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Nguyen DT, Soeranaya BHT, Truong THA, Dang TT. Modular design of a hybrid hydrogel for protease-triggered enhancement of drug delivery to regulate TNF-α production by pro-inflammatory macrophages. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:167-179. [PMID: 32977069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic drug administration has conventionally been prescribed to alleviate persistent local inflammation which is prevalent in chronic diseases. However, this approach is associated with drug-induced toxicity, particularly when the dosage exceeds that necessitated by pathological conditions of diseased tissues. Herein, we developed a modular hybrid hydrogel which could be triggered to release an anti-inflammatory drug upon exposure to elevated protease activity associated with inflammatory diseases. Modular design of the hybrid hydrogel enabled independent optimization of its protease-cleavable and drug-loaded subdomains to facilitate hydrogel formation, cleavability by matrix-metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), and tuning drug release rate. In vitro study demonstrated the protease-triggered enhancement of drug release from the hybrid hydrogel system for effective inhibition of TNF-α production by pro-inflammatory macrophages and suggested its potential to mitigate drug-induced cytotoxicity. Using non-invasive imaging to monitor the activity of reactive oxygen species in biomaterial-induced host response, we confirmed that the hybrid hydrogel and its constituent materials did not induce adverse immune response after 5 days following their subcutaneous injection in immuno-competent mice. We subsequently incorporated this hybrid hydrogel onto a commercial wound dressing which could release the drug upon exposure to MMP-9. Together, our findings suggested that this hybrid hydrogel might be a versatile platform for on-demand drug delivery via either injectable or topical application to modulate inflammation in chronic diseases.
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Abstract
Animal cell culture technology in today’s scenario has become indispensable in the field of life sciences, which provides a basis to study regulation, proliferation, and differentiation and to perform genetic manipulation. It requires specific technical skills to carry out successfully. This chapter describes the essential techniques of animal cell culture as well as its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Verma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Breeding Genetics & Genomics, Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Megha Verma
- College of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anchal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Moraxella catarrhalis is a prominent pathogen that causes acute otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults, resulting in a significant socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems globally. No vaccine is currently available for M. catarrhalis. Promising M. catarrhalis target antigens have been characterized in animal models and should soon enter human clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the detailed features and research status of current candidate target antigens for an M. catarrhalis vaccine. The approaches for assessing M. catarrhalis vaccine efficacy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the key molecules contributing to serum resistance may be a viable strategy to identify effective vaccine targets among M. catarrhalis antigens. Elucidating the role and mechanisms of the serum and mucosal immune responses to M. catarrhalis is significant for vaccine target selection, testing and evaluation. Developing animal models closely simulating M. catarrhalis-caused human respiratory diseases is of great benefit in better understanding pathogenesis and evaluating vaccine efficacy. Carrying out clinical trials will be a landmark in the progress of M. catarrhalis vaccine research. Combined multicomponent vaccines will be a focus of future M. catarrhalis vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- a 1 Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital , 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY, USA +1 585 922 3706 ;
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- b 2 Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital , 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY, USA
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Meng J, Li X, Wang C, Guo H, Liu J, Xu H. Carbon nanotubes activate macrophages into a M1/M2 mixed status: recruiting naïve macrophages and supporting angiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3180-3188. [PMID: 25591447 DOI: 10.1021/am507649n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medical applications has been attracting constant research interest as well as raising concerns related to toxicity. The immune system serves as the first line of defense against invasion. In this work, interactions of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with macrophages were investigated to unravel the activation profile of macrophages, using cytokine array, ELISA assay, transwell assay, confocal microscopy, and reactive oxygen species examination. Results show that MWCNT initiate phagocytosis of macrophages and upregulate CD14, CD11b, TLR-4/MD2, and CD206, which does not alter the MHCII expression of the macrophages. The macrophages engulfing MWCNT (MWCNT-RAW) secrete a large amount of MIP-1α and MIP-2 to recruit naïve macrophages and produce angiogenesis-related cytokines MMP-9 and VEGF, while inducing much lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than those activated by LPS. In conclusion, MWCNT activate macrophages into a M1/M2 mixed status, which allows the cells to recruit naïve macrophages and support angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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Molecular mechanisms of moraxella catarrhalis-induced otitis media. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 13:512-7. [PMID: 23934577 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative bacterium, exclusively present in humans and a leading causative agent of otitis media (OM) in children. Most children (80 %) experience at least one episode of OM by their third birthday and half suffer multiple episodes of infection. Over the last 10 years, increased evidence suggests that M. cat possesses multiple virulence factors which can be carried through biologically active outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are themselves able to activate host-immune responses. It has also been noted that multiple toll-like receptors are responsible for M. cat recognition. This review is intended to summarize the key findings and progress in recent years of the molecular mechanisms of M. cat-induced otitis media with particular emphasis on adhesion, invasion, and activation of the host immune system, biofilm formation, and vaccine development.
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Yang CM, Lee IT, Hsu RC, Chi PL, Hsiao LD. NADPH oxidase/ROS-dependent PYK2 activation is involved in TNF-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in rat heart-derived H9c2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:431-42. [PMID: 23774252 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TNF-α plays a mediator role in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure contributing to cardiac remodeling and peripheral vascular disturbances. The implication of TNF-α in inflammatory responses has been shown to be mediated through up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). However, the detailed mechanisms of TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in rat embryonic-heart derived H9c2 cells are largely not defined. We demonstrated that in H9c2 cells, TNF-α induced MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression associated with an increase in the secretion of pro-MMP-9. TNF-α-mediated responses were attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitor of ROS (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, NAC), NADPH oxidase [apocynin (APO) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)], MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 MAPK (SB202190), JNK1/2 (SP600125), NF-κB (Bay11-7082), or PYK2 (PF-431396) and transfection with siRNA of TNFR1, p47(phox), p42, p38, JNK1, p65, or PYK2. Moreover, TNF-α markedly induced NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation in these cells. TNF-α-enhanced p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, and NF-κB (p65) phosphorylation and in vivo binding of p65 to the MMP-9 promoter were inhibited by U0126, SB202190, SP600125, NAC, DPI, or APO. In addition, TNF-α-mediated PYK2 phosphorylation was inhibited by NAC, DPI, or APO. PYK2 inhibition could reduce TNF-α-stimulated MAPKs and NF-κB activation. Thus, in H9c2 cells, we are the first to show that TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression is mediated through a TNFR1/NADPH oxidase/ROS/PYK2/MAPKs/NF-κB cascade. We demonstrated that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation is involved in TNF-α-induced PYK2 activation in these cells. Understanding the regulation of MMP-9 expression and NADPH oxidase activation by TNF-α on H9c2 cells may provide potential therapeutic targets of chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Heart Failure Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Tseng HC, Lee IT, Lin CC, Chi PL, Cheng SE, Shih RH, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. IL-1β promotes corneal epithelial cell migration by increasing MMP-9 expression through NF-κB- and AP-1-dependent pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57955. [PMID: 23505448 PMCID: PMC3591450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a critical mediator in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. The implication of IL-1β in inflammatory responses has been shown to be mediated through up-regulation of inflammatory genes, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). However, the detailed mechanisms of IL-1β-induced MMP-9 expression in Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Corneal Cells (SIRCs) are largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that in SIRCs, IL-1β induced MMP-9 promoter activity and mRNA expression associated with an increase in the secretion of pro-MMP-9. IL-1β-induced pro-MMP-9 expression and MMP-9 mRNA levels were attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitor of MEK1/2 (U0126), JNK1/2 (SP600125), NF-κB (Bay11-7082), or AP-1 (Tanshinone IIA) and transfection with siRNA of p42 or JNK2. Moreover, IL-1β markedly stimulated p42/p44 MAPK and JNK1/2 phosphorylation in SIRCs. In addition, IL-1β also enhanced p42/p44 MAPK translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus. On the other hand, IL-1β induced c-Jun and c-Fos mRNA expression, c-Jun phosphorylation, and AP-1 promoter activity. NF-κB translocation, IκBα degradation, and NF-κB promoter activity were also enhanced by IL-1β. Pretreatment with U0126 or SP600125 inhibited IL-1β-induced AP-1 and NF-κB promoter activity, but not NF-κB translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus. Finally, we established that IL-1β could stimulate SIRCs migration via p42/p44 MAPK-, JNK1/2-, AP-1-, and NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 induction. These results suggested that NF-κB and AP-1 activated by JNK1/2 and p42/p44 MAPK cascade are involved in IL-1β-induced MMP-9 expression in SIRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Tseng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Chi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ei Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Horng Shih
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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