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Ji F, Liu S, Wang X, Zhao J, Zhu J, Yang J, Zhang C, Jia Z, Zhao R, Hu G, Wang J, Qin J, Li G, Wu B, Wang C. Characteristics of the multiple replicon plasmid IncX1-X1 in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica). Integr Zool 2023; 18:289-298. [PMID: 35192746 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Potential zoonotic pathogens may be transmitted from wildlife to humans through the illegal wild meat trade, which has become a pressing issue. However, research on the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) intestinal bacteria is limited. Here, multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli M172-1 (ST354) isolated from Malayan pangolin feces in 2019 was found to be resistant to 13 antibiotics. BGWAS analysis revealed 4 plasmids, namely, pM172-1.1, pM172-1.2, pM172-1.3, and pM172-1.4, in the isolate. The pM172-1.2, pM172-1.3, and pM172-1.4 plasmids carried ARGs, namely, IncHI2-HI2A, IncX1-X1, and IncX1, respectively. pM172-1.3 and pM172-1.4 contained intact IntI1 integrons (Is26/IntI1/arr2/cmlA5/blaOXA-10 /ant(3″)-IIA/dfrA14/Is26). Notably, pM172-1.3 resulted from the fusion of 2 pM172-1.4 copies and carried many more ARGs. In addition to pM172-1.3 from the same host, other drug-resistant bacteria (E. coli M159-1 (ST48), E. coli S171-1 (ST206), and Klebsiella pneumoniae S174-1 (ST2354)) in the same Malayan pangolin fecal samples also carried 3 plasmids with 100% gene coverage of pM172-1.4 and 99.98% identity. Therefore, ARGs in IncX1 might spread in the intestinal flora of Malayan pangolin and between species via the illegal food chain, posing a potential threat to public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayue Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchun Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongxin Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruili Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Gang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant, qnr-Carrying Escherichia coli Isolated from the German Food Chain in 2017. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061308. [PMID: 34208509 PMCID: PMC8233838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are the highest priority, critically important antimicrobial agents. Resistance development can occur via different mechanisms, with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) being prevalent in the livestock and food area. Especially, qnr genes, commonly located on mobile genetic elements, are major drivers for the spread of resistance determinants against fluoroquinolones. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of qnr-positive Escherichia (E.) coli obtained from different monitoring programs in Germany in 2017. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate commonalities of qnr-carrying plasmids in E. coli. We found qnr to be broadly spread over different livestock and food matrices, and to be present in various sequence types. The qnr-positive isolates were predominantly detected within selectively isolated ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing E. coli, leading to a frequent association with other resistance genes, especially cephalosporin determinants. Furthermore, we found that qnr correlates with the presence of genes involved in resistance development against quaternary ammonium compounds (qac). The detection of additional point mutations in many isolates within the chromosomal QRDR region led to even higher MIC values against fluoroquinolones for the investigated E. coli. All of these attributes should be carefully taken into account in the risk assessment of qnr-carrying E. coli from livestock and food.
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Pong CH, Hall RM. An X1α plasmid from a Salmonella enterica serovar Ohio isolate carrying a novel IS26-bounded tet(C) pseudo-compound transposon. Plasmid 2021; 114:102561. [PMID: 33485833 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of a conjugative plasmid, pSRC22-2, found in a multiply antibiotic resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Ohio isolate SRC22 originally cultured from swine in 1999, was determined. Plasmid pSRC22-2 has a copy number of approximately 40 and transfers tetracycline resistance at very high frequency. It was typed as IncX1 using the three typing schemes proposed for X-type plasmids, which utilize the replication region, iteron region and taxC conjugation gene and pSRC22-2 belongs to the X1α subgroup. The plasmid backbone, derived by removing mobile elements, is shared with pOLA52, which was the first fully sequenced IncX1 plasmid, and five other X1α plasmids. The pSRC22-2 backbone is interrupted by a complete copy of an IS903 isoform, partial copies of IS1 and IS903 on either side of a 5930 bp IS26-bounded pseudo-compound transposon (PCT), and a novel 256 bp miniature inverted repeat transposable element (MITE). The MITE belongs to the Tn3 family and was named MITESen1. The PCT, which carries a tet(C) tetracycline resistance determinant, is bounded by copies of a novel IS26 variant, IS26-v4, and was designated PTn6184. Comparison of PTn6184 with other tet(C)-carrying PCTs revealed that it can be derived from the largest, PTntet(C), via a two-step process that re-orders the central fragment and involves both an IS26-mediated event and homologous recombination. IS26-v4, which encodes a variant transposase, Tnp26 G184D, has appeared in only 46 entries in the GenBank non-redundant database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Pong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Tavares RDS, Tacão M, Figueiredo AS, Duarte AS, Esposito F, Lincopan N, Manaia CM, Henriques I. Genotypic and phenotypic traits of bla CTX-M-carrying Escherichia coli strains from an UV-C-treated wastewater effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116079. [PMID: 32717492 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are relevant sources of antibiotic resistance into aquatic environments. Disinfection of WWTPs' effluents (e.g. by UV-C irradiation) may attenuate this problem, though some clinically relevant bacteria have been shown to survive disinfection. In this study we characterized 25 CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from a WWTP's UV-C-irradiated effluent, aiming to identify putative human health hazards associated with such effluents. Molecular typing indicated that the strains belong to the phylogroups A, B2 and C and clustered into 9 multilocus sequence types (STs), namely B2:ST131 (n = 7), A:ST58 (n = 1), A:ST155 (n = 4), C:ST410 (n = 2), A:ST453 (n = 2), A:ST617 (n = 2), A:ST744 (n = 1), A:ST1284 (n = 3) and a putative novel ST (n = 3). PCR-screening identified 9 of the 20 antibiotic resistance genes investigated [i.e. sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), blaOXA-1-like, aacA4, aacA4-cr and qnrS1]. The more prevalent were sul1, sul2 (n = 15 isolates) and tet(A) (n = 14 isolates). Plasmid restriction analysis indicated diverse plasmid content among strains (14 distinct profiles) and mating assays yielded cefotaxime-resistant transconjugants for 8 strains. Two of the transconjugants displayed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. All strains were classified as cytotoxic to Vero cells (9 significantly more cytotoxic than the positive control) and 10 of 21 strains were invasive towards this cell line (including all B2:ST131 strains). The 10 strains tested against G. mellonella larvae exhibited a virulent behaviour. Twenty-four and 7 of the 25 strains produced siderophores and haemolysins, respectively. Approximately 66% of the strains formed biofilms. Genome analysis of 6 selected strains identified several virulence genes encoding toxins, siderophores, and colonizing, adhesion and invasion factors. Freshwater microcosms assays showed that after 28 days of incubation 3 out of 6 strains were still detected by cultivation and 4 strains by qPCR. Resistance phenotypes of these strains remained unaltered. Overall, we confirmed WWTP's UV-C-treated outflow as a source of MDR and/or virulent E. coli strains, some probably capable of persisting in freshwater, and that carry conjugative antibiotic resistance plasmids. Hence, disinfected wastewater may still represent a risk for human health. More detailed evaluation of strains isolated from wastewater effluents is urgent, to design treatments that can mitigate the release of such bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D S Tavares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Tacão
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana S Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana S Duarte
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Saúde (CIIS), Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Calçada Martins de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Neil K, Allard N, Grenier F, Burrus V, Rodrigue S. Highly efficient gene transfer in the mouse gut microbiota is enabled by the Incl 2 conjugative plasmid TP114. Commun Biol 2020; 3:523. [PMID: 32963323 PMCID: PMC7508951 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a suspected hotspot for bacterial conjugation due to its high density and diversity of microorganisms. However, the contribution of different conjugative plasmid families to horizontal gene transfer in this environment remains poorly characterized. Here, we systematically quantified the transfer rates in the mouse intestinal tract for 13 conjugative plasmids encompassing 10 major incompatibility groups. The vast majority of these plasmids were unable to perform conjugation in situ or only reached relatively low transfer rates. Surprisingly, IncI2 conjugative plasmid TP114 was identified as a proficient DNA delivery system in this environment, with the ability to transfer to virtually 100% of the probed recipient bacteria. We also show that a type IV pilus present in I-complex conjugative plasmids plays a crucial role for the transfer of TP114 in the mouse intestinal microbiota, most likely by contributing to mating pair stabilization. These results provide new insights on the mobility of genes in the gut microbiota and highlights TP114 as a very efficient DNA delivery system of interest for microbiome editing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Neil
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nancy Allard
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Frédéric Grenier
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Vincent Burrus
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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6
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Gama JA, Fredheim EGA, Cléon F, Reis AM, Zilhão R, Dionisio F. Dominance Between Plasmids Determines the Extent of Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2070. [PMID: 32983050 PMCID: PMC7479130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms have an impact in medical and industrial environments because they often confer protection to bacteria against harmful agents, and constitute a source from which microorganisms can disperse. Conjugative plasmids can enhance bacterial ability to form biofilms because conjugative pili act as adhesion factors. However, plasmids may interact with each other, either facilitating or inhibiting plasmid transfer. Accordingly, we asked whether effects on plasmid transfer also impacts biofilm formation. We measured biofilm formation of Escherichia coli cells harboring two plasmid types, or when the two plasmids were present in the same population but carried in different cells. Using eleven natural isolated conjugative plasmids, we confirmed that some indeed promote biofilm formation and, importantly, that this ability is correlated with conjugative efficiency. Further we studied the effect of plasmid pairs on biofilm formation. We observed increased biofilm formation in approximately half of the combinations when both plasmids inhabited the same cell or when the plasmids were carried in different cells. Moreover, in approximately half of the combinations, independent of the co-inhabitation conditions, one of the plasmids alone determined the extent of biofilm formation – thus having a dominant effect over the other plasmid. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these interactions were not evaluated here and future research is required to elucidate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Alves Gama
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - François Cléon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ana Maria Reis
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Zilhão
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Dionisio
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Sarshar M, Behzadi P, Ambrosi C, Zagaglia C, Palamara AT, Scribano D. FimH and Anti-Adhesive Therapeutics: A Disarming Strategy Against Uropathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E397. [PMID: 32664222 PMCID: PMC7400442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-usher fimbrial adhesins are powerful weapons against the uropathogens that allow the establishment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). As the antibiotic therapeutic strategy has become less effective in the treatment of uropathogen-related UTIs, the anti-adhesive molecules active against fimbrial adhesins, key determinants of urovirulence, are attractive alternatives. The best-characterized bacterial adhesin is FimH, produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Hence, a number of high-affinity mono- and polyvalent mannose-based FimH antagonists, characterized by different bioavailabilities, have been reported. Given that antagonist affinities are firmly associated with the functional heterogeneities of different FimH variants, several FimH inhibitors have been developed using ligand-drug discovery strategies to generate high-affinity molecules for successful anti-adhesion therapy. As clinical trials have shown d-mannose's efficacy in UTIs prevention, it is supposed that mannosides could be a first-in-class strategy not only for UTIs, but also to combat other Gram-negative bacterial infections. Therefore, the current review discusses valuable and effective FimH anti-adhesive molecules active against UTIs, from design and synthesis to in vitro and in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sarshar
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193 Rome, Italy
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8
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Zhang H, Chen S, Zhang Q, Long Z, Yu Y, Fang H. Fungicides enhanced the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in greenhouse soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113877. [PMID: 31926390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term substantial application of fungicides in greenhouse cultivation led to residual pollution in soils and then altered soil microbial community. However, it is unclear whether residual fungicides could affect the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in greenhouse soils. Here, the dissipation of fungicides and its impact on the abundance of ARGs were determined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in the greenhouse and mountain soils under laboratory conditions. Our results showed the greenhouse soils harbored more diverse and abundant ARGs than the mountain soils. The application of carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and chlorothalonil could increase the abundance of total ARGs in the greenhouse soils, especially for those dominant ARG subtypes including sul2, sul1, aadA, tet(L), tetA(G), and tetX2. The abundant ARGs were significantly correlated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs, e.g. intI1and R485) in the greenhouse soils but no significant relationship in the mountain soils. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs, e.g., sul2 and R485, sul1 and transposase, were further verified via the genetic arrangement of genes on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the greenhouse soils. Additionally, host tracking analysis indicated that ARGs were mainly carried by enterobacteria in the greenhouse soils but actinomyces in the mountain soils. These findings confirmed that some fungicides might serve as the co-selectors of ARGs and elevated their abundance via MGEs-mediated horizontal gene transfer in the greenhouse soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houpu Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianke Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengnan Long
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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9
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Mukherjee SK, Mukherjee M. Characterization and Bio-Typing of Multidrug Resistance Plasmids From Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated From Clinical Setting. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2913. [PMID: 31921080 PMCID: PMC6930805 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection is primarily caused by Escherichia coli. Multidrug resistance and their rapid dissemination in this pathogenic microbe complicate therapeutic strategies and threaten public health. Conjugation systems responsible for interbacterial transmission of antibiotic resistance are plasmid-encoded and can be classified as the P, F, and I types. Specific pili types and pili associated proteins were related to the transfer among this gram-negative organism and were thought to depend on contacts created by these structures at the time of DNA transport. In this study, conjugation system types of the plasmids that harbor multidrug resistant genes (aac-1b-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, qnrS, bla TEM, bla OXA) amongst 19 E. coli uropathogenic isolates were characterized under ciprofloxacin/ceftazidime selection individually by pili and pili associated gene types. Investigations indicated incidence of single plasmid of multiple replicon type amongst the transconjugants. bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla OXA, aac-1b-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, qnrS genes in varied combination were observed to be successfully co-transmitted against ceftazidme/ciprofloxacin selection. Seven primer pair sets were selected that encodes pili and pili associated genes (traF, trwJ, traE, trhE, traG, pilM, pilx4) by nucleotide database search tools using annotated plasmids of different incompatibility types to assign the conjugation system type of the transmissible resistant plasmids by PCR. traF was predominant irrespective of drug selection that indicated F-type conjugation system was responsible for transmission of resistant plasmids which results in the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the isolates screened. Therefore this is a first report of its kind that investigated pili and pili associated genes to bio-type multidrug resistant plasmids and their transmission in clinical settings amongst uropathogenic E. coli circulated in the eastern part of India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandira Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
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10
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Adenipekun EO, Jackson CR, Ramadan H, Iwalokun BA, Frye JG, Barrett JB, Hiott LM, Woodley TA, House SL, McMillan EA, Sharma P, Oluwadun A. Plasmid Replicons and β-Lactamase-Encoding Genes of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Humans and Food Animals in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1410-1423. [PMID: 31314658 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As resistance to the β-lactam class of antibiotics has become a worldwide problem, multidrug-resistant (MDR) human (n = 243) and food animal (n = 211) isolates from Lagos, Nigeria were further tested to characterize β-lactamase-encoding genes and plasmid replicons. Four β-lactamase-encoding genes (blaCMY, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, and blaTEM) were detected using PCR-based replicon typing, 13 and 17 different replicons were identified using a subset of MDR E. coli from humans (n = 48) and animals (n = 96), respectively. Replicon types FIB and X2 were detected in equal numbers (2/48; 4.2% each) from human isolates, while type Y (16/96; 16.7%) was the most common type from animals. Only two replicon types, FIB and Y, were detected in both groups; all other types were confined to one group or the other, but not both. Using conjugation, replicon type Y, present in three donors, transferred in all three instances, whereas FIA transferred in 75% (3/4) of the matings. This study showed that β-lactamase genes were prevalent in MDR E. coli from both humans and animals in Nigeria and also contained diverse plasmid replicons. As the replicon-associated genes were mobile, they are likely to continue disseminating among E. coli and facilitating transfer of associated β-lactamase genes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyitayo O Adenipekun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, College of Health Sciences, Sagamu, Nigeria
| | - Charlene R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Bamidele A Iwalokun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, College of Health Sciences, Sagamu, Nigeria.,Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - John B Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lari M Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Tiffanie A Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sandra L House
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Poonam Sharma
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Afolabi Oluwadun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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11
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Chi X, Berglund B, Zou H, Zheng B, Börjesson S, Ji X, Ottoson J, Lundborg CS, Li X, Nilsson LE. Characterization of Clinically Relevant Strains of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Occurring in Environmental Sources in a Rural Area of China by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:211. [PMID: 30809212 PMCID: PMC6379450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen, and a common cause of healthcare-associated infections such as pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The purpose of this study was to survey the occurrence of and characterize K. pneumoniae in different environmental sources in a rural area of Shandong province, China. Two hundred and thirty-one samples from different environmental sources in 12 villages were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-(ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae, and 14 (6%) samples were positive. All isolates were multidrug-resistant and a few of them belonged to clinically relevant strains which are known to cause hospital outbreaks worldwide. Serotypes, virulence genes, serum survival, and phagocytosis survival were analyzed and the results showed the presence of virulence factors associated with highly virulent clones and a high degree of phagocytosis survivability, indicating the potential virulence of these isolates. These results emphasize the need for further studies designed to elucidate the role of the environment in transmission and dissemination of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and the potential risk posed to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chi
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Björn Berglund
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiyun Zou
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stefan Börjesson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jakob Ottoson
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health-Health Systems and Policy, Medicines, Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lennart E Nilsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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12
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Arabaghian H, Salloum T, Alousi S, Panossian B, Araj GF, Tokajian S. Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae Isolated from Lebanon. Sci Rep 2019; 9:531. [PMID: 30679463 PMCID: PMC6345840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative organism and a major public health threat. In this study, we used whole-genome sequences to characterize 32 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) and two carbapenem-resistant K. quasipneumoniae (CRKQ). Antimicrobial resistance was assessed using disk diffusion and E-test, while virulence was assessed in silico. The capsule type was determined by sequencing the wzi gene. The plasmid diversity was assessed by PCR-based replicon typing to detect the plasmid incompatibility (Inc) groups. The genetic relatedness was determined by multilocus sequence typing, pan-genome, and recombination analysis. All of the isolates were resistant to ertapenem together with imipenem and/or meropenem. Phenotypic resistance was due to blaOXA-48,blaNDM-1, blaNDM-7, or the coupling of ESBLs and outer membrane porin modifications. This is the first comprehensive study reporting on the WGS of CRKP and the first detection of CRKQ in the region. The presence and dissemination of CRKP and CRKQ, with some additionally having characteristics of hypervirulent clones such as the hypermucoviscous phenotype and the capsular type K2, are particularly concerning. Additionally, mining the completely sequenced K. pneumoniae genomes revealed the key roles of mobile genetic elements in the spread of antibiotic resistance and in understanding the epidemiology of these clinically significant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harout Arabaghian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, 1401, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, 1401, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Alousi
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, 1401, Lebanon
| | - Balig Panossian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, 1401, Lebanon
| | - George F Araj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, 1107, Lebanon
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, 1401, Lebanon.
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13
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Zhang XZ, Lei CW, Zeng JX, Chen YP, Kang ZZ, Wang YL, Ye XL, Zhai XW, Wang HN. An IncX1 plasmid isolated from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Pullorum carrying bla TEM-1B, sul2, arsenic resistant operons. Plasmid 2018; 100:14-21. [PMID: 30248363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified an IncX1 plasmid named pQJDSal1 from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). The plasmid is 67,685 bp in size and has 72 putative genes. pQJDSal1 harbors a conserved IncX1-type backbone with predicted regions for conjugation, replication and partitioning, as well as a toxin/antitoxin plasmid addiction system. Two regions (A and B) that have not been previously reported in IncX1 plasmids are inserted into the backbone. Region A (10.7 kb), inserted between parA and taxD, consists of a new Tn6168-like transposon containing an arsenic resistant operon arsB2CHR and sulfonamide resistance gene sul2. Region B contains another arsenic resistant operon arsADHR, resistance gene blaTEM-1B and three transposable elements. Conjugation experiments showed that pQJDSal1 could transfer from S. Pullorum to Escherichia coli (E. coli) J53. Statistical analysis of 70 sequenced IncX1 plasmids revealed that IncX1 plasmids harbored various antibiotic resistance genes. The results highlight the importance of IncX1 plasmids in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang-Wei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Xin Zeng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan-Peng Chen
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Kang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ye
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi-Wen Zhai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
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14
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Oladeinde A, Cook K, Orlek A, Zock G, Herrington K, Cox N, Plumblee Lawrence J, Hall C. Hotspot mutations and ColE1 plasmids contribute to the fitness of Salmonella Heidelberg in poultry litter. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202286. [PMID: 30169497 PMCID: PMC6118388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) is a clinically-important serovar linked to food-borne illness, and commonly isolated from poultry. Investigations of a large, multistate outbreak in the USA in 2013 identified poultry litter (PL) as an important extra-intestinal environment that may have selected for specific S. Heidelberg strains. Poultry litter is a mixture of bedding materials and chicken excreta that contains chicken gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria, undigested feed, feathers, and other materials of chicken origin. In this study, we performed a series of controlled laboratory experiments which assessed the microevolution of two S. Heidelberg strains (SH-2813 and SH-116) in PL previously used to raise 3 flocks of broiler chickens. The strains are closely related at the chromosome level, differing from the reference genome by 109 and 89 single nucleotide polymorphisms/InDels, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 86 isolates recovered after 0, 1, 7 and 14 days of microevolution in PL. Only strains carrying an IncX1 (37kb), 2 ColE1 (4 and 6kb) and 1 ColpVC (2kb) plasmids survived more than 7 days in PL. Competition experiments showed that carriage of these plasmids was associated with increased fitness. This increased fitness was associated with an increased copy number of IncX1 and ColE1 plasmids. Further, all Col plasmid-bearing strains had hotspot mutations in 37 loci on the chromosome and in 3 loci on the IncX1 plasmid. Additionally, we observed a decrease in susceptibility to tobramycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, neomycin and fosfomycin for Col plasmid-bearing strains. Our study demonstrates how positive selection from poultry litter can change the evolutionary path of S. Heidelberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelumola Oladeinde
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Alex Orlek
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Zock
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kyler Herrington
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Nelson Cox
- Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jodie Plumblee Lawrence
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Carolina Hall
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
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15
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Sequencing of pT5282-CTXM, p13190-KPC and p30860-NR, and comparative genomics analysis of IncX8 plasmids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Gama JA, Zilhão R, Dionisio F. Conjugation efficiency depends on intra and intercellular interactions between distinct plasmids: Plasmids promote the immigration of other plasmids but repress co-colonizing plasmids. Plasmid 2017; 93:6-16. [PMID: 28842132 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conjugative plasmids encode the genes responsible for the synthesis of conjugative pili and plasmid transfer. Expression of the conjugative machinery (including conjugative pili) may be costly to bacteria, not only due to the energetic/metabolic cost associated with their expression but also because they serve as receptors for certain viruses. Consequently, the presence of two plasmids in the same cell may be disadvantageous to each plasmid, because they may impose a higher fitness cost on the host. Therefore, plasmids may encode mechanisms to cope with co-resident plasmids. Moreover, it is possible that the transfer rate of a plasmid is affected by the presence of a distinct plasmid in the recipient cell. In this work, we measured transfer rates of twelve natural plasmids belonging to seven incompatibility groups in three situations, namely when: (i) donor cells contain a plasmid and recipient cells are plasmid-free; (ii) donor cells contain two unrelated plasmids and recipient cells are plasmid-free; and (iii) half of the cells contain a given plasmid and the other half contain another, unrelated, plasmid. In the third situation, recipient cells of a plasmid are the donor cells of the other plasmid. We show that there are more negative interactions (reduction of a plasmid's conjugative efficiency) between plasmids if they reside in the same cell than if they reside in different cells. However, if plasmids interacted intercellularly, the transfer rate of one of the plasmids was often higher (when the unrelated conjugative plasmid was present in the recipient cell) than if the recipient cell was plasmid-free - a positive effect. Experimental data retrieved from the study of mutant plasmids not expressing conjugative pili on the cell surface suggest that positive effects result from a higher efficiency of mating pair formation. Overall, our results suggest that negative interactions are significantly more frequent when plasmids occupy the same cell. Such interactions may determine how antibiotic resistance disseminates in bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Alves Gama
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Zilhão
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Dionisio
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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17
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Biofilm Formation Potential of Heat-Resistant Escherichia coli Dairy Isolates and the Complete Genome of Multidrug-Resistant, Heat-Resistant Strain FAM21845. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00628-17. [PMID: 28550056 PMCID: PMC5514686 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00628-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the biofilm formation potential of 30 heat-resistant and 6 heat-sensitive Escherichia coli dairy isolates. Production of curli and cellulose, static biofilm formation on polystyrene (PS) and stainless steel surfaces, biofilm formation under dynamic conditions (Bioflux), and initial adhesion rates (IAR) were evaluated. Biofilm formation varied greatly between strains, media, and assays. Our results highlight the importance of the experimental setup in determining biofilm formation under conditions of interest, as correlation between different assays was often not a given. The heat-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain FAM21845 showed the strongest biofilm formation on PS and the highest IAR and was the only strain that formed significant biofilms on stainless steel under conditions relevant to the dairy industry, and it was therefore fully sequenced. Its chromosome is 4.9 Mb long, and it harbors a total of five plasmids (147.2, 54.2, 5.8, 2.5, and 1.9 kb). The strain carries a broad range of genes relevant to antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation, including some on its two large conjugative plasmids, as demonstrated in plate mating assays.IMPORTANCE In biofilms, cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix that protects them from stresses, such as UV radiation, osmotic shock, desiccation, antibiotics, and predation. Biofilm formation is a major bacterial persistence factor of great concern in the clinic and the food industry. Many tested strains formed strong biofilms, and especially strains such as the heat-resistant, MDR strain FAM21845 may pose a serious issue for food production. Strong biofilm formation combined with diverse resistances (some encoded on conjugative plasmids) may allow for increased persistence, coselection, and possible transfer of these resistance factors. Horizontal gene transfer may conceivably occur in the food production setting or the gastrointestinal tract after consumption.
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18
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IncX2 and IncX1-X2 Hybrid Plasmids Coexisting in a FosA6-Producing Escherichia coli Strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00536-17. [PMID: 28438937 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00536-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
IncX plasmids are receiving much attention as vehicles of carbapenem and colistin resistance genes, such as blaNDM, blaKPC, and mcr-1 Among them, IncX2 subgroup plasmids remain rare. Here, we characterized IncX2 and IncX1-X2 hybrid plasmids coexisting in a FosA6-producing Escherichia coli strain that were possibly generated as a consequence of recombination events between an R6K-like IncX2 plasmid and a pLN126_33-like IncX1 plasmid. Variable multidrug resistance mosaic regions were observed in these plasmids, indicating their potential to serve as flexible carriers of resistance genes. The diversity of IncX group plasmid backbones and accessory genes and the evolution of hybrid IncX plasmids pose a challenge in detecting and classifying them.
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19
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Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Garza-González E, Morfín-Otero R, Barrios H, Villarreal-Treviño L, Rodríguez-Noriega E, Garza-Ramos U, Petersen-Morfin S, Silva-Sanchez J. Molecular and microbiological report of a hospital outbreak of NDM-1-carrying Enterobacteriaceae in Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179651. [PMID: 28636666 PMCID: PMC5479539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the microbiological, molecular and epidemiological data of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico. METHODS From September 2014 to July 2015, all CRE clinical isolates recovered during an outbreak in the Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde" in Jalisco, Mexico were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility, carbapenemase production, carbapenemase-encoding genes, and plasmid profiles. Horizontal transfer of imipenem resistance; and clonal diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST); as well as biofilm production and the presence of 14 virulence genes were analyzed in selected isolates. RESULTS Fifty-two carbapenem-resistant isolates corresponding to 5 species were detected, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 46), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 1), Providencia rettgeri (n = 1) and Citrobacter freundii (n = 1) with carbapenemase encoding genes blaNDM-1 (n = 48), blaVIM (n = 3), blaIMP (n = 1) and blaKPC (n = 1) detected in these isolates. The blaNDM-1 gene was detected in plasmids from 130- to 170-kb in K. pneumoniae (n = 46); E. cloacae (n = 3), E. coli (n = 1) and P. rettgeri (n = 1). The transfer of plasmids harboring the blaNDM-1 gene was obtained in eight transconjugants. One plasmid restriction pattern was detected, with the blaNDM-1 identified in different restriction fragments. Predominant clone A of K. pneumoniae isolates archived 28/46 (60%) isolates and belongs to ST392. Besides, ST307, ST309, ST846, ST2399, and ST2400 were detected for K. pneumoniae; as well as E. cloacae ST182 and E. coli ST10. The fimA and uge genes were more likely to be identified in K. pneumoniae carbapenem-susceptible isolates (p = <0.001) and biofilm production was more liable to be observed in carbapenem-resistant isolates (p = <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Four Enterobacteriaceae species harboring the blaNDM-1 gene were detected in a nosocomial outbreak in Mexico; horizontal transfer and strain transmission were demonstrated for the blaNDM-1 gene. Given the variation in the size of the plasmid harboring blaNDM-1, complex rearrangements must also be occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicólas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfín-Otero
- Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Humberto Barrios
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicólas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Noriega
- Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ulises Garza-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Santiago Petersen-Morfin
- Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesus Silva-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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20
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Mei YF, Liu PP, Wan LG, Liu Y, Wang LH, Wei DD, Deng Q, Cao XW. Virulence and Genomic Feature of a Virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 14 Strain of Serotype K2 Harboring blaNDM-5 in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:335. [PMID: 28386246 PMCID: PMC5362587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to reveal the molecular mechanism involved in carbapenem resistance and virulence of a K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate 24835. The virulence of the strain was determined by in vitro and in vivo methods. The de novo whole-genome sequencing technology and molecular biology methods were used to analyze the genomic features associated with the carbapenem resistance and virulence of K. pneumoniae 24835. Strain 24835 was highly resistant to carbapenems and belonged to ST14, exhibited hypermucoviscous and unique K2-aerobactin-kfu-rmpA positive phenotype. As the only carbapenemase gene in strain 24835, blaNDM–5 was located on a 46-kb IncX3 self-transmissible plasmid, which is a very close relation of pNDM-MGR194 from India. Genetic context of blaNDM–5 in strain 24835 was closely related to those on IncX3 plasmids in various Enterobacteriaceae species in China. The combination of multiple virulence genes may work together to confer the relative higher virulence in K. pneumoniae 24835. Significantly increased resistance to serum killing and mice mortality were found in the virulent New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing K. pneumoniae strain compared to the other NDM-producing K. pneumoniae strain. Our study provides basic information of phenotypic and genomic features of K. pneumoniae 24835, a strain displaying carbapenem resistance and relatively high level of virulence. These findings are concerning for the potential of NDM-like genes to disseminate among virulent K. pneumoniae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Mei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - La-Gen Wan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lian-Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Deng
- Department of Infection Control, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xian-Wei Cao
- Department of Infection Control, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Bustamante P, Iredell JR. Carriage of type II toxin-antitoxin systems by the growing group of IncX plasmids. Plasmid 2017; 91:19-27. [PMID: 28267580 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The stable maintenance of certain plasmids in bacterial populations has contributed significantly to the current worldwide antibiotic resistance (AbR) emergency. IncX plasmids, long underestimated in this regard, have achieved recent notoriety for their roles in transmission of resistance to carbapenem and colistin, the last-line antibiotics for Gram-negative infections. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems contribute to stable maintenance of many AbR plasmids, and a few TA systems have been previously described in the IncX plasmids. Here we present an updated overview of the IncX plasmid family and an in silico analysis of the type II TA systems carried in 153 completely sequenced IncX plasmids that are readily available in public databases at time of writing. The greatest number is in the IncX1 subgroup, followed by IncX3 and IncX4, with only a few representatives of IncX2, IncX5 and IncX6. Toxins from the RelE/ParE superfamily are abundant within IncX1 and IncX4 subgroups, and are associated with a variety of antitoxins. By contrast, the HicBA system is almost exclusively encoded by IncX4 plasmids. Toxins from the superfamily CcdB/MazF were also identified, as were less common systems such as PIN-like and GNAT toxins, and plasmids encoding more than one TA system are probably not unusual. Our results highlight the importance of the IncX plasmid group and update previous much smaller studies, and we present for the first time a detailed analysis of type II TA systems in these plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bustamante
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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Madsen JS, Riber L, Kot W, Basfeld A, Burmølle M, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ. Type 3 Fimbriae Encoded on Plasmids Are Expressed from a Unique Promoter without Affecting Host Motility, Facilitating an Exceptional Phenotype That Enhances Conjugal Plasmid Transfer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162390. [PMID: 27627107 PMCID: PMC5023117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the transmission of genetic material to a recipient that is not the progeny of the donor, is fundamental in bacterial evolution. HGT is often mediated by mobile genetic elements such as conjugative plasmids, which may be in conflict with the chromosomal elements of the genome because they are independent replicons that may petition their own evolutionary strategy. Here we study differences between type 3 fimbriae encoded on wild type plasmids and in chromosomes. Using known and newly characterized plasmids we show that the expression of type 3 fimbriae encoded on plasmids is systematically different, as MrkH, a c-di-GMP dependent transcriptional activator is not needed for strong expression of the fimbriae. MrkH is required for expression of type 3 fimbriae of the Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome, wherefrom the fimbriae operon (mrkABCDF) of plasmids is believed to have originated. We find that mrkABCDFs of plasmids are highly expressed via a unique promoter that differs from the original Klebsiella promoter resulting in fundamental behavioral consequences. Plasmid associated mrkABCDFs did not influence the swimming behavior of the host, that hereby acquired an exceptional phenotype being able to both actively swim (planktonic behavior) and express biofilm associated fimbriae (sessile behavior). We show that this exceptional phenotype enhances the conjugal transfer of the plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leise Riber
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alrun Basfeld
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Max Planck Research Group Chromosome Organization and Dynamics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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23
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Liu W, Røder HL, Madsen JS, Bjarnsholt T, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. Interspecific Bacterial Interactions are Reflected in Multispecies Biofilm Spatial Organization. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1366. [PMID: 27630624 PMCID: PMC5005372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies interactions are essential for the persistence and development of any kind of complex community, and microbial biofilms are no exception. Multispecies biofilms are structured and spatially defined communities that have received much attention due to their omnipresence in natural environments. Species residing in these complex bacterial communities usually interact both intra- and interspecifically. Such interactions are considered to not only be fundamental in shaping overall biomass and the spatial distribution of cells residing in multispecies biofilms, but also to result in coordinated regulation of gene expression in the different species present. These communal interactions often lead to emergent properties in biofilms, such as enhanced tolerance against antibiotics, host immune responses, and other stresses, which have been shown to provide benefits to all biofilm members not only the enabling sub-populations. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of cellular processes affecting spatial organization, and vice versa, are poorly understood and very complex to unravel. Therefore, detailed description of the spatial organization of individual bacterial cells in multispecies communities can be an alternative strategy to reveal the nature of interspecies interactions of constituent species. Closing the gap between visual observation and biological processes may become crucial for resolving biofilm related problems, which is of utmost importance to environmental, industrial, and clinical implications. This review briefly presents the state of the art of studying interspecies interactions and spatial organization of multispecies communities, aiming to support theoretical and practical arguments for further advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Liu
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette L Røder
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas S Madsen
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anantham S, Harmer CJ, Hall RM. p39R861-4, A Type 2 A/C2 Plasmid Carrying a Segment from the A/C1 Plasmid RA1. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 21:571-6. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth M. Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Welte CU, de Graaf RM, van den Bosch TJM, Op den Camp HJM, van Dam NM, Jetten MSM. Plasmids from the gut microbiome of cabbage root fly larvae encode SaxA that catalyses the conversion of the plant toxin 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1379-90. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia U. Welte
- Department of Microbiology; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. de Graaf
- Department of Microbiology; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tijs J. M. van den Bosch
- Department of Microbiology; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology; IWWR; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Molecular Interaction Ecology; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Ecology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Dornburger-Str. 159 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Mike S. M. Jetten
- Department of Microbiology; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Shintani M, Sanchez ZK, Kimbara K. Genomics of microbial plasmids: classification and identification based on replication and transfer systems and host taxonomy. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:242. [PMID: 25873913 PMCID: PMC4379921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids are important "vehicles" for the communication of genetic information between bacteria. The exchange of plasmids transmits pathogenically and environmentally relevant traits to the host bacteria, promoting their rapid evolution and adaptation to various environments. Over the past six decades, a large number of plasmids have been identified and isolated from different microbes. With the revolution of sequencing technology, more than 4600 complete sequences of plasmids found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes have been determined. The classification of a wide variety of plasmids is not only important to understand their features, host ranges, and microbial evolution but is also necessary to effectively use them as genetic tools for microbial engineering. This review summarizes the current situation of the classification of fully sequenced plasmids based on their host taxonomy and their features of replication and conjugative transfer. The majority of the fully sequenced plasmids are found in bacteria in the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Euryarcheota phyla, and key features of each phylum are included. Recent advances in the identification of novel types of plasmids and plasmid transfer by culture-independent methods using samples from natural environments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shintani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan ; Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zoe K Sanchez
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kimbara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan
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28
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Burmølle M, Ren D, Bjarnsholt T, Sørensen SJ. Interactions in multispecies biofilms: do they actually matter? Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:84-91. [PMID: 24440178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent focus on complex bacterial communities has led to the recognition of interactions across species boundaries. This is particularly pronounced in multispecies biofilms, where synergistic interactions impact the bacterial distribution and overall biomass produced. Importantly, in a number of settings, the interactions in a multispecies biofilm affect its overall function, physiology, or surroundings, by resulting in enhanced resistance, virulence, or degradation of pollutants, which is of significant importance to human health and activities. The underlying mechanisms causing these synergistic effects are to some extent characterized at the molecular and evolutionary levels, and further exploration is now possible due to the enhanced resolution and higher throughput of available techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Dawei Ren
- Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Juliane Mariesvej 22, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Wiesner M, Fernández-Mora M, Cevallos MA, Zavala-Alvarado C, Zaidi MB, Calva E, Silva C. Conjugative transfer of an IncA/C plasmid-borne blaCMY-2 gene through genetic re-arrangements with an IncX1 plasmid. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:264. [PMID: 24262067 PMCID: PMC4222815 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our observation that in the Mexican Salmonella Typhimurium population none of the ST19 and ST213 strains harbored both the Salmonella virulence plasmid (pSTV) and the prevalent IncA/C plasmid (pA/C) led us to hypothesize that restriction to horizontal transfer of these plasmids existed. We designed a conjugation scheme using ST213 strain YU39 as donor of the blaCMY-2 gene (conferring resistance to ceftriaxone; CRO) carried by pA/C, and two E. coli lab strains (DH5α and HB101) and two Typhimurium ST19 strains (SO1 and LT2) carrying pSTV as recipients. The aim of this study was to determine if the genetic background of the different recipient strains affected the transfer frequencies of pA/C. Results YU39 was able to transfer CRO resistance, via a novel conjugative mechanism, to all the recipient strains although at low frequencies (10-7 to 10-10). The presence of pSTV in the recipients had little effect on the conjugation frequency. The analysis of the transconjugants showed that three different phenomena were occurring associated to the transfer of blaCMY-2: 1) the co-integration of pA/C and pX1; 2) the transposition of the CMY region from pA/C to pX1; or 3) the rearrangement of pA/C. In addition, the co-lateral mobilization of a small (5 kb) ColE1-like plasmid was observed. The transconjugant plasmids involving pX1 re-arrangements (either via co-integration or ISEcp1-mediated transposition) obtained the capacity to conjugate at very high levels, similar to those found for pX1 (10-1). Two versions of the region containing blaCMY-2 were found to transpose to pX1: the large version was inserted into an intergenic region located where the “genetic load” operons are frequently inserted into pX1, while the short version was inserted into the stbDE operon involved in plasmid addiction system. This is the first study to report the acquisition of an extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistance gene by an IncX1 plasmid. Conclusions We showed that the transfer of the YU39 blaCMY-2 gene harbored on a non- conjugative pA/C requires the machinery of a highly conjugative pX1 plasmid. Our experiments demonstrate the complex interactions a single strain can exploit to contend with the challenge of horizontal transfer and antibiotic selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wiesner
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Jutkina J, Hansen LH, Li L, Heinaru E, Vedler E, Jõesaar M, Heinaru A. Complete nucleotide sequence of the self-transmissible TOL plasmid pD2RT provides new insight into arrangement of toluene catabolic plasmids. Plasmid 2013; 70:393-405. [PMID: 24095800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the toluene catabolic plasmid pD2RT of Pseudomonas migulae strain D2RT isolated from Baltic Sea water. The pD2RT is 129,894 base pairs in size with an average G+C content of 53.75%. A total of 135 open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted to encode proteins, among them genes for catabolism of toluene, plasmid replication, maintenance and conjugative transfer. ORFs encoding proteins with putative functions in stress response, transposition and site-specific recombination were also predicted. Analysis of the organization and nucleotide sequence of pD2RT backbone region revealed high degree of similarity to the draft genome sequence data of the plant-pathogenic pseudomonad Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea strain B076, exhibiting relatedness to pPT23A plasmid family. The pD2RT backbone is also closely related to that of pGRT1 of Pseudomonas putida strain DOT-T1E and pBVIE04 of Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain G4, both plasmids are associated with resistance to toluene. The ability of pD2RT to self-transfer by conjugation to P. putida recipient strain PaW340 was experimentally determined. Genetic organization of toluene-degrading (xyl) genes and flanking DNA segments resembles the structure of Tn1721-related class II transposon Tn4656 of TOL plasmid pWW53 of P. putida strain MT53. The complete sequence of the plasmid pD2RT extends the known range of xyl genes carriers, being the first completely sequenced TOL plasmid, which is not related to well-studied IncP plasmid groups. We also verified the functionality of the catabolic route encoded by pD2RT by monitoring the expression of the xylE gene in pD2RT bearing hosts along with bacterial strains containing TOL plasmid of IncP-9 group. The growth kinetics of plasmid-bearing strains was found to be affected by particular TOL plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Jutkina
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23a, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.
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Røder HL, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. The impact of the conjugative IncP-1 plasmid pKJK5 on multispecies biofilm formation is dependent on the plasmid host. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 344:186-92. [PMID: 23659318 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer by conjugation has been reported to increase overall biofilm formation. Biofilm is considered a hot spot for plasmid transfer, and it has been found that social interactions during biofilm formation can increase the biomass. In this study, we demonstrate a contrast to previous studies by showing that the conjugative IncP-1 plasmid pKJK5 influences biofilm formation negatively. The results showed that a co-culture (Pseudomonas putida, Kluyvera sp., and Escherichia coli) formed significantly more biofilm than the strains did individually. When pKJK5 was inserted into P. putida, biofilm formation was significantly reduced compared with the co-culture without plasmid. A nonconjugative version of pKJK5 was also used, and the biofilm formation was restored. Visualization with the BioFlux 1000 facility showed that the presence of pKJK5-containing P. putida in the co-culture led to a changed biofilm structure, where the cells showed a higher tendency to attach to other cells rather than surfaces. This study thus indicates that the presence of conjugative plasmids in some species may decrease the surface-associated biofilm formation of a mixed co-culture by facilitating cell-cell attachment with reduced surface attachment as the consequence.
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