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Mancheno-Ferris A, Immarigeon C, Rivero A, Depierre D, Schickele N, Fosseprez O, Chanard N, Aughey G, Lhoumaud P, Anglade J, Southall T, Plaza S, Payre F, Cuvier O, Polesello C. Crosstalk between chromatin and Shavenbaby defines transcriptional output along the Drosophila intestinal stem cell lineage. iScience 2024; 27:108624. [PMID: 38174321 PMCID: PMC10762455 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Shavenbaby (Svb), the only member of the OvoL family in Drosophila, controls the fate of various epithelial embryonic cells and adult stem cells. Post-translational modification of Svb produces two protein isoforms, Svb-ACT and Svb-REP, which promote adult intestinal stem cell renewal or differentiation, respectively. To define Svb mode of action, we used engineered cell lines and develop an unbiased method to identify Svb target genes across different contexts. Within a given cell type, Svb-ACT and Svb-REP antagonistically regulate the expression of a set of target genes, binding specific enhancers whose accessibility is constrained by chromatin landscape. Reciprocally, Svb-REP can influence local chromatin marks of active enhancers to help repressing target genes. Along the intestinal lineage, the set of Svb target genes progressively changes, together with chromatin accessibility. We propose that Svb-ACT-to-REP transition promotes enterocyte differentiation of intestinal stem cells through direct gene regulation and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mancheno-Ferris
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Control of cell shape remodeling team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Immarigeon
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Control of cell shape remodeling team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexia Rivero
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Control of cell shape remodeling team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - David Depierre
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Naomi Schickele
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Fosseprez
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chanard
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Aughey
- Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Priscilla Lhoumaud
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité/CNRS, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Julien Anglade
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tony Southall
- Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Serge Plaza
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS/UPS/INPT, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - François Payre
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Control of cell shape remodeling team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Cuvier
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Chromatin Dynamics and Cell Proliferation team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Polesello
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Control of cell shape remodeling team, CBI, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Nie T, Lu J, Zhang H, Mao L. Latest advances in the regulatory genes of adipocyte thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1250487. [PMID: 37680891 PMCID: PMC10482227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1250487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An energy imbalance cause obesity: more energy intake or less energy expenditure, or both. Obesity could be the origin of many metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. UCP1 (uncoupling protein1), which is highly and exclusively expressed in the thermogenic adipocytes, including beige and brown adipocytes, can dissipate proton motive force into heat without producing ATP to increase energy expenditure. It is an attractive strategy to combat obesity and its related metabolic disorders by increasing non-shivering adipocyte thermogenesis. Adipocyte thermogenesis has recently been reported to be regulated by several new genes. This work provided novel and potential targets to activate adipocyte thermogenesis and resist obesity, such as secreted proteins ADISSP and EMC10, enzyme SSU72, etc. In this review, we have summarized the latest research on adipocyte thermogenesis regulation to shed more light on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Nie
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jinli Lu
- Scientific Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Medical Iconography, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liufeng Mao
- Scientific Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Su L, Ludwig S, Zhang X, Tang M, Li X, Anderton P, Zhan X, Choi M, Russell J, Bu CH, Lyon S, Xu D, Hildebrand S, Scott L, Quan J, Simpson R, Sun Q, Qin B, Collie T, Tadesse M, Moresco EMY, Beutler B. Obesity caused by an OVOL2 mutation reveals dual roles of OVOL2 in promoting thermogenesis and limiting white adipogenesis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1860-1874.e4. [PMID: 36228616 PMCID: PMC9633419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using random germline mutagenesis in mice, we identified a viable hypomorphic allele (boh) of the transcription-factor-encoding gene Ovol2 that resulted in obesity, which initially developed with normal food intake and physical activity but decreased energy expenditure. Fat weight was dramatically increased, while lean weight was reduced in 12-week-old boh homozygous mice, culminating by 24 weeks in massive obesity, hepatosteatosis, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The Ovol2boh/boh genotype augmented obesity in Lepob/ob mice, and pair-feeding failed to normalize obesity in Ovol2boh/boh mice. OVOL2-deficient mice were extremely cold intolerant. OVOL2 is essential for brown/beige adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis. In white adipose tissues, OVOL2 limited adipogenesis by blocking C/EBPα engagement of its transcriptional targets. Overexpression of OVOL2 in adipocytes of mice fed with a high-fat diet reduced total body and liver fat and improved insulin sensitivity. Our data reveal that OVOL2 plays dual functions in thermogenesis and adipogenesis to maintain energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Yiao Jiang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lijing Su
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Priscilla Anderton
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mihwa Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chun-Hui Bu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen Lyon
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Darui Xu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lindsay Scott
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiexia Quan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rochelle Simpson
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qihua Sun
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Baifang Qin
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiffany Collie
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Meron Tadesse
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Chen J, Tang H, Li T, Jiang K, Zhong H, Wu Y, He J, Li D, Li M, Cai X. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression, Prognosis, and Biological Significance of OVOLs in Breast Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3951-3960. [PMID: 34345183 PMCID: PMC8323863 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s326402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to investigate the expression of OVOLs in breast cancer (BRCA) tissues and their value in prognosis. Methods ONCOMINE was used to analyze the expressions of OVOL1, OVOL2, and OVOL3 mRNA between BRCA tissues and normal breast tissues. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and t-test were used to assess the expression of OVOLs between BRCA tissues and unpaired/paired normal breast tissues. GEPIA and ROC curves were used to analyze the relationship between OVOLs expression and clinical pathological stage. Kaplan–Meier plotter was used to analyze prognosis. cBioPortal was used to analyze the mutation of OVOLs. GEPIA was used to analyze the co-expression of OVOLs. GO and KEGG analyses were performed by the DAVID software to predict the function of OVOLs co-expression genes. Results The expression of OVOL1/2 was significantly higher in BRCA tissues than in normal breast tissues. The OVOL3 expression correlated with tumor stage. The AUC of OVOLs was 0.757, 0.754, and 0.537, respectively. OVOL1 high expression was associated with shorter overall survival (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07–2.04; P=0.018). The OVOLs were associated with pathways including axon guidance, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Conclusion OVOL1 is a new potential marker of prognosis in BRCA, and OVOL1/2 are potential therapeutic targets in BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Medical Department, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Tang
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Taidong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangwei Jiang
- Medical Department, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuye Wu
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao He
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang Cancer Hospital, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbing Li
- MyGene Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- MyGene Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsheng Cai
- MyGene Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Saxena K, Srikrishnan S, Celia-Terrassa T, Jolly MK. OVOL1/2: Drivers of Epithelial Differentiation in Development, Disease, and Reprogramming. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 211:183-192. [PMID: 32932250 DOI: 10.1159/000511383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OVOL proteins (OVOL1 and OVOL2), vertebrate homologs of Drosophila OVO, are critical regulators of epithelial lineage determination and differentiation during embryonic development in tissues such as kidney, skin, mammary epithelia, and testis. OVOL can inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition and/or can promote mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Moreover, they can regulate the stemness of cancer cells, thus playing an important role during cancer cell metastasis. Due to their central role in differentiation and maintenance of epithelial lineage, OVOL overexpression has been shown to be capable of reprogramming fibroblasts to epithelial cells. Here, we review the roles of OVOL-mediated epithelial differentiation across multiple contexts, including embryonic development, cancer progression, and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Saxena
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Toni Celia-Terrassa
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India,
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Jeyarajah MJ, Jaju Bhattad G, Hillier DM, Renaud SJ. The Transcription Factor OVOL2 Represses ID2 and Drives Differentiation of Trophoblast Stem Cells and Placental Development in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E840. [PMID: 32244352 PMCID: PMC7226816 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts are the first cell type to be specified during embryogenesis, and they are essential for placental morphogenesis and function. Trophoblast stem (TS) cells are the progenitor cells for all trophoblast lineages; control of TS cell differentiation into distinct trophoblast subtypes is not well understood. Mice lacking the transcription factor OVO-like 2 (OVOL2) fail to produce a functioning placenta, and die around embryonic day 10.5, suggesting that OVOL2 may be critical for trophoblast development. Therefore, our objective was to determine the role of OVOL2 in mouse TS cell fate. We found that OVOL2 was highly expressed in mouse placenta and differentiating TS cells. Placentas and TS cells lacking OVOL2 showed poor trophoblast differentiation potential, including increased expression of stem-state associated genes (Eomes, Esrrb, Id2) and decreased levels of differentiation-associated transcripts (Gcm1, Tpbpa, Prl3b1, Syna). Ectopic OVOL2 expression in TS cells elicited precocious differentiation. OVOL2 bound proximate to the gene encoding inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2), a dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein, and directly repressed its activity. Overexpression of ID2 was sufficient to reinforce the TS cell stem state. Our findings reveal a critical role of OVOL2 as a regulator of TS cell differentiation and placental development, in-part by coordinating repression of ID2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyan J. Jeyarajah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.J.J.)
| | - Gargi Jaju Bhattad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.J.J.)
| | - Dendra M. Hillier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.J.J.)
| | - Stephen J. Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada; (M.J.J.)
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C2V5, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C2R5, Canada
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Ray S, Rosenberg MI, Chanut-Delalande H, Decaras A, Schwertner B, Toubiana W, Auman T, Schnellhammer I, Teuscher M, Valenti P, Khila A, Klingler M, Payre F. The mlpt/Ubr3/Svb module comprises an ancient developmental switch for embryonic patterning. eLife 2019; 8:e39748. [PMID: 30896406 PMCID: PMC6428570 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small open reading frames (smORFs) encoding 'micropeptides' exhibit remarkable evolutionary complexity. Conserved peptides encoded by mille-pattes (mlpt)/polished rice (pri)/tarsal less (tal) are essential for embryo segmentation in Tribolium but, in Drosophila, function in terminal epidermal differentiation and patterning of adult legs. Here, we show that a molecular complex identified in Drosophila epidermal differentiation, comprising Mlpt peptides, ubiquitin-ligase Ubr3 and transcription factor Shavenbaby (Svb), represents an ancient developmental module required for early insect embryo patterning. We find that loss of segmentation function for this module in flies evolved concomitantly with restriction of Svb expression in early Drosophila embryos. Consistent with this observation, artificially restoring early Svb expression in flies causes segmentation defects that depend on mlpt function, demonstrating enduring potency of an ancestral developmental switch despite evolving embryonic patterning modes. These results highlight the evolutionary plasticity of conserved molecular complexes under the constraints of essential genetic networks. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Ray
- Department of Biology, Developmental BiologyUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - Miriam I Rosenberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | | | | | - Barbara Schwertner
- Department of Biology, Developmental BiologyUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergErlangenGermany
| | | | - Tzach Auman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Irene Schnellhammer
- Department of Biology, Developmental BiologyUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - Matthias Teuscher
- Department of Biology, Developmental BiologyUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - Philippe Valenti
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | | | - Martin Klingler
- Department of Biology, Developmental BiologyUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - François Payre
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier de ToulouseToulouseFrance
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Zinc in Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells: Relevance to the Epidermal Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5404093. [PMID: 30622978 PMCID: PMC6304883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5404093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, the epidermis is continuously exposed to various kinds of external substances and stimuli. Therefore, epidermal barriers are crucial for providing protection, safeguarding health, and regulating water balance by maintaining skin homeostasis. Disruption of the epidermal barrier allows external substances and stimuli to invade or stimulate the epidermal cells, leading to the elicitation of skin inflammation. The major components of the epidermal barrier are the stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). The presence of zinc in the epidermis promotes epidermal homeostasis; hence, this study reviewed the role of zinc in the formation and function of the SC and TJs. Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis. They form TJs with adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), capture external antigens, and induce antigen-specific immune reactions. Thus, the function of zinc in LCs was examined in this review. We also summarized the general knowledge of zinc and zinc transporters in the epidermis with updated findings.
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Tsuji G, Ito T, Chiba T, Mitoma C, Nakahara T, Uchi H, Furue M. The role of the OVOL1–OVOL2 axis in normal and diseased human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:227-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qi XK, Han HQ, Zhang HJ, Xu M, Li L, Chen L, Xiang T, Feng QS, Kang T, Qian CN, Cai MY, Tao Q, Zeng YX, Feng L. OVOL2 links stemness and metastasis via fine-tuning epithelial-mesenchymal transition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2202-2216. [PMID: 29721073 PMCID: PMC5928881 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Metastasis is the leading cause of disease-related death among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Mounting evidence suggest that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial for cancer cells to acquire metastatic ability. In this study, we aim to clarify the extent to which EMT is involved in various cancer properties and identify novel markers for predicting the prognosis of NPC patients. Methods: Two cellular models derived from the same NPC cell line with distinct metastasis ability were used for microarray analysis to identify key transcriptional factors that drive metastasis. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by wound healing and Transwell analysis. Lung metatasis was determined by tail vein injection assay. Cancer stemness was analyzed using colony formation and xenograft assay. The EMT extent was evaluated using immunoblotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence of EMT markers. The value of OVOL2 in prognosis was determined by immunohistochemistry in NPC biopsies. Results: OVOL2 was the most significantly down-regulated EMT transcription factor (EMT-TF) in cellular models of NPC metatasis. Low levels of OVOL2 were associated with poor overall survival of NPC patients and the reduced expression is partly due to promoter methylation and epithelial dedifferentiation. Knockout of OVOL2 in epithelial-like NPC cells partially activates EMT program and significantly promotes cancer stemness and metastatic phenotypes. Conversely, ectopically expression of OVOL2 in mesenchymal-like cells leads to a partial transition to an epithelial phenotype and reduced malignancy. Reversing EMT by depleting ZEB1, a major target of OVOL2, does not eliminate the stemness advantage of OVOL2-deficient cells but does reduce their invasion capacity. A comparison of subpopulations at different stages of EMT revealed that the extent of EMT is positively correlated with metastasis and drug resistance; however, only the intermediate EMT state is associated with cancer stemness. Conclusion: Distinct from other canonical EMT-TFs, OVOL2 only exhibits modest effect on EMT but has a strong impact on both metastasis and tumorigenesis. Therefore, OVOL2 could serve as a prognostic indicator for cancer patients.
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Bai R, Kusama K, Nakamura K, Sakurai T, Kimura K, Ideta A, Aoyagi Y, Imakawa K. Down-regulation of transcription factor OVOL2 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a noninvasive type of trophoblast implantation to the maternal endometrium. FASEB J 2018; 32:3371-3384. [PMID: 29394105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701131rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation into the uterine endometrium is required for pregnancy establishment in most mammals. By using global expression analysis, we investigated the molecules that are related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in noninvasive bovine trophoblasts and found that the transcription factor, ovo-like zinc finger 2 ( OVOL2), which is essential for mesenchymal-epithelial transition in various cancers, was down-regulated after trophoblast attachment to the endometrial epithelium in utero. In cultured bovine trophoblast cells, OVOL2 down-regulation occurred only when cells were allowed to attach to bovine endometrial epithelial cells via the TEAD3/YAP signaling pathway. This resulted in the up-regulation of the EMT-associated transcription factors, ZEB1 and SNAI2, and the mesenchymal cell markers, N-cadherin ( CDH2) and vimentin ( VIM), whereas epithelial cell marker, E-cadherin ( CDH1), was down-regulated. In contrast, OVOL2 overexpression in bovine trophoblast cells exhibited a decrease in ZEB1 transcripts and an increase in E-cadherin. These observations revealed that ovo-like protein (OVOL)2 down-regulation occurred concurrently with conceptus implantation into the uterine endometrium via the YAP/TEAD3 signaling pathway, and suggest that the down-regulation of OVOL2 expression contributes to the up-regulation of EMT-related transcription factor expression, which enables EMT progression in the noninvasive bovine trophectoderm postimplantation.-Bai, R., Kusama, K., Nakamura, K., Sakurai, T., Kimura, K., Ideta, A., Aoyagi, Y., Imakawa, K. Down-regulation of transcription factor OVOL2 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a noninvasive type of trophoblast implantation to the maternal endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Bai
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama, Japan
| | - Keigo Nakamura
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakurai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama, Japan
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12
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Sugimori S, Kumata Y, Kobayashi S. Maternal Nanos-Dependent RNA Stabilization in the Primordial Germ Cells of Drosophila Embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 60:63-75. [PMID: 29278271 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanos (Nos) is an evolutionary conserved protein expressed in the germline of various animal species. In Drosophila, maternal Nos protein is essential for germline development. In the germline progenitors, or the primordial germ cells (PGCs), Nos binds to the 3' UTR of target mRNAs to repress their translation. In contrast to this prevailing role of Nos, here we report that the 3' UTR of CG32425 mRNA mediates Nos-dependent RNA stabilization in PGCs. We found that the level of mRNA expressed from a reporter gene fused to the CG32425 3' UTR was significantly reduced in PGCs lacking maternal Nos (nos PGCs) as compared with normal PGCs. By deleting the CG32425 3' UTR, we identified the region required for mRNA stabilization, which includes Nos-binding sites. In normal embryos, CG32425 mRNA was maternally supplied into PGCs and remained in this cell type during embryogenesis. However, as expected from our reporter assay, the levels of CG32425 mRNA and its protein product expressed in nos PGCs were lower than in normal PGCs. Thus, we propose that Nos protein has dual functions in translational repression and stabilization of specific RNAs to ensure proper germline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Sugimori
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA Center), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Kumata
- Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA Center), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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13
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Zhou CY, Zha XF, Liu HW, Xia QY. Zinc finger protein rotund deficiency affects development of the thoracic leg in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:385-396. [PMID: 26970216 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The insect limb develops from the imaginal disc or larval leg during metamorphosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the development from the larval to the adult leg are poorly understood. Herein, we cloned the full length of a zinc finger gene rotund from Bombyx mori (Bmrn), which contained a 1419 bp open reading frame, and encoded a 473 amino acid protein. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses demonstrated that Bmrn was expressed at higher levels in the epidermis than in other tissues tested, and it showed a very high expression level during metamorphosis. Knock-down of Bmrn produced defects in the tarsus and pretarsus, including the fusion and reduction of tarsomeres, and the developmental arrest of pretarsus. Our data showed that Bmrn is involved in the formation of the tarsus and pretarsus, whereas its homologous gene in Drosophila has been shown to affect three tarsal segments (t2-t4), suggesting that the remodeling of the leg has involved changes in the patterning of gene regulation during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Fu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Conserved role of Ovo in germline development in mouse and Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40056. [PMID: 28059165 PMCID: PMC5216385 DOI: 10.1038/srep40056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovo, which encodes a transcription factor with Zn-finger domains, is evolutionarily conserved among animals. In Drosophila, in addition to its zygotic function for egg production, maternal ovo activity is required in primordial germ cells (PGCs) for expression of germline genes such as vasa and nanos. In this study, we found that maternal Ovo accumulates in PGC nuclei during embryogenesis. In these cells, ovo serves a dual function: activation of genes expressed predominantly in PGCs, and conversely suppression of somatic genes. Reduction of ovo activity in PGCs makes them unable to develop normally into germ cells of both sexes. In mice, knockout of the ovo ortholog, Ovol2, which is expressed in PGCs, decreases the number of PGCs during early embryogenesis. These data strongly suggest that ovo acts as part of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates germline development in animals.
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Taniguchi H, Katano T, Nishida K, Yao I, Morimoto Y, Matsuda T, Ito S. Expression of hOvol2 in the XY body of human spermatocytes. Andrologia 2016; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Taniguchi
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
- Department of Urology and Andrology; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - T. Katano
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - K. Nishida
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - I. Yao
- Medical Photonics Research Center; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Shizuoka Japan
| | | | - T. Matsuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - S. Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
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Ye GD, Sun GB, Jiao P, Chen C, Liu QF, Huang XL, Zhang R, Cai WY, Li SN, Wu JF, Liu YJ, Wu RS, Xie YY, Chan EC, Liou YC, Li BA. OVOL2, an Inhibitor of WNT Signaling, Reduces Invasive Activities of Human and Mouse Cancer Cells and Is Down-regulated in Human Colorectal Tumors. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:659-671.e16. [PMID: 26619963 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of WNT signaling promotes the invasive activities of several types of cancer cells, but it is not clear if it regulates the same processes in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, or what mechanisms are involved. We studied the expression and function of OVOL2, a member of the Ovo family of conserved zinc-finger transcription factors regulated by the WNT signaling pathway, in intestinal tumors of mice and human beings. METHODS We analyzed the expression of OVOL2 protein and messenger RNA in CRC cell lines and tissue arrays, as well as CRC samples from patients who underwent surgery at Xiamen University in China from 2009 to 2012; clinical information also was collected. CRC cell lines (SW620) were infected with lentivirus expressing OVOL2, analyzed in migration and invasion assays, and injected into nude mice to assess tumor growth and metastasis. Tandem affinity purification was used to purify the OVOL2-containing complex from CRC cells; the complex was analyzed by liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and immunoprecipitation experiments. Gene promoter activities were measured in luciferase reporter assays. We analyzed mice with an intestine-specific disruption of Ovol2 (Ovol2(flox/+) transgenic mice), as well as Apc(min/+) mice; these mice were crossed and analyzed. RESULTS Analysis of data from patients indicated that the levels of OVOL2 messenger RNA were significantly lower in colon carcinomas than adenomas, and decreased significantly as carcinomas progressed from grades 2 to 4. Immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue array of 275 CRC samples showed a negative association between tumor stage and OVOL2 level. Overexpression of OVOL2 in SW620 cells decreased their migration and invasion, reduced markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and suppressed their metastasis as xenograft tumors in nude mice; knockdown of OVOL2 caused LS174T cells to transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes. OVOL2 bound T-cell factor (TCF)4 and β-catenin, facilitating recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 to the TCF4-β-catenin complex; this inhibited expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related genes regulated by WNT, such as SLUG, in CRC cell lines. OVOL2 was a downstream target of WNT signaling in LS174T and SW480 cells. The OVOL2 promoter was hypermethylated in late-stage CRC specimens from patients and in SW620 cells; hypermethylation resulted in OVOL2 down-regulation and an inability to inhibit WNT signaling. Disruption of Ovol2 in Apc(min/+) mice increased WNT activity in intestinal tissues and the formation of invasive intestinal tumors. CONCLUSIONS OVOL2 is a colorectal tumor suppressor that blocks WNT signaling by facilitating the recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 to the TCF4-β-catenin complex. Strategies to increase levels of OVOL2 might be developed to reduce colorectal tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guang-Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wang-Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jia-Fa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rong-Si Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Err-Cheng Chan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bo-An Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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OVO-like 1 regulates progenitor cell fate in human trophoblast development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6175-84. [PMID: 26504231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507397112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier integrity is dependent on progenitor cells that either divide to replenish themselves or differentiate into a specialized epithelium. This paradigm exists in human placenta, where cytotrophoblast cells either propagate or undergo a unique differentiation program: fusion into an overlying syncytiotrophoblast. Syncytiotrophoblast is the primary barrier regulating the exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal blood and is the principal site for synthesizing hormones vital for human pregnancy. How trophoblast cells regulate their differentiation into a syncytium is not well understood. In this study, we show that the transcription factor OVO-like 1 (OVOL1), a homolog of Drosophila ovo, regulates the transition from progenitor to differentiated trophoblast cells. OVOL1 is expressed in human placenta and was robustly induced following stimulation of trophoblast differentiation. Disruption of OVOL1 abrogated cytotrophoblast fusion and inhibited the expression of a broad set of genes required for trophoblast cell fusion and hormonogenesis. OVOL1 was required to suppress genes that maintain cytotrophoblast cells in a progenitor state, including MYC, ID1, TP63, and ASCL2, and bound specifically to regions upstream of each of these genes. Our results reveal an important function of OVOL1 as a regulator of trophoblast progenitor cell fate during human trophoblast development.
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Characterization of bud emergence 46 (BEM46) protein: sequence, structural, phylogenetic and subcellular localization analyses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:526-32. [PMID: 23916612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The bud emergence 46 (BEM46) protein from Neurospora crassa belongs to the α/β-hydrolase superfamily. Recently, we have reported that the BEM46 protein is localized in the perinuclear ER and also forms spots close by the plasma membrane. The protein appears to be required for cell type-specific polarity formation in N. crassa. Furthermore, initial studies suggested that the BEM46 amino acid sequence is conserved in eukaryotes and is considered to be one of the widespread conserved "known unknown" eukaryotic genes. This warrants for a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of this superfamily to unravel origin and molecular evolution of these genes in different eukaryotes. Herein, we observe that all eukaryotes have at least a single copy of a bem46 ortholog. Upon scanning of these proteins in various genomes, we find that there are expansions leading into several paralogs in vertebrates. Usingcomparative genomic analyses, we identified insertion/deletions (indels) in the conserved domain of BEM46 protein, which allow to differentiate fungal classes such as ascomycetes from basidiomycetes. We also find that exonic indels are able to differentiate BEM46 homologs of different eukaryotic lineage. Furthermore, we unravel that BEM46 protein from N. crassa possess a novel endoplasmic-retention signal (PEKK) using GFP-fusion tagging experiments. We propose that three residues namely a serine 188S, a histidine 292H and an aspartic acid 262D are most critical residues, forming a catalytic triad in BEM46 protein from N. crassa. We carried out a comprehensive study on bem46 genes from a molecular evolution perspective with combination of functional analyses. The evolutionary history of BEM46 proteins is characterized by exonic indels in lineage specific manner.
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