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Lee ZY, Lee WH, Lim JS, Ali AAA, Loo JSE, Wibowo A, Mohammat MF, Foo JB. Golgi apparatus targeted therapy in cancer: Are we there yet? Life Sci 2024; 352:122868. [PMID: 38936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking within the Golgi apparatus plays a pivotal role in the intracellular transportation of lipids and proteins. Dysregulation of this process can give rise to various pathological manifestations, including cancer. Exploiting Golgi defects, cancer cells capitalise on aberrant membrane trafficking to facilitate signal transduction, proliferation, invasion, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite the identification of several molecular signalling pathways associated with Golgi abnormalities, there remains a lack of approved drugs specifically targeting cancer cells through the manipulation of the Golgi apparatus. In the initial section of this comprehensive review, the focus is directed towards delineating the abnormal Golgi genes and proteins implicated in carcinogenesis. Subsequently, a thorough examination is conducted on the impact of these variations on Golgi function, encompassing aspects such as vesicular trafficking, glycosylation, autophagy, oxidative mechanisms, and pH alterations. Lastly, the review provides a current update on promising Golgi apparatus-targeted inhibitors undergoing preclinical and/or clinical trials, offering insights into their potential as therapeutic interventions. Significantly more effort is required to advance these potential inhibitors to benefit patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hwei Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Sheng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Ali Ajmel Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Bannoura SF, Khan HY, Uddin MH, Mohammad RM, Pasche BC, Azmi AS. Targeting guanine nucleotide exchange factors for novel cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:949-959. [PMID: 38884380 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2368242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) regulate the activation of small GTPases (G proteins) of the Ras superfamily proteins controlling cellular functions. Ras superfamily proteins act as 'molecular switches' that are turned 'ON' by guanine exchange. There are five major groups of Ras family GTPases: Ras, Ran, Rho, Rab and Arf, with a variety of different GEFs regulating their GTP loading. GEFs have been implicated in various diseases including cancer. This makes GEFs attractive targets to modulate signaling networks controlled by small GTPases. AREAS COVERED In this review, the roles and mechanisms of GEFs in malignancy are outlined. The mechanism of guanine exchange activity by GEFs on a small GTPase is illustrated. Then, some examples of GEFs that are significant in cancer are presented with a discussion on recent progress in therapeutic targeting efforts using a variety of approaches. EXPERT OPINION Recently, GEFs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for novel cancer drug development. Targeting small GTPases is challenging; thus, targeting their activation by GEFs is a promising strategy. Most GEF-targeted drugs are still in preclinical development. A deeper biological understanding of the underlying mechanisms of GEF activity and utilizing advanced technology are necessary to enhance drug discovery for GEFs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar F Bannoura
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Husain Yar Khan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Boris C Pasche
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Wang H, Xiao Y, Zhou W, Li Y. Integrated analysis and validation reveal CYTH4 as a potential prognostic biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:103. [PMID: 38298432 PMCID: PMC10829077 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal hematological malignancy with high mortality rates. The identification of novel markers is urgent for AML. Cytohesins are a subfamily of guanine nucleotide exchange factors activating the ADP-ribosylation factor family GTPases. While the important roles of cytohesins have been reported in various cancers, their function in AML remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the prognostic impact of cytohesin-4 (CYTH4) and the underlying molecular functions. RNA sequencing and AML clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases to investigate gene expression and survival. Using the R software, differentially expressed genes were identified between the high- and the low-CYTH4 group. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted by Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Gene Set Enrichment Analyses. The CIBERSORTx tool was used to explore the proportions of different immune cell types. The molecular function of CYTH4 was also validated in vitro by examining cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis and colony-forming ability. CYTH4 was significantly upregulated in AML compared with other cancers and normal tissues. High CYTH4 expression was associated with high white blood count (P=0.004) and higher risk status (P<0.001). Patients with high CYTH4 expression had poor overall survival (OS; HR=2.19; 95% CI, 1.40-3.44; P=0.0006; high vs. low) and event-free survival (EFS; HR=2.32; 95% CI, 1.43-3.75; P=0.0006; high vs. low), and these patients could benefit from transplantation (HR=0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.47; P<0.0001; transplantation vs. chemotherapy). Multivariate analysis showed that high CYTH4 expression was independently associated with inferior OS (HR=2.49; 95% CI, 1.28-4.83; P=0.007) and EFS (HR=2.56; 95% CI, 1.48-4.42; P=0.001). Functional analysis showed that CYTH4 was involved in immunoregulation. In vitro validation showed knockdown of CYTH4 adversely affected cell growth and induced cell apoptosis, while overexpression of CYTH4 enhanced cell growth. Taken together, CYTH4 is expressed at high levels in AML and can potentially function as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yishu Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Carlson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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Ren WX, Guo H, Lin SY, Chen SY, Long YY, Xu LY, Wu D, Cao YL, Qu J, Yang BL, Xu HP, Li H, Yu YL, Zhang AY, Wang S, Zhang YC, Zhou KS, Chen ZC, Li QB. Targeting cytohesin-1 suppresses acute myeloid leukemia progression and overcomes resistance to ABT-199. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:180-192. [PMID: 37644132 PMCID: PMC10770340 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play essential roles in the homeostatic regulation and malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells. The dysregulated expression of adhesion molecules in leukemic cells accelerates disease progression and the development of drug resistance. Thus, targeting adhesion molecules represents an attractive anti-leukemic therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the prognostic role and functional significance of cytohesin-1 (CYTH1) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Analysis of AML patient data from the GEPIA and BloodSpot databases revealed that CYTH1 was significantly overexpressed in AML and independently correlated with prognosis. Functional assays using AML cell lines and an AML xenograft mouse model confirmed that CYTH1 depletion significantly inhibited the adhesion, migration, homing, and engraftment of leukemic cells, delaying disease progression and prolonging animal survival. The CYTH1 inhibitor SecinH3 exerted in vitro and in vivo anti-leukemic effects by disrupting leukemic adhesion and survival programs. In line with the CYTH1 knockdown results, targeting CYTH1 by SecinH3 suppressed integrin-associated adhesion signaling by reducing ITGB2 expression. SecinH3 treatment efficiently induced the apoptosis and inhibited the growth of a panel of AML cell lines (MOLM-13, MV4-11 and THP-1) with mixed-lineage leukemia gene rearrangement, partly by reducing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1. Moreover, we showed that SecinH3 synergized with the BCL2-selective inhibitor ABT-199 (venetoclax) to inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of ABT-199-resistant leukemic cells. Taken together, our results not only shed light on the role of CYTH1 in cell-adhesion-mediated leukemogenesis but also propose a novel combination treatment strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Ren
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Sheng-Yan Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yao-Ying Long
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liu-Yue Xu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Lin Cao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bian-Lei Yang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hong-Pei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ya-Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - An-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ke-Shu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Zhi-Chao Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Qiu-Bai Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Application of Extracellular Vesicles, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China.
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Sun D, Guo Y, Tang P, Li H, Chen L. Arf6 as a therapeutic target: Structure, mechanism, and inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4089-4104. [PMID: 37799386 PMCID: PMC10547916 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), a small G-protein of the Ras superfamily, plays pivotal roles in multiple cellular events, including exocytosis, endocytosis, actin remodeling, plasma membrane reorganization and vesicular transport. Arf6 regulates the progression of cancer through the activation of cell motility and invasion. Aberrant Arf6 activation is a potential therapeutic target. This review aims to understand the comprehensive function of Arf6 for future cancer therapy. The Arf6 GEFs, protein structure, and roles in cancer have been summarized. Comprehending the mechanism underlying Arf6-mediated cancer cell growth and survival is essential. The structural features of Arf6 and its efforts are discussed and may be contributed to the discovery of future novel protein-protein interaction inhibitors. In addition, Arf6 inhibitors and mechanism of action are listed in the table. This review further emphasizes the crucial roles in drug resistance and attempts to offer an outlook of Arf6 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Piyu Tang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Yin G, Huang J, Petela J, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Gong S, Wu J, Liu B, Shi J, Gao Y. Targeting small GTPases: emerging grasps on previously untamable targets, pioneered by KRAS. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:212. [PMID: 37221195 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases including Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran are omnipresent molecular switches in regulating key cellular functions. Their dysregulation is a therapeutic target for tumors, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathies, and infection. However, small GTPases have been historically recognized as "undruggable". Targeting KRAS, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, has only come into reality in the last decade due to the development of breakthrough strategies such as fragment-based screening, covalent ligands, macromolecule inhibitors, and PROTACs. Two KRASG12C covalent inhibitors have obtained accelerated approval for treating KRASG12C mutant lung cancer, and allele-specific hotspot mutations on G12D/S/R have been demonstrated as viable targets. New methods of targeting KRAS are quickly evolving, including transcription, immunogenic neoepitopes, and combinatory targeting with immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the vast majority of small GTPases and hotspot mutations remain elusive, and clinical resistance to G12C inhibitors poses new challenges. In this article, we summarize diversified biological functions, shared structural properties, and complex regulatory mechanisms of small GTPases and their relationships with human diseases. Furthermore, we review the status of drug discovery for targeting small GTPases and the most recent strategic progress focused on targeting KRAS. The discovery of new regulatory mechanisms and development of targeting approaches will together promote drug discovery for small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Johnny Petela
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yuetong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Siqi Gong
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bei Liu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Understanding the role of integrins in breast cancer invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Oncogene 2021; 40:1043-1063. [PMID: 33420366 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell adhesion receptors, which are typically transmembrane glycoproteins that connect to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The function of integrins regulated by biochemical events within the cells. Understanding the mechanisms of cell growth by integrins is important in elucidating their effects on tumor progression. One of the major events in integrin signaling is integrin binding to extracellular ligands. Another event is distant signaling that gathers chemical signals from outside of the cell and transmit the signals upon cell adhesion to the inside of the cell. In normal breast tissue, integrins function as checkpoints to monitor effects on cell proliferation, while in cancer tissue these functions altered. The combination of tumor microenvironment and its associated components determines the cell fate. Hypoxia can increase the expression of several integrins. The exosomal integrins promote the growth of metastatic cells. Expression of certain integrins is associated with increased metastasis and decreased prognosis in cancers. In addition, integrin-binding proteins promote invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. Targeting specific integrins and integrin-binding proteins may provide new therapeutic approaches for breast cancer therapies. This review will examine the current knowledge of integrins' role in breast cancer.
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Molecular Architecture of a Network of Potential Intracellular EGFR Modulators: ARNO, CaM, Phospholipids, and the Juxtamembrane Segment. Structure 2020; 28:54-62.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abdul-Salam VB, Russomanno G, Chien-Nien C, Mahomed AS, Yates LA, Wilkins MR, Zhao L, Gierula M, Dubois O, Schaeper U, Endruschat J, Wojciak-Stothard B. CLIC4/Arf6 Pathway. Circ Res 2019; 124:52-65. [PMID: 30582444 PMCID: PMC6325770 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increased expression of CLIC4 (chloride intracellular channel 4) is a feature of endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension, but its role in disease pathology is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To identify CLIC4 effectors and evaluate strategies targeting CLIC4 signaling in pulmonary hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Proteomic analysis of CLIC4-interacting proteins in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells identified regulators of endosomal trafficking, including Arf6 (ADP ribosylation factor 6) GTPase activating proteins and clathrin, while CLIC4 overexpression affected protein regulators of vesicular trafficking, lysosomal function, and inflammation. CLIC4 reduced BMPRII (bone morphogenetic protein receptor II) expression and signaling as a result of Arf6-mediated reduction in gyrating clathrin and increased lysosomal targeting of the receptor. BMPRII expression was restored by Arf6 siRNA, Arf inhibitor Sec7 inhibitor H3 (SecinH3), and inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis but was unaffected by chloride channel inhibitor, indanyloxyacetic acid 94 or Arf1 siRNA. The effects of CLIC4 on NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B), HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), and angiogenic response were prevented by Arf6 siRNA and SecinH3. Sugen/hypoxia mice and monocrotaline rats showed elevated expression of CLIC4, activation of Arf6 and NF-κB, and reduced expression of BMPRII in the lung. These changes were established early during disease development. Lung endothelium-targeted delivery of CLIC4 siRNA or treatment with SecinH3 attenuated the disease, reduced CLIC4/Arf activation, and restored BMPRII expression in the lung. Endothelial colony-forming cells from idiopathic pulmonary hypertensive patients showed upregulation of CLIC4 expression and Arf6 activity, suggesting potential importance of this pathway in the human condition. CONCLUSIONS Arf6 is a novel effector of CLIC4 and a new therapeutic target in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahitha B Abdul-Salam
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Giusy Russomanno
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Chien-Nien
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul S Mahomed
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Yates
- Section of Structural Biology (L.A.Y.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Zhao
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Gierula
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Dubois
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Schaeper
- Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.S., J.E.)
| | | | - Beata Wojciak-Stothard
- From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics (V.B.A.-S., G.R., C.C.-N., A.S.M., M.R.W., L.Z., M.G., O.D., B.W.-S.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Structural model of a2-subunit N-terminus and its binding interface for Arf-GEF CTH2: Implication for regulation of V-ATPase, CTH2 function and rational drug design. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:77-106. [PMID: 31196611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified the interaction between mammalian V-ATPase a2-subunit isoform and cytohesin-2 (CTH2) and studied molecular details of binding between these proteins. In particular, we found that six peptides derived from the N-terminal cytosolic domain of a2 subunit (a2N1-402) are involved in interaction with CTH2 (Merkulova, Bakulina, Thaker, Grüber, & Marshansky, 2010). However, the actual 3D binding interface was not determined in that study due to the lack of high-resolution structural information about a-subunits of V-ATPase. Here, using a combination of homology modeling and NMR analysis, we generated the structural model of complete a2N1-402 and uncovered the CTH2-binding interface. First, using the crystal-structure of the bacterial M. rubber Icyt-subunit of A-ATPase as a template (Srinivasan, Vyas, Baker, & Quiocho, 2011), we built a homology model of mammalian a2N1-352 fragment. Next, we combined it with the determined NMR structures of peptides a2N368-395 and a2N386-402 of the C-terminal section of a2N1-402. The complete molecular model of a2N1-402 revealed that six CTH2 interacting peptides are clustered in the distal and proximal lobe sub-domains of a2N1-402. Our data indicate that the proximal lobe sub-domain is the major interacting site with the Sec7 domain of first CTH2 protein, while the distal lobe sub-domain of a2N1-402 interacts with the PH-domain of second CTH2. Indeed, using Sec7/Arf-GEF activity assay we experimentally confirmed our model. The interface formed by peptides a2N1-17 and a2N35-49 is involved in specific interaction with Sec7 domain and regulation of GEF activity. These data are critical for understanding of the cross-talk between V-ATPase and CTH2 as well as for the rational drug design to regulate their function.
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Prieto-Dominguez N, Parnell C, Teng Y. Drugging the Small GTPase Pathways in Cancer Treatment: Promises and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E255. [PMID: 30884855 PMCID: PMC6468615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are a family of low molecular weight GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes that cycle between an inactive state when bound to GDP and an active state when associated to GTP. Small GTPases regulate key cellular processes (e.g., cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility) as well as subcellular events (e.g., vesicle trafficking), making them key participants in a great array of pathophysiological processes. Indeed, the dysfunction and deregulation of certain small GTPases, such as the members of the Ras and Arf subfamilies, have been related with the promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, the development of inhibitors that target dysfunctional small GTPases could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This review covers the basic biochemical mechanisms and the diverse functions of small GTPases in cancer. We also discuss the strategies and challenges of inhibiting the activity of these enzymes and delve into new approaches that offer opportunities to target them in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Prieto-Dominguez
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León 24010, Spain.
| | | | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Medical laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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12
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Finicle BT, Ramirez MU, Liu G, Selwan EM, McCracken AN, Yu J, Joo Y, Nguyen J, Ou K, Roy SG, Mendoza VD, Corrales DV, Edinger AL. Sphingolipids inhibit endosomal recycling of nutrient transporters by inactivating ARF6. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213314. [PMID: 29848659 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous sphingolipids (ceramide) and related synthetic molecules (FTY720, SH-BC-893) reduce nutrient access by decreasing cell surface expression of a subset of nutrient transporter proteins. Here, we report that these sphingolipids disrupt endocytic recycling by inactivating the small GTPase ARF6. Consistent with reported roles for ARF6 in maintaining the tubular recycling endosome, MICAL-L1-positive tubules were lost from sphingolipid-treated cells. We propose that ARF6 inactivation may occur downstream of PP2A activation since: (1) sphingolipids that fail to activate PP2A did not reduce ARF6-GTP levels; (2) a structurally unrelated PP2A activator disrupted tubular recycling endosome morphology and transporter localization; and (3) overexpression of a phosphomimetic mutant of the ARF6 GEF GRP1 prevented nutrient transporter loss. ARF6 inhibition alone was not toxic; however, the ARF6 inhibitors SecinH3 and NAV2729 dramatically enhanced the killing of cancer cells by SH-BC-893 without increasing toxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that ARF6 inactivation contributes to the anti-neoplastic actions of sphingolipids. Taken together, these studies provide mechanistic insight into how ceramide and sphingolipid-like molecules limit nutrient access and suppress tumor cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Finicle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Manuel U Ramirez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Selwan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alison N McCracken
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yoosun Joo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jannett Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin Ou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Saurabh Ghosh Roy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Victor D Mendoza
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dania Virginia Corrales
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Charles R, Bourmoum M, Claing A. ARF GTPases control phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells through the regulation of actin function and actin dependent gene expression. Cell Signal 2018; 46:64-75. [PMID: 29499306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can exhibit a contractile or a synthetic phenotype depending on the extracellular stimuli present and the composition of the extracellular matrix. Uncontrolled activation of the synthetic VSMC phenotype is however associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of the ARF GTPases in the regulation of VSMC dedifferentiation. First, we observed that the inhibition of the activation of ARF proteins with SecinH3, a blocker of the cytohesin ARF GEF family, reduced the ability of the cells to migrate and proliferate. In addition, this inhibitor also blocked expression of sm22α and αSMA, two contractile markers, at the transcription level impairing cell contractility. Specific knockdown of ARF1 and ARF6 showed that both isoforms were required for migration and proliferation, but ARF1 only regulated contractility through sm22α and αSMA expression. Expression of these VSMC markers was correlated with the degree of actin polymerization. VSMC treatment with SecinH3 as well as ARF1 depletion was both able to block the formation of stress fibres and focal adhesions, demonstrating the role of this GTPase in actin filament formation. Consequently, we observed that both treatments increased the ratio of G-actin to F-actin in these cells. The elevated amounts of cytoplasmic G-actin, acting as a signaling intermediate, blocked the recruitment of the Mkl1 (MRTF-A) transcription factor in the nucleus, demonstrating its involvement in the regulation of contractile protein expression. Altogether, these findings show for the first time that ARF GTPases are actively involved in VSMC phenotypic switching through the regulation of actin function in migration and proliferation, and the control of actin dependent gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Charles
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mohamed Bourmoum
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Inhibition of Jak/STAT signaling reduces the activation of pancreatic stellate cells in vitro and limits caerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1787. [PMID: 28496202 PMCID: PMC5431930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a fibro-inflammatory disease leading to pain, maldigestion, and pancreatic insufficiency. No therapeutic options exist due to a limited understanding of the biology of CP pathology. Recent findings implicate pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) as prominent mediators of inflammatory and fibrotic processes during CP. Here, we utilized primary and immortalized PSC obtained from mice and patients with CP or pancreatic cancer to examine the effect of Jak/STAT and MAPK pathway inhibition in vitro. The well-characterized caerulein model of CP was used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Jak1/2 inhibition in vivo. Treatment of cultured PSC with the Jak1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced STAT3 phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker of PSC activation. Treatment with the MAPK inhibitor, MEK162, had less consistent effects on PSC proliferation and no impact on activation. In the caerulein-induced murine model of CP, administration of ruxolitinib for one week significantly reduced biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis. These data suggest that the Jak/STAT pathway plays a prominent role in PSC proliferation and activation. In vivo treatment with the Jak1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced the severity of experimental CP, suggesting that targeting Jak/STAT signaling may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for CP.
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15
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Selwan EM, Finicle BT, Kim SM, Edinger AL. Attacking the supply wagons to starve cancer cells to death. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:885-907. [PMID: 26938658 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive anabolism of cancer cells not only supports proliferation but also addicts tumor cells to a steady influx of exogenous nutrients. Limiting access to metabolic substrates could be an effective and selective means to block cancer growth. In this review, we define the pathways by which cancer cells acquire the raw materials for anabolism, highlight the actionable proteins in each pathway, and discuss the status of therapeutic interventions that disrupt nutrient acquisition. Critical open questions to be answered before apical metabolic inhibitors can be successfully and safely deployed in the clinic are also outlined. In summary, recent studies provide strong support that substrate limitation is a powerful therapeutic strategy to effectively, and safely, starve cancer cells to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Selwan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brendan T Finicle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Seong M Kim
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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16
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Jin HO, Hong SE, Kim CS, Park JA, Kim JH, Kim JY, Kim B, Chang YH, Hong SI, Hong YJ, Park IC, Lee JK. Combined effects of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and vATPase inhibitors in NSCLC cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Wang DD, Ma L, Wong MP, Lee VHF, Yan H. Contribution of EGFR and ErbB-3 Heterodimerization to the EGFR Mutation-Induced Gefitinib- and Erlotinib-Resistance in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Treatments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128360. [PMID: 25993617 PMCID: PMC4439022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR mutation-induced drug resistance has become a major threat to the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Essentially, the resistance mechanism involves modifications of the intracellular signaling pathways. In our work, we separately investigated the EGFR and ErbB-3 heterodimerization, regarded as the origin of intracellular signaling pathways. On one hand, we combined the molecular interaction in EGFR heterodimerization with that between the EGFR tyrosine kinase and its inhibitor. For 168 clinical subjects, we characterized their corresponding EGFR mutations using molecular interactions, with three potential dimerization partners (ErbB-2, IGF-1R and c-Met) of EGFR and two of its small molecule inhibitors (gefitinib and erlotinib). Based on molecular dynamics simulations and structural analysis, we modeled these mutant-partner or mutant-inhibitor interactions using binding free energy and its components. As a consequence, the mutant-partner interactions are amplified for mutants L858R and L858R_T790M, compared to the wild type EGFR. Mutant delL747_P753insS represents the largest difference between the mutant-IGF-1R interaction and the mutant-inhibitor interaction, which explains the shorter progression-free survival of an inhibitor to this mutant type. Besides, feature sets including different energy components were constructed, and efficient regression trees were applied to map these features to the progression-free survival of an inhibitor. On the other hand, we comparably examined the interactions between ErbB-3 and its partners (EGFR mutants, IGF-1R, ErbB-2 and c-Met). Compared to others, c-Met shows a remarkably-strong binding with ErbB-3, implying its significant role in regulating ErbB-3 signaling. Moreover, EGFR mutants corresponding to poor clinical outcomes, such as L858R_T790M, possess lower binding affinities with ErbB-3 than c-Met does. This may promote the communication between ErbB-3 and c-Met in these cancer cells. The analysis verified the important contribution of IGF-1R or c-Met in the drug resistance mechanism developed in lung cancer treatments, which may bring many benefits to specialized therapy design and innovative drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby D. Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
| | - Lichun Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Maria P. Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Victor H. F. Lee
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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18
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Singh P, Bast F. High-throughput virtual screening, identification and in vitro biological evaluation of novel inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Arimoto KI, Weng S, Zhang DE. Plakophilin-2 induced EGFR phosphorylation: a focus on the intracellular activators of EGFR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:e485. [PMID: 25995992 DOI: 10.14800/rci.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic role of EGFR in many tumors has attracted a great deal of attention in the recent years and initiated the development of several potent EGFR inhibitors, which are used clinically for cancer treatment. However, the current therapeutic inhibition of EGFR signaling is limited to monoclonal antibodies that bind to the EGFR extracellular domain or tyrosine kinase inhibitors that block EGFR kinase activation directly. Despite the great promise of these inhibitors, a certain percentage of patients develop resistance to these therapies, highlighting the necessity for alternative therapeutic strategies based on our most current knowledge of the mechanisms of EGFR signaling. We recently reported that Plakofilin-2 (PKP2) is a novel ligand-independent cytoplasmic activator of EGFR signaling. Here we focus on recent studies demonstrating important roles of intracellular EGFR activators, and propose targeted disruption of these activators as a novel avenue of therapeutic intervention to inhibit EGFR-mediated cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center ; Department of Pathology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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20
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Huang Y, Hu X, Liu G, Liu H, Hu J, Feng Z, Tang B, Qian J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Pu Y. A potential anticancer agent 1,2-di(quinazolin-4-yl)diselane induces apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lin S, Yan Y, Liu Y, Gao CZ, Shan D, Li Y, Han B. Sensitisation of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to radiotherapy by Nimotuzumab is associated with enhanced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:146-51. [PMID: 25044496 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and maintenance of cancers, making it a possible therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Nimotuzumab (h-R3), a humanised monoclonal antibody against EGFR, sensitises human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to radiotherapy. We have investigated the underlying molecular mechanism by treating A549 cells with Nimotuzumab (100 μg/mL) alone or in combination with a single dose of 2 Gy irradiation, and analysing apoptosis and cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry. Nimotuzumab significantly enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis of A549 cells as evidenced by increased cell apoptosis (7.15 ± 0.30%) compared with the control group (1.08 ± 0.25%), Nimotuzumab alone group (4.89 ± 0.30%) and irradiation alone group (5.90 ± 0.15%). Combining Nimotuzumab with irradiation significantly arrested cells in the G2/M phase (43. ± 0.36%) compared radiotherapy alone (18.7 ± 0.35%) and single Nimotuzumab treatment (27.2 ± 0.17%). A combination of Nimotuzumab with radiation increased apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, suggesting potential development of combinatorial therapy of Nimotuzumab with radiotherapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- The Second Ward of Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Fu Y, Li J, Feng MX, Yang XM, Wang YH, Zhang YL, Qin W, Xia Q, Zhang ZG. Cytohesin-3 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and contributes to tumor growth and vascular invasion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:2123-2132. [PMID: 24966920 PMCID: PMC4069877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality, and is characterized by high potential for metastasis and recurrence. The outcome of it is still poor due to lacking of targeted therapeutic strategies. There is an urgent need to find new therapeutic targets for interventions against HCC metastasis and recurrence. In the present study, we found cytohesin-3, a member of the cytohesin family, was upregulated in HCC tissues, and its expression was negatively correlated with the overall survival and relapse-free survival of HCC patients. Further clinicopathological correlation analysis revealed that cytohesin-3 expression was related with tumor size and vascular invasion. And in vitro studies revealed that knock-down of cytohesin-3 suppressed HCC cells proliferation and migration. These results suggest that cytohesin-3 may act as a novel prognostic factor of HCC, and it might also be useful to exploit targeted therapeutic drugs against HCC growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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Zhou H, Chen JH, Hu J, Luo YZ, Li F, Xiao L, Zhong MZ. High expression of Toll-like receptor 5 correlates with better prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer: an anti-tumor effect of TLR5 signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Marshansky V, Rubinstein JL, Grüber G. Eukaryotic V-ATPase: novel structural findings and functional insights. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:857-79. [PMID: 24508215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic V-type adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) is a multi-subunit membrane protein complex that is evolutionarily related to F-type adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthases and A-ATP synthases. These ATPases/ATP synthases are functionally conserved and operate as rotary proton-pumping nano-motors, invented by Nature billions of years ago. In the first part of this review we will focus on recent structural findings of eukaryotic V-ATPases and discuss the role of different subunits in the function of the V-ATPase holocomplex. Despite structural and functional similarities between rotary ATPases, the eukaryotic V-ATPases are the most complex enzymes that have acquired some unconventional cellular functions during evolution. In particular, the novel roles of V-ATPases in the regulation of cellular receptors and their trafficking via endocytotic and exocytotic pathways were recently uncovered. In the second part of this review we will discuss these unique roles of V-ATPases in modulation of function of cellular receptors, involved in the development and progression of diseases such as cancer and diabetes as well as neurodegenerative and kidney disorders. Moreover, it was recently revealed that the V-ATPase itself functions as an evolutionarily conserved pH sensor and receptor for cytohesin-2/Arf-family GTP-binding proteins. Thus, in the third part of the review we will evaluate the structural basis for and functional insights into this novel concept, followed by the analysis of the potentially essential role of V-ATPase in the regulation of this signaling pathway in health and disease. Finally, future prospects for structural and functional studies of the eukaryotic V-ATPase will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Marshansky
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Kadmon Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, A(⁎)STAR, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
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25
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Rouhana J, Hoh F, Estaran S, Henriquet C, Boublik Y, Kerkour A, Trouillard R, Martinez J, Pugnière M, Padilla A, Chavanieu A. Fragment-based identification of a locus in the Sec7 domain of Arno for the design of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8497-511. [PMID: 24112024 DOI: 10.1021/jm4009357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By virtual screening using a fragment-based drug design (FBDD) approach, 33 fragments were selected within small pockets around interaction hot spots on the Sec7 surface of the nucleotide exchange factor Arno, and then their ability to interfere with the Arno-catalyzed nucleotide exchange on the G-protein Arf1 was evaluated. By use of SPR, NMR, and fluorescence assays, the direct binding of three of the identified fragments to Arno Sec7 domain was demonstrated and the promiscuous aggregate behavior evaluated. Then the binding mode of one fragment and of a more active analogue was solved by X-ray crystallography. This highlighted the role of stable and transient pockets at the Sec7 domain surface in the discovery and binding of interfering compounds. These results provide structural information on how small organic compounds can interfere with the Arf1-Arno Sec7 domain interaction and may guide the rational drug design of competitive inhibitors of Arno enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Rouhana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Fibulin-3-mediated inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal of ALDH+ lung cancer stem cells through IGF1R signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:3908-17. [PMID: 24013232 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibulins (FBLNs), a family of extracellular matrix proteins, have recently been shown to act as tumor suppressors or activators in different cancers, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of their action in cancer remain unclear. We have previously shown that the expression of FBLN3 is suppressed by promoter hypermethylation and is associated with invasiveness in aggressive non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated the roles and signaling mechanism of FBLN3 in lung cancer stem cells (CSCs). Forced expression of FBLN3 suppressed invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells and decreased the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activators, including N-cadherin and Snail. Stemness activities of lung adenocarcinoma cells were also suppressed by FBLN3 as indicated by a decrease in spheroid formation and the levels of stemness markers such as Sox2 and β-catenin. These effects of FBLN3 were mediated by the glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK3β/β-catenin pathway, and the upstream regulators of GSK3β, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), were inactivated by FBLN3. Moreover, IGF1R was shown to be a direct target of FBLN3, which competitively inhibited insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action. To confirm the effect of FBLN3 on lung CSCs, aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive (ALDH+) A549 lung CSCs were sorted and treated with recombinant FBLN3 protein. FBLN3 clearly suppressed EMT, stemness activity and the over-activated IGF1R/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway of the ALDH+ CSC subpopulation. In addition, injection of recombinant FBLN3 protein around subcutaneous xenografts established with ALDH+ CSCs in athymic nude mice significantly suppressed tumor growth and progression. Overall, our results show that FBLN3 suppresses both EMT and self-renewal of the lung CSCs by modulating the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway and that FBLN3 would be useful as an alternative CSC therapy.
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Hussein M, Bettio M, Schmitz A, Hannam JS, Theis J, Mayer G, Dosa S, Gütschow M, Famulok M. Kovalente Inhibition der Pleckstrin-Homologiedomäne von Cytohesinen durch Cyplecksine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hussein M, Bettio M, Schmitz A, Hannam JS, Theis J, Mayer G, Dosa S, Gütschow M, Famulok M. Cyplecksins Are Covalent Inhibitors of the Pleckstrin Homology Domain of Cytohesin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9529-33. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hosokawa H, Dip PV, Merkulova M, Bakulina A, Zhuang Z, Khatri A, Jian X, Keating SM, Bueler SA, Rubinstein JL, Randazzo PA, Ausiello DA, Grüber G, Marshansky V. The N termini of a-subunit isoforms are involved in signaling between vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and cytohesin-2. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5896-913. [PMID: 23288846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.409169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported an acidification-dependent interaction of the endosomal vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) with cytohesin-2, a GDP/GTP exchange factor (GEF), suggesting that it functions as a pH-sensing receptor. Here, we have studied the molecular mechanism of signaling between the V-ATPase, cytohesin-2, and Arf GTP-binding proteins. We found that part of the N-terminal cytosolic tail of the V-ATPase a2-subunit (a2N), corresponding to its first 17 amino acids (a2N(1-17)), potently modulates the enzymatic GDP/GTP exchange activity of cytohesin-2. Moreover, this peptide strongly inhibits GEF activity via direct interaction with the Sec7 domain of cytohesin-2. The structure of a2N(1-17) and its amino acids Phe(5), Met(10), and Gln(14) involved in interaction with Sec7 domain were determined by NMR spectroscopy analysis. In silico docking experiments revealed that part of the V-ATPase formed by its a2N(1-17) epitope competes with the switch 2 region of Arf1 and Arf6 for binding to the Sec7 domain of cytohesin-2. The amino acid sequence alignment and GEF activity studies also uncovered the conserved character of signaling between all four (a1-a4) a-subunit isoforms of mammalian V-ATPase and cytohesin-2. Moreover, the conserved character of this phenomenon was also confirmed in experiments showing binding of mammalian cytohesin-2 to the intact yeast V-ATPase holo-complex. Thus, here we have uncovered an evolutionarily conserved function of the V-ATPase as a novel cytohesin-signaling receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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