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Abou Hassan F, Bou Hamdan M, Melhem NM. The Role of Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells While Aging with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1123-1135. [PMID: 31510754 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Consequently, the number of PLHIV >50 years is increasing worldwide. Patients on cART are known to remain in a proinflammatory state. The latter is linked to the development of non-AIDS-related chronic conditions. Although the number of aging PLHIV is increasing, the effect of HIV infection on the process of aging is not fully understood. Understanding the complexity of aging with HIV by investigating the effect of the latter on different components of the innate and adaptive immune systems is important to reduce the impact of these comorbid conditions and improve the quality of life of PLHIV. The role of killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs), expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in the clearance, susceptibility to or disease progression following HIV infection is well established. However, data on the effect of KIR-HLA interaction in aging HIV-infected population and the development of non-AIDS-related comorbid conditions are lacking. Moreover, conflicting data exist on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) during HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to advance the current knowledge on the role of NK cells and Tregs while aging with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Abou Hassan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Bou Hamdan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M. Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS 2019; 33:1117-1129. [PMID: 30789356 PMCID: PMC6511429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: To explore monocyte and dendritic cell immune responses, and their association with future CD4+ gain in treated HIV patients with suboptimal CD4+ recovery. Design: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected, virally suppressed individuals on antiretroviral therapy for at least 24 months; 41 immunological nonresponders (INRs) (CD4+ cell count <400 cells/μl) and 26 immunological responders (CD4+ cell count >600 cells/μl). Ten HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive and 10 HIV-negative healthy persons served as controls. CD4+ cell counts were registered after median 2.4 and 4.7 years. Methods: Monocyte, dendritic-cell and T-cell activation and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. In INR and immunological responder subgroups matched on age and nadir CD4+ cell count, upregulation of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in monocytes and dendritic cells and cytokines in cell supernatants were measured in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with aldrithiol-2-inactivated HIV-1. Results: The INR group displayed higher spontaneous activation of both monocytes (HLA-DR+) and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (HLA-DR+, CD83+ and CD86+) compared with immunological responders, and this was associated with increased T-cell activation (CD38+HLA-DR+), an effector memory T-cell phenotype and activated Tregs. The IP-10 response in monocytes after in-vitro HIV stimulation was negatively associated with prospective CD4+ gain. IP-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and cytokines levels were comparable between the groups, but inversely correlated with activated Tregs in INRs. Conclusion: HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune recovery demonstrated more activated monocytes and in particular dendritic cells, compared with patients with acceptable CD4+ gain. A high level of HIV-specific IP-10 expression in monocytes may be predictive of future CD4+ recovery.
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Jalbert E, Williamson KM, Kroehl ME, Johnson MJ, Cutland C, Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Weinberg A. HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Have Increased Regulatory T Cells That Correlate With Decreased T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:595. [PMID: 30972079 PMCID: PMC6445326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) are at higher risk of severe infections, hospitalizations and death compared with HIV-unexposed uninfected infants (HUU), but the immune deficit underlying it is not known. To address this gap, we investigated T cell functionality and its relationship to phenotypic profiles of T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) in HEU and HUU. Methods: Blood mononuclear cells from 55 HEU and 16 HUU were stimulated with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) or mock for 72 h, and tested by flow cytometry for proliferation and expression of Th1, Th2, and regulatory (Treg) markers. In parallel, cells were phenotypically assessed for differentiation profiles of Treg, conventional T cell (Tconv) and APC in unstimulated cells. Results: HEU had lower CD4+ functional responses to SEB/mock and similar CD8+ responses compared with HUU. In the phenotypic T cell panel, HEU showed higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg expressing IL10, FOXP3, and CD25; higher effector Tconv and Treg; and lower naïve and CD4+TGFβ+ Treg compared with HUU. In the phenotypic APC panel, HEU showed higher proportions of CD1c+ cDC2, CD123+ pDC, CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and cDC and higher expression of CD103 on CD1c-CD123-CD16-cDC1 compared with HUU. Regression analyses adjusted for HIV exposure and multiple comparisons showed that higher CD8+IL10+ and CD8+FOXP3+ Treg in unstimulated cells were associated with lower CD8+ T cell functional responses to SEB/mock. Functionality was not affected by Tconv differentiation, but higher APC activation in aggregate was associated with higher CD8+IL10+ Treg responses to SEB. Conclusions: T cell functionality was decreased in HEU compared with HUU. High CD8+ Treg proportions were the most important predictors of decreased T cell functionality in HEU and HUU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jalbert
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kayla M Williamson
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Miranda E Kroehl
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael J Johnson
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clare Cutland
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Marta C Nunes
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Longitudinal evaluation of regulatory T-cell dynamics on HIV-infected individuals during the first 2 years of therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:1175-86. [PMID: 26919738 PMCID: PMC4856178 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: A sizeable percentage of individuals infected by HIV and on antiretroviral therapy (ART) fail to increase their CD4+ T-cells to satisfactory levels. The percentage of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) has been suggested to contribute to this impairment. This study aimed to address this question and to expand the analysis of Tregs subpopulations during ART. Design: Longitudinal follow-up of 81 HIV-infected individuals during the first 24 months on ART. Methods: CD4+ T-cell counts, Tregs percentages, and specific Tregs subpopulations were evaluated at ART onset, 2, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, and 24 months of ART (five individuals had no Tregs information at baseline). Results: The slope of CD4+ T-cell recovery was similar for individuals with moderate and with severe lymphopenia at ART onset. No evidence was found for a contribution of the baseline Tregs percentages on the CD4+ T-cell counts recovery throughout ART. In comparison to uninfected individuals, Tregs percentages were higher at ART onset only for patients with less than 200 cells/μl at baseline and decreased afterwards reaching normal values. Within Tregs, the percentage of naive cells remained low in these patients. Reduced thymic export and increased proliferation of Tregs vs. conventional CD4+ T cells might explain these persistent alterations. Conclusion: No effect of Tregs percentages at baseline was detected on CD4+ T-cell recovery. However, profound alterations on Tregs subpopulations were consistently observed throughout ART for patients with severe lymphopenia at ART onset.
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Increased proportions of dendritic cells and recovery of IFNγ responses in HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving ART. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:29-34. [PMID: 26455474 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) numbers and functions can be affected by HIV and HCV disease, but the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on DC and the implications of these changes are unclear. We examined circulating DC in samples from Indonesian patients beginning ART with advanced HIV disease and documented mild/moderate HCV hepatitis. Frequencies of myeloid and plasmacytoid DC increased after 6 months on ART, but frequencies of DC producing IL-12 or IFNα following stimulation with TLR agonists (CL075, CpG) did not change. IFNγ responses to CL075, HCV and other antigens rose over this period. Hence increased IFNγ responses during ART may be associated with increased DC frequencies rather than changes in their functional capacity.
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Phetsouphanh C, Xu Y, Zaunders J. CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:681. [PMID: 25610441 PMCID: PMC4285174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of cells in lymphoid tissue, including T cells, B-cells, and myeloid lineage cells. The resulting characteristic hyperplasia is an amalgam of proliferating host immune cells in the adaptive response, increased concentrations of innate response mediators due to viral and bacterial products, and homeostatic responses to inflammation. While it is generally thought that CD4 T cells are greatly depleted, in fact, two types of CD4 T cells appear to be increased, namely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). These cells have opposing roles, but may both be important in the pathogenic process. Whether Tregs are failing in their role to limit lymphocyte activation is unclear, but there is no doubt now that Tfh are associated with B-cell hyperplasia and increased germinal center activity. Antiretroviral therapy may reduce the lymphocyte activation, but not completely, and therefore, there is a need for interventions that selectively enhance normal CD4 function without exacerbating Tfh, B-cell, or Treg dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Jiao Y, Sun X, Huang X, Li W, Zhang T, Wu H. Compare mDCs and pDCs between two distinct patients groups in acute HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2014; 11:22. [PMID: 25104967 PMCID: PMC4124773 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of DCs in primary HIV-1 infection remains uncertain. In this study, we enrolled two different groups of subjects with acute HIV-1 infection. One group progressed to CD4 counts below 200 cells/μl within 2 years of HIV-1 infection (CD4 Low Group), while the other group maintained CD4 counts above 500 cells/μl (CD4 High Group). We did not find statistical difference in the pDC number between the two groups during acute HIV-1 infection. However, the mDC number was significantly lower in the CD4 Low Group than in the CD4 High Group.
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Pozo-Balado MM, Martínez-Bonet M, Rosado I, Ruiz-Mateos E, Méndez-Lagares G, Rodríguez-Méndez MM, Vidal F, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Pacheco YM, Leal M. Maraviroc reduces the regulatory T-cell frequency in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:890-8. [PMID: 24652492 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maraviroc is the first antiretroviral (ART) drug to target a human protein, the CCR5 coreceptor; however, the mechanisms of maraviroc-associated immunomodulation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects remain to be elucidated. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in HIV-associated immunopathology and are susceptible to maraviroc-mediated CCR5 blockade. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of maraviroc on Tregs. METHODS We compared the effect of maraviroc-containing or -sparing combination ART (cART) on Tregs in ART-naive, HIV-infected subjects. Tregs were characterized as CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) on day 0, 8, and 30. Additional analysis on week 48 was performed in a subgroup of patients. The potential reduction in the frequency of Tregs among maraviroc-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also tested in vitro. The suppressive function of Tregs was also analyzed in maraviroc-treated Tregs. RESULTS We found that maraviroc significantly reduced the Treg frequency in both the short term and 1 year after treatment initiation. In vitro experiments showed a dose-dependent reduction in the Treg frequency after treatment of PBMCs with maraviroc, although their in vitro suppressive function was not altered. CONCLUSIONS These findings partially explain maraviroc-associated immunomodulatory effects and open new therapeutic expectations for the development of Treg-depleting immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mar Pozo-Balado
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Rosado
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis
| | - María Mar Rodríguez-Méndez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda María Pacheco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
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Cruz LJ, Rueda F, Tacken P, Albericio F, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Enhancing immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of HIV-1 antigens by in vivo targeting to dendritic cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 7:1591-610. [PMID: 23148541 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current retroviral treatments have reduced AIDS to a chronic disease for most patients. However, given drug-related side effects, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the persistence of viral replication, the development of alternative treatments is a pressing need. This review focuses on recent developments in HIV immunotherapy treatments, with particular emphasis on current vaccination strategies for optimizing the induction of an effective immune response by the recruitment of dendritic cells. In addition to cell-based therapies, targeted strategies aiming to deliver synthetic HIV peptides to dendritic cell-specific receptors in vivo will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Cruz
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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