cancer susceptibility with tumor data capturing somatically-acquired genetic variation provided supportive evidence for this hypothesis. Integration of germline and somatic genetic data enabled identification of a novel entry point for therapeutic manipulation of p53 activities. A cluster of cancer risk SNPs resulted in increased expression of prosurvival p53 target gene KITLG and attenuation of p53-mediated responses to genotoxic therapies, which were reversed by pharmacologic inhibition of the prosurvival c-KIT signal. Together, our results offer evidence of how cancer susceptibility SNPs can interact with cancer driver genes to affect cancer progression and identify novel combinatorial therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: These results offer evidence of how cancer susceptibility SNPs can interact with cancer driver genes to affect cancer progression and present novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Kitchen-Smith
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lingyun Xiong
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Stracquadanio
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Brown
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp H Richter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marsha D Wallace
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Sahgal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Moore
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Svanhild Nornes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mirvat Surakhy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Sims
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Douglas A Bell
- Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jorge Zeron-Medina
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chey Loveday
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rick Jansen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | | | - Claire Palles
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Val Millar
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Meghana Pagadala
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sarah P Blagden
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S Maughan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Enric Domingo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Gareth L Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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10
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Wang Y, Call J. Mutational Testing in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:688-697. [PMID: 30914028 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190326123945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted treatment has become a major modality in cancer management. Such cancer drugs are generally designed to treat tumors with certain genetic/genomic makeups. Mutational testing prior to prescribing targeted therapy is crucial in identifying who can receive clinical benefit from specific cancer drugs. Over the last two decades, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have evolved from histogenetically obscure to being identified as distinct gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors with well-defined clinical and molecular characteristics, for which multiple lines of targeted therapies are available. Although the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) strongly recommends mutational testing for optimal management of GIST, many GIST patients still have neither a mutation test performed or any mutation-guided cancer management. Here, we review the mutation-guided landscape of GIST, mutational testing methods, and the recent development of new therapies targeting GIST with specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- The Life Raft Group, 155 US-46 Wayne, NJ 07470, United States
| | - Jerry Call
- The Life Raft Group, 155 US-46 Wayne, NJ 07470, United States
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11
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Liu W, Zeng X, Yin Y, Li C, Yang W, Wan W, Shi L, Wang G, Tao K, Zhang P. Targeting the WEE1 kinase strengthens the antitumor activity of imatinib via promoting KIT autophagic degradation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:39-51. [PMID: 31197522 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-00977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating mutation of KIT or PDGFRA is the primary molecular mechanism for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Although imatinib has a revolutionary effect on GIST therapeutics, the benefits are not durable. Increasing reports have demonstrated that cell cycle checkpoint plays critical roles in GIST. Here, we explore the role of WEE1 kinase in GIST progression. METHODS Oncomine public database, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze WEE1 expression in GISTs. Using MTT assays, colony formation analysis, and flow cytometry, we examined the role of WEE1 in GIST cells and the antitumor activity of the inhibitor MK1775 alone, or in combination with imatinib. Cycloheximide chase assay and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy and proteasome pathway were performed to analyze KIT expression. Additionally, autophagic markers Beclin1 and LC3B were detected by western blotting. RESULTS Upregulated WEE1 expression was observed in GIST tissues and correlated with tumor size, mitotic count, and risk grade. Inhibition of WEE1 significantly suppressed GIST cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Imatinib and MK1775 co-treatment markedly enhanced the antitumor activity. Targeting WEE1 decreased the expression of KIT expression. Moreover, WEE1 stabilized KIT protein and KIT reduction observed upon WEE1 inhibition could be reversed by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy, but not proteasome pathway. WEE1 inhibition also increased Beclin1 expression and LC3B II/I ratio in GIST cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that WEE1 plays a pivotal role in GIST proliferation. WEE1 inhibition could promote KIT autophagic degradation and, therefore, targeting WEE1 might represent a novel strategy for GIST therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuping Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chengguo Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenchang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenze Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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12
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Wei CH, Pettersson J, Campan M, Chopra S, Naritoku W, Martin SE, Ward PM. Gain of TP53 Mutation in Imatinib-treated SDH-Deficient Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor and Clinical Utilization of Targeted Next-generation Sequencing Panel for Therapeutic Decision Support. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 26:573-578. [PMID: 28027118 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) have few therapeutic options. Despite lack of KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) driver mutations, SDH-deficient GISTs display strong expression of KIT by immunohistochemistry and these patients are often treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including imatinib as a first-line therapy. Using a targeted next-generation sequencing panel of mutation hotspots of 50-clinically relevant genes, we investigated (1) concurrence of somatic/actionable mutations and (2) tumor molecular evolution by comparing 2 resection specimens 1.5 years apart while the patient was on imatinib adjuvant therapy. We found the tumors did not harbor KIT, PDGFRA, or any other clinically actionable mutations. However, a TP53 mutation (c.422G>A; p.C141Y) was detected in the second recurrent lesion. This represents the first study to monitor the molecular evolution of a SDH-deficient GIST during adjuvant treatment. These findings emphasize the critical need for next-generation sequencing testing before initiating targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Shefali Chopra
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Wesley Naritoku
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Sue E Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Pamela M Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
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13
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Forte I, Indovina P, Iannuzzi C, Cirillo D, Di Marzo D, Barone D, Capone F, Pentimalli F, Giordano A. Targeted therapy based on p53 reactivation reduces both glioblastoma cell growth and resistance to temozolomide. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2189-2199. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Indovina
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Carmelina Iannuzzi
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Donatella Cirillo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Marzo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Barone
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Capone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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14
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Marcus JM, Burke RT, Doak AE, Park S, Orth JD. Loss of p53 expression in cancer cells alters cell cycle response after inhibition of exportin-1 but does not prevent cell death. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1329-1344. [PMID: 30037299 PMCID: PMC6110605 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1480224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is central to the cellular stress response and may be a predictive biomarker for cancer treatments. Upon stress, wildtype p53 accumulates in the nucleus where it enforces cellular responses, including cell cycle arrest and cell death. p53 is so dominant in its effects, that p53 enforcement - or - restoration therapy is being studied for anti-cancer therapy. Two mechanistically distinct small molecules that act via p53 are the selective inhibitor of nuclear export, selinexor, and MDM2 inhibitor, nutlin-3a. Here, individual cells are studied to define cell cycle response signatures, which captures the variability of responses and includes the impact of loss of p53 expression on cell fates. The individual responses are then used to build the population level response. Matched cell lines with and without p53 expression indicate that while loss-of-function results in altered cell cycle signatures to selinexor treatment, it does not diminish overall cell loss. On the contrary, response to single-agent nutlin-3a shows a strong p53-dependence. Upon treatment with both selinexor and nutlin-3a there are combination effects in at least some cell lines - even when p53 is absent. Collectively, the findings indicate that p53 does act downstream of selinexor and nutlin-3a, and that p53 expression is dispensable for selinexor to cause cell death, but nutlin-3a response is more p53-dependent. Thus, TP53 disruption and lack of expression may not predict poor cell response to selinexor, and selinexor's mechanism of action potentially provides for strong efficacy regardless of p53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Marcus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Russell T. Burke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrea E. Doak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Soyeon Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James D. Orth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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15
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Expression of cell cycle regulators and frequency of TP53 mutations in high risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors prior to adjuvant imatinib treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193048. [PMID: 29451912 PMCID: PMC5815598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of multitude investigations no reliable prognostic immunohistochemical biomarkers in GIST have been established so far with added value to predict the recurrence risk of high risk GIST besides mitotic count, primary location and size. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic relevance of eight cell cycle and apoptosis modulators and of TP53 mutations for prognosis in GIST with high risk of recurrence prior to adjuvant treatment with imatinib. In total, 400 patients with high risk for GIST recurrence were randomly assigned for adjuvant imatinib either for one or for three years following laparotomy. 320 primary tumor samples with available tumor tissue were immunohistochemically analyzed prior to treatment for the expression of cell cycle regulators and apoptosis modulators cyclin D1, p21, p16, CDK4, E2F1, MDM2, p53 and p-RB1. TP53 mutational analysis was possible in 245 cases. A high expression of CDK4 was observed in 32.8% of all cases and was associated with a favorable recurrence free survival (RFS), whereas high expression of MDM2 (12.2%) or p53 (35.3%) was associated with a shorter RFS. These results were independent from the primary KIT or PDGFRA mutation. In GISTs with higher mitotic counts was a significantly increased expression of cyclin D1, p53 and E2F1. The expression of p16 and E2F1 significantly correlated to a non-gastric localization. Furthermore, we observed a significant higher expression of p21 and E2F1 in KIT mutant GISTs compared to PDGFRA mutant and wt GISTs. The overall frequency of TP53 mutations was low (n = 8; 3.5%) and could not be predicted by the immunohistochemical expression of p53. In summary, mutation analysis in TP53 plays a minor role in the subgroup of high-risk GIST before adjuvant treatment with imatinib. Strong expression of MDM2 and p53 correlated with a shorter recurrence free survival, whereas a strong expression of CDK4 correlated to a better recurrence free survival.
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16
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Efared B, Atsame-Ebang G, Tahiri L, Sidibé IS, Erregad F, Hammas N, Arifi S, Mellouki I, Ousadden A, Mazaz K, El Fatemi H, Chbani L. The expression of MDM2 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: immunohistochemical analysis of 35 cases. BMC Clin Pathol 2018; 18:2. [PMID: 29410603 PMCID: PMC5781285 DOI: 10.1186/s12907-018-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common primary mesenchymal tumors of the digestive system. The assessment of their biological behavior still remains a scientific challenge. To date, there are no well-established biological prognostic markers of GIST. Our aim is to study the expression of the MDM2 oncoprotein in GIST through an immunohistochemical analysis. Methods It was a retrospective study of 35 cases of GIST diagnosed from 2009 to 2012 in the department of pathology of Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco. MDM2 immunohistochemical staining was performed on archival paraffin-embedded and formalin-fixed specimens (with a threshold of nuclear positivity > 10%). Analysis of correlations between MDM2 immunoexpression and clinicopathological features of GIST has been performed. Results The mean age was 55.23 years (range 25–84 years) with a male predominance (sex ratio = 1.5). The stomach was the main site of GIST, with 17 cases (48.57%) followed by the small bowel (9 cases, 25.71%). The spindle cell type GIST was the most frequent morphological variant (29 cases, 82.85%). Tumor necrosis was present in 8 cases (22.85%). Two patients (5.71%) had very low risk GIST, 5 (14.28%) had low risk GIST, 7 patients (20%) had intermediate risk tumors. The remaining 21 cases (60%) had high risk GIST. At the time of diagnosis, 9 patients (25.71%) had metastatic tumors. At immunohistochemical analysis, 40% of cases (14 patients) stained positive for MDM2. Of these MDMD2-positive tumors, 11/14 (78.57%) had high risk tumors and 8/14 cases (57.14%) presented with metastatic GIST. MDM2 positivity was significantly associated with the metastatic status (p = 0.001). Conclusion The current study suggests that MDM2 immunohistochemical expression is a negative histoprognostic factor in GIST with a statistically significant correlation with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boubacar Efared
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | | | - Layla Tahiri
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | | | | | - Nawal Hammas
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,2Laboratory of biological and translational research, Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
| | - Samia Arifi
- 3Department of medical oncology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
| | - Ihsane Mellouki
- 4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco.,5Department of hepatogastroenterology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | - Abdelmalek Ousadden
- 4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco.,6Department of general and visceral surgery, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | - Khalid Mazaz
- 4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco.,6Department of general and visceral surgery, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | - Hinde El Fatemi
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,2Laboratory of biological and translational research, Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
| | - Laila Chbani
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,2Laboratory of biological and translational research, Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
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17
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p53 Gene (NY-CO-13) Levels in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Role of Imatinib and Nilotinib. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6010013. [PMID: 29370077 PMCID: PMC5871959 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 gene is also known as tumor suppressor p53. The main functions of the p53 gene are an anticancer effect and cellular genomic stability via various pathways including activation of DNA repair, induction of apoptosis, and arresting of cell growth at the G1/S phase. Normally, the p53 gene is inactivated by mouse double minute 2 proteins (mdm2), but it is activated in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective chemotherapeutic agents in the management of CML. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the differential effect of imatinib and nilotinib on p53 gene serum levels in patients with CML. A total number of 60 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia with ages ranging from 47 to 59 years were recruited from the Iraqi Hematology Center. They started with tyrosine kinase inhibitors as first-line chemotherapy. They were divided into two groups—Group A, 29 patients treated with imatinib and Group B, 31 patients treated with nilotinib—and compared with 28 healthy subjects for evaluation p53 serum levels regarding the selective effect of either imatinib or nilotinib. There were significantly (p < 0.01) high p53 gene serum levels in patients with CML (2.135 ± 1.44 ng/mL) compared to the control (0.142 ± 0.11 ng/mL). Patients with CML that were treated with either imatinib or nilotinib showed insignificant differences in most of the hematological profile (p > 0.05) whereas, p53 serum levels were high (3.22 ± 1.99 ng/mL) in nilotinib-treated patients and relatively low (1.18 ± 0.19 ng/mL) in imatinib-treated patients (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Nilotinib is more effective than imatinib in raising p53 serum levels in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
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18
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Niinuma T, Suzuki H, Sugai T. Molecular characterization and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 29441367 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) harbor activating mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase gene KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), and the resultant activation of downstream signals plays a pivotal role in the development of GISTs. The sites of the tyrosine kinase gene mutations are associated with the biological behavior of GISTs, including risk category, clinical outcome and drug response. Mutations in RAS signaling pathway genes, including KRAS and BRAF, have also been reported in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs, though they are rare. Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in neurofibromatosis type 1. Patients with NF1 mutations are at high risk of developing GISTs. Recent findings suggest that altered expression or mutation of members of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) heterotetramer are causally associated with GIST development through induction of aberrant DNA methylation. At present, GISTs with no alterations in KIT, PDGFRA, RAS signaling genes or SDH family genes are referred to as true wild-type GISTs. KIT and PDGFRA mutations are thought as the earliest events in GIST development, and subsequent accumulation of chromosomal aberrations and other molecular alterations are required for malignant progression. In addition, recent studies have shown that epigenetic alterations and noncoding RNAs also play key roles in the pathogenesis of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Niinuma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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19
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Kasireddy V, von Mehren M. Emerging drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2017; 22:317-329. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1411479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineela Kasireddy
- Fellow (PGY5), Department of Hematology Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret von Mehren
- Director of Sarcoma Oncology, Associate Director for Clinical Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Wozniak A, Gebreyohannes YK, Debiec-Rychter M, Schöffski P. New targets and therapies for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 17:1117-1129. [PMID: 29110548 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1400386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are driven by an abnormal receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, occurring mainly due to somatic mutations in KIT or platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Although the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized therapy for GIST patients, with time the vast majority of them develop TKI resistance. Advances in understanding the molecular background of GIST resistance allows for the identification of new targets and the development of novel strategies to overcome or delay its occurrence. Areas covered: The focus of this review is on novel, promising therapeutic approaches to overcome heterogeneous resistance to registered TKIs. These approaches involve new TKIs, including drugs specific for a mutated form of KIT/PDGFRA, drugs with inhibitory effect against multiple RTKs, compounds targeting dysregulated downstream signaling pathways, drugs affecting KIT expression and degradation, inhibitors of cell cycle, and immunotherapeutics. Expert commentary: As the resistance to standard TKI treatment can be heterogeneous, a combinational approach for refractory GIST could be beneficial. Moreover, the understanding of the molecular background of resistant disease would allow development of a more personalized approach for these patients and their response to targeted therapy could be monitored closely using 'liquid biopsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wozniak
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | | | - Patrick Schöffski
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of General Medical Oncology , University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute , Leuven , Belgium
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21
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Ran L, Murphy D, Sher J, Cao Z, Wang S, Walczak E, Guan Y, Xie Y, Shukla S, Zhan Y, Antonescu CR, Chen Y, Chi P. ETV1-Positive Cells Give Rise to BRAFV600E -Mutant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3758-3765. [PMID: 28539323 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common subtype of sarcoma. Despite clinical advances in the treatment of KIT/PDGFRA-mutant GIST, similar progress against KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GIST, including mutant BRAF-driven tumors, has been limited by a lack of model systems. ETV1 is a master regulator in the intestinal cells of Cajal (ICC), thought to be the cells of origin of GIST. Here, we present a model in which the ETV1 promoter is used to specifically and inducibly drive Cre recombinase in ICC as a strategy to study GIST pathogenesis. Using a conditional allele for BrafV600E , a mutation observed in clinical cases of GIST, we observed that BrafV600E activation was sufficient to drive ICC hyperplasia but not GIST tumorigenesis. In contrast, combining BrafV600E activation with Trp53 loss was sufficient to drive both ICC hyperplasia and formation of multifocal GIST-like tumors in the mouse gastrointestinal tract with 100% penetrance. This mouse model of sporadic GIST model was amenable to therapeutic intervention, and it recapitulated clinical responses to RAF inhibition seen in human GIST. Our work offers a useful in vivo model of human sporadic forms of BRAF-mutant GIST to help unravel its pathogenesis and therapeutic response to novel experimental agents. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3758-65. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Ran
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Devan Murphy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jessica Sher
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhen Cao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edward Walczak
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Youxin Guan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shipra Shukla
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yu Zhan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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22
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Xie Q, Lin Q, Li D, Chen J. Imatinib induces autophagy via upregulating XIAP in GIST882 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:584-589. [PMID: 28528977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms originating from the gastrointestinal tract with gain of function mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA). The main effective treatment for GISTs is tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib mesylate. However, GISTs respond to imatinib treatment eventually develop acquired resistance, which is a main obstacle for GISTs therapy. Therefore, it's urgent to have a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the imatinib resistance in GISTs to develop novel therapeutic strategies. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is the most potent apoptosis inhibitor among the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family members. Increased cellular expression of XIAP often leads to drug resistance in cancers. Here we report that XIAP is induced upon imatinb treatment in GIST882 cells, leading to imatinib-induced autophagy. Imatinib-induced autophagy was impaired in XIAP-knockout cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system demonstrated by the decreasing of LC3 lipidation. XIAP knockout sensitizes GIST882 cells to imatinib-induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that XIAP protects GIST882 cells from imatinib-induced cell death by inducing autophagy. Thus, the resistance of the GIST882 cells to imatinib appears to be, in part, due to the increasing of XIAP and subsequent induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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23
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Schaefer IM, Wang Y, Liang CW, Bahri N, Quattrone A, Doyle L, Mariño-Enríquez A, Lauria A, Zhu M, Debiec-Rychter M, Grunewald S, Hechtman JF, Dufresne A, Antonescu CR, Beadling C, Sicinska ET, van de Rijn M, Demetri GD, Ladanyi M, Corless CL, Heinrich MC, Raut CP, Bauer S, Fletcher JA. MAX inactivation is an early event in GIST development that regulates p16 and cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14674. [PMID: 28270683 PMCID: PMC5344969 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
KIT, PDGFRA, NF1 and SDH mutations are alternate initiating events, fostering hyperplasia in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), and additional genetic alterations are required for progression to malignancy. The most frequent secondary alteration, demonstrated in ∼70% of GISTs, is chromosome 14q deletion. Here we report hemizygous or homozygous inactivating mutations of the chromosome 14q MAX gene in 16 of 76 GISTs (21%). We find MAX mutations in 17% and 50% of sporadic and NF1-syndromic GISTs, respectively, and we find loss of MAX protein expression in 48% and 90% of sporadic and NF1-syndromic GISTs, respectively, and in three of eight micro-GISTs, which are early GISTs. MAX genomic inactivation is associated with p16 silencing in the absence of p16 coding sequence deletion and MAX induction restores p16 expression and inhibits GIST proliferation. Hence, MAX inactivation is a common event in GIST progression, fostering cell cycle activity in early GISTs. In gastrointestinal stromal tumours early mutations in known genes are frequently followed by chromosome 14q deletion. Here the authors find mutations resulting in loss of MAX protein expression conserved between primary tumours and metastases in the same patients, suggesting that MAX mutation is an early event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Marie Schaefer
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cher-Wei Liang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nacef Bahri
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anna Quattrone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leona Doyle
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Adrian Mariño-Enríquez
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Lauria
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Meijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Maria Debiec-Rychter
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susanne Grunewald
- Sarcoma Center, Western German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jaclyn F Hechtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Armelle Dufresne
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Carol Beadling
- Department of Pathology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | - Ewa T Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - George D Demetri
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Christopher L Corless
- Department of Pathology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Portland VA Health Care System, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Soutwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Sarcoma Center, Western German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 528, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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24
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Li K, Cheng H, Li Z, Pang Y, Jia X, Xie F, Hu G, Cai Q, Wang Y. Genetic progression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: mechanisms and molecular interventions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60589-60604. [PMID: 28947997 PMCID: PMC5601165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common sarcomas in humans. Constitutively activating mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases are the initiating oncogenic events. Most metastatic GISTs respond dramatically to therapies with KIT/PDGFRA inhibitors. Asymptomatic and mitotically-inactive KIT/PDGFRA-mutant "microGISTs" are found in one third of adults, but most of these small tumors never progress to malignancy, underscoring that a progression of oncogenic mutations is required. Recent studies have identified key genomic abnormalities in GIST progression. Novel insights into the genetic progression of GISTs are shedding new light on therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences), Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhang Li
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences), Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhi Pang
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences), Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Jia
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences), Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Xie
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences), Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingping Cai
- Department of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences), Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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25
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Luo ZY, Jiang H, Xu L, Zhang XH. [Rita induce acute lymphoblostic leukemia cell apoptosis by activating P53 pathway]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2017; 38:160-163. [PMID: 28279043 PMCID: PMC7354173 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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26
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Takahashi T, Elzawahry A, Mimaki S, Furukawa E, Nakatsuka R, Nakamura H, Nishigaki T, Serada S, Naka T, Hirota S, Shibata T, Tsuchihara K, Nishida T, Kato M. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:303-313. [PMID: 27997714 PMCID: PMC5324566 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors represent the most common mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract, driven by gain‐of‐function mutations in KIT. Despite its proven benefits, half of the patients treated with imatinib show disease progression within 2 years due to secondary resistance mutations in KIT. It remains unclear how the genomic and transcriptomic features change during the acquisition of imatinib resistance. Here, we performed exome sequencing and microarray transcription analysis for four imatinib‐resistant cell lines and one cell line briefly exposed to imatinib. We also performed exome sequencing of clinical tumor samples. The cell line briefly exposed to imatinib exhibited few single‐nucleotide variants and copy‐number alterations, but showed marked upregulation of genes related to detoxification and downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle progression. Meanwhile, resistant cell lines harbored numerous genomic changes: amplified genes related to detoxification and deleted genes with cyclin‐dependent kinase activity. Some variants in the resistant samples were traced back to the drug‐sensitive samples, indicating the presence of ancestral subpopulations. The subpopulations carried variants associated with cell death. Pre‐existing cancer cells with genetic alterations promoting apoptosis resistance may serve as a basis whereby cancer cells with critical mutations, such as secondary KIT mutations, can establish full imatinib resistance. © 2017 The Authors Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 E2, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Asmaa Elzawahry
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,JST, CREST, 5-3 Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0081, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Mimaki
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Eisaku Furukawa
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Rie Nakatsuka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 E2, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nishigaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 E2, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo Medical College, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kato
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,JST, CREST, 5-3 Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0081, Japan
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27
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Merten L, Agaimy A, Moskalev EA, Giedl J, Kayser C, Geddert H, Schaefer IM, Cameron S, Werner M, Ströbel P, Hartmann A, Haller F. Inactivating Mutations of RB1 and TP53 Correlate With Sarcomatous Histomorphology and Metastasis/Recurrence in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:718-726. [PMID: 28028119 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Loss-of-function mutations in TP53 and CDKN2A have been found at varying frequencies in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), while no mutations of RB1 have been reported to date. The aim of the current study was to determine the mutation frequency of TP53, RB1, and CDKN2A in GISTs. METHODS A cohort of 83 primary untreated GISTs was analyzed for mutations in TP53, RB1, and CDKN2A by massive parallel sequencing. Tumors with mutations in TP53 and RB1 were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization for the corresponding gene loci. RESULTS Two GISTs harbored inactivating mutations in RB1, and two other GISTs displayed inactivating mutations in TP53 All four tumors were KIT mutant high-risk tumors with highly cellular sarcomatous histomorphology and variable combinations of plump spindle cells to epithelioid highly atypical cells and high mitotic activity. Three of these patients developed recurrent or metastatic disease, while the fourth patient showed tumor rupture intraoperatively. The combined overall frequency of TP53 and RB1 mutations was 13% considering high-risk or malignant GISTs. CONCLUSIONS TP53 and RB1 mutations seem to be restricted to high-risk/malignant GISTs and occur at an equal although relatively low frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Merten
- From the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- From the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evgeny A Moskalev
- From the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Giedl
- From the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kayser
- Institute of Pathology, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helene Geddert
- Institute of Pathology, St. Vincentius Hospital, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Inga-Marie Schaefer
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Silke Cameron
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Pathology, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- From the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Haller
- From the Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Crane EK, Kwan SY, Izaguirre DI, Tsang YTM, Mullany LK, Zu Z, Richards JS, Gershenson DM, Wong KK. Nutlin-3a: A Potential Therapeutic Opportunity for TP53 Wild-Type Ovarian Carcinomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135101. [PMID: 26248031 PMCID: PMC4527847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a diverse molecular and clinical disease, yet standard treatment is the same for all subtypes. TP53 mutations represent a node of divergence in epithelial ovarian cancer histologic subtypes and may represent a therapeutic opportunity in subtypes expressing wild type, including most low-grade ovarian serous carcinomas, ovarian clear cell carcinomas and ovarian endometrioid carcinomas, which represent approximately 25% of all epithelial ovarian cancer. We therefore sought to investigate Nutlin-3a--a therapeutic which inhibits MDM2, activates wild-type p53, and induces apoptosis--as a therapeutic compound for TP53 wild-type ovarian carcinomas. Fifteen epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines of varying histologic subtypes were treated with Nutlin-3a with determination of IC50 values. Western Blot (WB) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses quantified MDM2, p53, and p21 expression after Nutlin-3a treatment. DNA from 15 cell lines was then sequenced for TP53 mutations in exons 2-11 including intron-exon boundaries. Responses to Nutlin-3a were dependent upon TP53 mutation status. By qRT-PCR and WB, levels of MDM2 and p21 were upregulated in wild-type TP53 sensitive cell lines, and p21 induction was reduced or absent in mutant cell lines. Annexin V assays demonstrated apoptosis in sensitive cell lines treated with Nutlin-3a. Thus, Nutlin-3a could be a potential therapeutic agent for ovarian carcinomas expressing wild-type TP53 and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Crane
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suet-Yan Kwan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daisy I. Izaguirre
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yvonne T. M. Tsang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Mullany
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhifei Zu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - JoAnne S. Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David M. Gershenson
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kwong-Kwok Wong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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29
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Bauer S, Joensuu H. Emerging Agents for the Treatment of Advanced, Imatinib-Resistant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Current Status and Future Directions. Drugs 2015; 75:1323-34. [PMID: 26187774 PMCID: PMC4532715 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib is strongly positioned as the recommended first-line agent for most patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) due to its good efficacy and tolerability. Imatinib-resistant advanced GIST continues to pose a therapeutic challenge, likely due to the frequent presence of multiple mutations that confer drug resistance. Sunitinib and regorafenib are approved as second- and third-line agents, respectively, for patients whose GIST does not respond to imatinib or who do not tolerate imatinib, and their use is supported by large randomized trials. ATP-mimetic tyrosine kinase inhibitors provide clinical benefit even in heavily pretreated GIST suggesting that oncogenic dependency on KIT frequently persists. Several potentially useful tyrosine kinase inhibitors with distinct inhibitory profiles against both KIT ATP-binding domain and activation loop mutations have not yet been fully evaluated. Agents that have been found promising in preclinical models and early clinical trials include small molecule KIT and PDGFRA mutation-specific inhibitors, heat shock protein inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, allosteric KIT inhibitors, KIT and PDGFRA signaling pathway inhibitors, and immunological approaches including antibody-drug conjugates. Concomitant or sequential administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with KIT signaling pathway inhibitors require further evaluation, as well as rotation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a means to suppress drug-resistant cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bauer
- />Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- />German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- />Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Wang
- a Department of Pathology ; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
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Ordog T, Zörnig M, Hayashi Y. Targeting Disease Persistence in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:702-7. [PMID: 25934947 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED SummaryGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent 20%-40% of human sarcomas. Although approximately half of GISTs are cured by surgery, prognosis of advanced disease used to be poor due to the high resistance of these tumors to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. The introduction of molecularly targeted therapy (e.g., with imatinib mesylate) following the discovery of the role of oncogenic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRA) significantly increased patient survival. However, GIST cells persist in 95%-97% of imatinib-treated patients who eventually progress and die of the disease because of the emergence of clones with drug-resistant mutations. Because these secondary mutations are highly heterogeneous, even second- and third-line drugs that are effective against certain genotypes have only moderately increased progression-free survival. Consequently, alternative strategies such as targeting molecular mechanisms underlying disease persistence should be considered. We reviewed recently discovered cell-autonomous and microenvironmental mechanisms that could promote the survival of GIST cells in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. We particularly focused on the potential role of adult precursors for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), the normal counterpart of GISTs. ICC precursors share phenotypic characteristics with cells that emerge in a subset of patients treated with imatinib and in young patients with GIST characterized by loss of succinate dehydrogenase complex proteins and lack of KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Eradication of residual GIST cells and cure of GIST will likely require individualized combinations of several approaches tailored to tumor genotype and phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are one of the most common connective tissue cancers. Most GISTs that cannot be cured by surgery respond to molecularly targeted therapy (e.g., with imatinib); however, tumor cells persist in almost all patients and eventually acquire drug-resistant mutations. Several mechanisms contribute to the survival of GIST cells in the presence of imatinib, including the activation of "escape" mechanisms and the selection of stem-like cells that are not dependent on the expression of the drug targets for survival. Eradication of residual GIST cells and cure of GIST will likely require individualized combinations of several approaches tailored to the genetic makeup and other characteristics of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Ordog
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Heydt C, Kumm N, Fassunke J, Künstlinger H, Ihle MA, Scheel A, Schildhaus HU, Haller F, Büttner R, Odenthal M, Wardelmann E, Merkelbach-Bruse S. Massively parallel sequencing fails to detect minor resistant subclones in tissue samples prior to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:291. [PMID: 25886408 PMCID: PMC4404105 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personalised medicine and targeted therapy have revolutionised cancer treatment. However, most patients develop drug resistance and relapse after showing an initial treatment response. Two theories have been postulated; either secondary resistance mutations develop de novo during therapy by mutagenesis or they are present in minor subclones prior to therapy. In this study, these two theories were evaluated in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) where most patients develop secondary resistance mutations in the KIT gene during therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. METHODS We used a cohort of 33 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) primary GISTs and their corresponding recurrent tumours with known mutational status. The primary tumours were analysed for the secondary mutations of the recurrences, which had been identified previously. The primary tumours were resected prior to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Three ultrasensitive, massively parallel sequencing approaches on the GS Junior (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and the MiSeq(TM) (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) were applied. Additionally, nine fresh-frozen samples resected prior to therapy were analysed for the most common secondary resistance mutations. RESULTS With a sensitivity level of down to 0.02%, no pre-existing resistant subclones with secondary KIT mutations were detected in primary GISTs. The sensitivity level varied for individual secondary mutations and was limited by sequencing artefacts on both systems. Artificial T > C substitutions at the position of the exon 13 p.V654A mutation, in particular, led to a lower sensitivity, independent from the source of the material. Fresh-frozen samples showed the same range of artificially mutated allele frequencies as the FFPE material. CONCLUSIONS Although we achieved a sufficiently high level of sensitivity, neither in the primary FFPE nor in the fresh-frozen GISTs we were able to detect pre-existing resistant subclones of the corresponding known secondary resistance mutations of the recurrent tumours. This supports the theory that secondary KIT resistance mutations develop under treatment by "de novo" mutagenesis. Alternatively, the detection limit of two mutated clones in 10,000 wild-type clones might not have been high enough or heterogeneous tissue samples, per se, might not be suitable for the detection of very small subpopulations of mutated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Heydt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Niklas Kumm
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jana Fassunke
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Helen Künstlinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michaela Angelika Ihle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andreas Scheel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Haller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Margarete Odenthal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude D17, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sabine Merkelbach-Bruse
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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Yoo C, Koh YW, Park YS, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY, Park HJ, Yook JH, Kim BS, Kang YK. Prognostic Relevance of p53 Overexpression in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Small Intestine: Potential Implication for Adjuvant Treatment with Imatinib. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S362-9. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Schwamb B, Pick R, Fernández SBM, Völp K, Heering J, Dötsch V, Bösser S, Jung J, Beinoraviciute-Kellner R, Wesely J, Zörnig I, Hammerschmidt M, Nowak M, Penzel R, Zatloukal K, Joos S, Rieker RJ, Agaimy A, Söder S, Reid-Lombardo KM, Kendrick ML, Bardsley MR, Hayashi Y, Asuzu DT, Syed SA, Ordog T, Zörnig M. FAM96A is a novel pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1318-29. [PMID: 25716227 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to escape apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer-initiating cells and a key factor of resistance to oncolytic therapy. Here, we identify FAM96A as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved apoptosome-activating protein and investigate its potential pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor function in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Interaction between FAM96A and apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1) was identified in yeast two-hybrid screen and further studied by deletion mutants, glutathione-S-transferase pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Effects of FAM96A overexpression and knock-down on apoptosis sensitivity were examined in cancer cells and zebrafish embryos. Expression of FAM96A in GISTs and histogenetically related cells including interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), "fibroblast-like cells" (FLCs) and ICC stem cells (ICC-SCs) was investigated by Northern blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. Tumorigenicity of GIST cells and transformed murine ICC-SCs stably transduced to re-express FAM96A was studied by xeno- and allografting into immunocompromised mice. FAM96A was found to bind APAF1 and to enhance the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. FAM96A protein or mRNA was dramatically reduced or lost in 106 of 108 GIST samples representing three independent patient cohorts. Whereas ICCs, ICC-SCs and FLCs, the presumed normal counterparts of GIST, were found to robustly express FAM96A protein and mRNA, FAM96A expression was much reduced in tumorigenic ICC-SCs. Re-expression of FAM96A in GIST cells and transformed ICC-SCs increased apoptosis sensitivity and diminished tumorigenicity. Our data suggest FAM96A is a novel pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor that is lost during GIST tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schwamb
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara Beatriz Mateus Fernández
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kirsten Völp
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Bösser
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rasa Beinoraviciute-Kellner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josephine Wesely
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Inka Zörnig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Nowak
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, Graz, a-8036, Austria
| | - Stefan Joos
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DKFZ (B060), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Joachim Rieker
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Söder
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael R Bardsley
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - David T Asuzu
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sabriya A Syed
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
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Kim S, Ding W, Zhang L, Tian W, Chen S. Clinical response to sunitinib as a multitargeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) in solid cancers: a review of clinical trials. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:719-28. [PMID: 24872713 PMCID: PMC4026584 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s61388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an integral process in carcinogenesis, and molecular inhibitors of angiogenic factors are currently being tested as treatments for cancer. Sunitinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor that blocks activation through the stem cell-factor receptor (Kit) and platelet-derived growth-factor receptor. Sunitinib has shown potent antitumor activity against several solid tumors, including renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors in several Phase II/III trials. Recently, sunitinib has been used to treat other solid cancers, such as lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, chondrosarcoma, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, glioma, and aggressive fibromatosis, and also showed potential efficacy in progression-free survival and overall survival. In this review, we examine the efficacy of sunitinib as a molecular-targeted therapy in patients with different types of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyoung Kim
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenping Ding
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Dystrophin is a tumor suppressor in human cancers with myogenic programs. Nat Genet 2014; 46:601-6. [PMID: 24793134 PMCID: PMC4225780 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many common human mesenchymal tumors, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS), feature myogenic differentiation. Here we report that intragenic deletion of the dystrophin-encoding and muscular dystrophy-associated DMD gene is a frequent mechanism by which myogenic tumors progress to high-grade, lethal sarcomas. Dystrophin is expressed in the non-neoplastic and benign counterparts of GIST, RMS and LMS tumors, and DMD deletions inactivate larger dystrophin isoforms, including 427-kDa dystrophin, while preserving the expression of an essential 71-kDa isoform. Dystrophin inhibits myogenic sarcoma cell migration, invasion, anchorage independence and invadopodia formation, and dystrophin inactivation was found in 96%, 100% and 62% of metastatic GIST, embryonal RMS and LMS samples, respectively. These findings validate dystrophin as a tumor suppressor and likely anti-metastatic factor, suggesting that therapies in development for muscular dystrophies may also have relevance in the treatment of cancer.
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Hensley H, Devarajan K, Johnson JR, Piwnica-Worms D, Godwin AK, von Mehren M, Rink L. Evaluating new therapies in gastrointestinal stromal tumor using in vivo molecular optical imaging. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:911-8. [PMID: 24755645 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the US. The majority (~85%) of GISTs possess gain-of-function mutations in KIT or PDGFRA, causing constitutive activation of the kinase receptor. GIST management has been transformed by the identification of tumor driver mutations leading to unprecedented disease control of advanced GIST with the introduction of imatinib mesylate (IM). Despite IM's efficacy, most patients experience primary and/or secondary resistance within 2 y of treatment. Additional therapies and methods to optimize screening of novel approaches in preclinical studies are warranted. Clinically, treatment efficacy is typically assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines or Choi criteria. Both require a period of time on therapy before changes indicative of response can be observed. In addition, neither informs directly about cell death. We evaluated the use of molecular imaging technology in an animal model using near-infrared (NIR) imaging probes together with three-dimensional fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) for assessing therapeutic response and ultimately optimizing our understanding of the biologic effects of these agents. We determined the potential of NIR probes (PSVue(TM) 794 and cell-penetrating KcapQ647) for detecting distinct markers of apoptosis and compare this to tumor size measured by MRI in response to IM treatment in GIST-T1 xenografts. Our studies revealed statistically significant increases in apoptosis due to IM treatment using both probes as early as 24 h post IM treatment which was confirmed by IHC. Molecular imaging will allow for faster and more effective screening of novel therapies in preclinical GIST models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Department of Statistics; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - James R Johnson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Margaret von Mehren
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lori Rink
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Di Marzo D, Forte IM, Indovina P, Di Gennaro E, Rizzo V, Giorgi F, Mattioli E, Iannuzzi CA, Budillon A, Giordano A, Pentimalli F. Pharmacological targeting of p53 through RITA is an effective antitumoral strategy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:652-65. [PMID: 24345738 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma, a very aggressive tumor associated to asbestos exposure, is expected to increase in incidence, and unfortunately, no curative modality exists. Reactivation of p53 is a new attractive antitumoral strategy. p53 is rarely mutated in mesothelioma, but it is inactivated in most tumors by the lack of p14(ARF). Here, we evaluated the feasibility of this approach in pleural mesothelioma by testing RITA and nutlin-3, two molecules able to restore p53 function through a different mechanism, on a panel of mesothelioma cell lines representing the epithelioid (NCI-H28, NCI-H2452, IST-MES 2), biphasic (MSTO-211H), and sarcomatoid (NCI-H2052) histotypes compared with the normal mesothelial HMC-hTERT. RITA triggered robust caspase-dependent apoptosis specifically in epithelioid and biphasic mesothelioma cell lines, both through wild-type and mutant p53, concomitant to p21 downregulation. Conversely, nutlin-3 induced a p21-dependent growth arrest, rather than apoptosis, and was slightly toxic on HMC-hTERT. Interestingly, we identified a previously undetected point mutation of p53 (p.Arg249Ser) in IST-MES 2, and showed that RITA is also able to reactivate this p53 mutant protein and its apoptotic function. RITA reduced tumor growth in a MSTO-211H-derived xenograft model of mesothelioma and synergized with cisplatin, which is the mainstay of treatment for this tumor. Our data indicate that reactivation of p53 and concomitant p21 downregulation effectively induce cell death in mesothelioma, a tumor characterized by a high intrinsic resistance to apoptosis. Altogether, our findings provide the preclinical framework supporting the use of p53-reactivating agents alone, or in combination regimens, to improve the outcome of patients with mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Di Marzo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy
| | - Iris Maria Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy
| | - Paola Indovina
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" - IRCCS; Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Giorgi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - Eliseo Mattioli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy; National Cancer Research Centre; Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II"; Bari, Italy
| | - Carmelina Antonella Iannuzzi
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy; Experimental Pharmacology Unit; Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" - IRCCS; Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM); Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale"; IRCCS; Italy
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Costa B, Bendinelli S, Gabelloni P, Da Pozzo E, Daniele S, Scatena F, Vanacore R, Campiglia P, Bertamino A, Gomez-Monterrey I, Sorriento D, Del Giudice C, Iaccarino G, Novellino E, Martini C. Human glioblastoma multiforme: p53 reactivation by a novel MDM2 inhibitor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72281. [PMID: 23977270 PMCID: PMC3747081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development and chemo-resistance are often due to impaired functioning of the p53 tumor suppressor through genetic mutation or sequestration by other proteins. In glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), p53 availability is frequently reduced because it binds to the Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM2) oncoprotein, which accumulates at high concentrations in tumor cells. The use of MDM2 inhibitors that interfere with the binding of p53 and MDM2 has become a valid approach to inhibit cell growth in a number of cancers; however little is known about the efficacy of these inhibitors in GBM. We report that a new small-molecule inhibitor of MDM2 with a spirooxoindolepyrrolidine core structure, named ISA27, effectively reactivated p53 function and inhibited human GBM cell growth in vitro by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In immunoincompetent BALB/c nude mice bearing a human GBM xenograft, the administration of ISA27 in vivo activated p53, inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in tumor tissue. Significantly, ISA27 was non-toxic in an in vitro normal human cell model and an in vivo mouse model. ISA27 administration in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) produced a synergistic inhibitory effect on GBM cell viability in vitro, suggesting the possibility of lowering the dose of TMZ used in the treatment of GBM. In conclusion, our data show that ISA27 releases the powerful antitumor capacities of p53 in GBM cells. The use of this MDM2 inhibitor could become a novel therapy for the treatment of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Richters A, Ketzer J, Getlik M, Grütter C, Schneider R, Heuckmann JM, Heynck S, Sos ML, Gupta A, Unger A, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Thomas RK, Bauer S, Rauh D. Targeting Gain of Function and Resistance Mutations in Abl and KIT by Hybrid Compound Design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5757-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Richters
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Ketzer
- Department of Medical Oncology,
Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122
Essen, Germany
| | - Matthäus Getlik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Grütter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Schneider
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck-Society,
Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johannes M. Heuckmann
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne,
Germany
| | - Stefanie Heynck
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne,
Germany
| | - Martin L. Sos
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne,
Germany
| | - Anu Gupta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Roman K. Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne,
Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Strasse 9,
D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology,
Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122
Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck-Society,
Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Panka DJ, Liu Q, Geissler AK, Mier JW. Effects of HDM2 antagonism on sunitinib resistance, p53 activation, SDF-1 induction, and tumor infiltration by CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid derived suppressor cells. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:17. [PMID: 23497256 PMCID: PMC3637597 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The studies reported herein were undertaken to determine if the angiostatic function of p53 could be exploited as an adjunct to VEGF-targeted therapy in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods Nude/beige mice bearing human RCC xenografts were treated with various combinations of sunitinib and the HDM2 antagonist MI-319. Tumors were excised at various time points before and during treatment and analyzed by western blot and IHC for evidence of p53 activation and function. Results Sunitinib treatment increased p53 levels in RCC xenografts and transiently induced the expression of p21waf1, Noxa, and HDM2, the levels of which subsequently declined to baseline (or undetectable) with the emergence of sunitinib resistance. The development of resistance and the suppression of p53-dependent gene expression temporally correlated with the induction of the p53 antagonist HDMX. The concurrent administration of MI-319 markedly increased the antitumor and anti-angiogenic activities of sunitinib and led to sustained p53-dependent gene expression. It also suppressed the expression of the chemokine SDF-1 (CXCL12) and the influx of CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) otherwise induced by sunitinib. Although p53 knockdown markedly reduced the production of the angiostatic peptide endostatin, the production of endostatin was not augmented by MI-319 treatment. Conclusions The evasion of p53 function (possibly through the expression of HDMX) is an essential element in the development of resistance to VEGF-targeted therapy in RCC. The maintenance of p53 function through the concurrent administration of an HDM2 antagonist is an effective means of delaying or preventing the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Panka
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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