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Mumme S, Middleton AD, Ciucci P, De Groeve J, Corradini A, Aikens EO, Ossi F, Atwood P, Balkenhol N, Cole EK, Debeffe L, Dewey SR, Fischer C, Gude J, Heurich M, Hurley MA, Jarnemo A, Kauffman MJ, Licoppe A, van Loon E, McWhirter D, Mong TW, Pedrotti L, Morellet N, Mysterud A, Peters W, Proffitt K, Saïd S, Signer J, Sunde P, Starý M, Cagnacci F. Wherever I may roam-Human activity alters movements of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and elk (Cervus canadensis) across two continents. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5788-5801. [PMID: 37306048 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human activity and associated landscape modifications alter the movements of animals with consequences for populations and ecosystems worldwide. Species performing long-distance movements are thought to be particularly sensitive to human impact. Despite the increasing anthropogenic pressure, it remains challenging to understand and predict animals' responses to human activity. Here we address this knowledge gap using 1206 Global Positioning System movement trajectories of 815 individuals from 14 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 14 elk (Cervus canadensis) populations spanning wide environmental gradients, namely the latitudinal range from the Alps to Scandinavia in Europe, and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in North America. We measured individual-level movements relative to the environmental context, or movement expression, using the standardized metric Intensity of Use, reflecting both the directionality and extent of movements. We expected movement expression to be affected by resource (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) predictability and topography, but those factors to be superseded by human impact. Red deer and elk movement expression varied along a continuum, from highly segmented trajectories over relatively small areas (high intensity of use), to directed transitions through restricted corridors (low intensity of use). Human activity (Human Footprint Index, HFI) was the strongest driver of movement expression, with a steep increase in Intensity of Use as HFI increased, but only until a threshold was reached. After exceeding this level of impact, the Intensity of Use remained unchanged. These results indicate the overall sensitivity of Cervus movement expression to human activity and suggest a limitation of plastic responses under high human pressure, despite the species also occurring in human-dominated landscapes. Our work represents the first comparison of metric-based movement expression across widely distributed populations of a deer genus, contributing to the understanding and prediction of animals' responses to human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mumme
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Arthur D Middleton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Johannes De Groeve
- Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Corradini
- Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Stelvio National Park-Ersaf Lombardia, Bormio, Italy
| | - Ellen O Aikens
- School of Computing, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, Laramie, USA
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Federico Ossi
- Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paul Atwood
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Idaho, Coeur d'Alene, USA
| | - Niko Balkenhol
- Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eric K Cole
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Elk Refuge, Wyoming, Jackson, USA
| | - Lucie Debeffe
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Sarah R Dewey
- National Park Service, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, Moose, USA
| | - Claude Fischer
- Department of Nature Management, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Jussy, Switzerland
| | - Justin Gude
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Montana, Helena, USA
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Inland Norway University of Applied Science Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management, Koppang, Norway
| | - Mark A Hurley
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Idaho, Boise, USA
| | - Anders Jarnemo
- School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Alain Licoppe
- Natural and Agricultural Environmental Studies Department, Service Public de Wallonie, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Emiel van Loon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tony W Mong
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming, Cody, USA
| | - Luca Pedrotti
- Stelvio National Park-Ersaf Lombardia, Bormio, Italy
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wibke Peters
- Department for Conservation, Biodiversity and Wildlife Management, Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Kelly Proffitt
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Montana, Bozeman, USA
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, DRAS, "Montfort", Birieux, France
| | - Johannes Signer
- Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peter Sunde
- Department of Ecoscience-Wildlife Ecology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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2
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Winter dietary overlap between two sympatric wild caprids, markhor (Capra falconeri) and Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) at Kazinag National Park and its adjoining areas in the Kashmir Himalaya. Biologia (Bratisl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-023-01328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Jenner BN, Henry PM. Pathotypes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae express discrete repertoires of accessory genes and induce distinct host transcriptional responses during root infection. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4570-4586. [PMID: 35706142 PMCID: PMC9796522 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Convergent evolution of phytopathogenicity is poorly described, especially among multiple strains of a single microbial species. We investigated this phenomenon with genetically diverse isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) that cause one of two syndromes: chlorosis and wilting (the 'yellows-fragariae' pathotype), or only wilting (the 'wilt-fragariae' pathotype). We challenged strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants to root infection by five fungal isolates: three yellows-fragariae, one wilt-fragariae and one that is not pathogenic to strawberry. All Fof isolates had chromosome-level assemblies; three were newly generated. The two pathotypes triggered distinct host responses, especially among phytohormone-associated genes; yellows-fragariae isolates strongly induced jasmonic acid-associated genes, whereas the wilt-fragariae isolate primarily induced ethylene biosynthesis and signalling. The differentially expressed genes on fungal accessory chromosomes were almost entirely distinct between pathotypes. We identified an ~150 kbp 'pathogenicity island' that was horizontally transferred between wilt-fragariae strains. This predicted pathogenicity island was enriched with differentially expressed genes whose predicted functions were related to plant infection, and only one of these genes was also upregulated in planta by yellows-fragariae isolates. These results support the conclusion that wilt- and yellows-fragariae cause physiologically distinct syndromes by the expression of discrete repertoires of genes on accessory chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N. Jenner
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California at DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceSalinasCaliforniaUSA
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4
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Kelly CL, Schwarzkopf L, Gordon IJ, Pople A, Kelly DL, Hirsch BT. Dancing to a different tune: changing reproductive seasonality in an introduced chital deer population. Oecologia 2022; 200:285-294. [PMID: 35962285 PMCID: PMC9675656 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Male and female reproductive behaviour is typically synchronised. In species such as those in the family Cervidae, reproductive timing is often cued by photoperiod, although in females, it can be dependent on body condition. When a species is introduced to a novel environment, the environment changes, or responses of the sexes to such cues differ, asynchronous reproductive behaviour between males and females may occur. We investigated the seasonality of reproductive behaviour in introduced chital deer in northern Queensland by examining male antler phase in relation to female conception rates. We then analysed the influence of different variables likely to affect the timing of male and female reproductive physiology. The lowest percentage of chital in hard antler in any 1 month in this study was 35% (Fig. 1), but the average value was closer to 50%, thus there was a seasonal peak in antler phase linked with photoperiod. Females conceived at any time of year, but were strongly influenced by the amount of rainfall 3 months prior to conception. This resulted in varying conception peaks year-to-year that often did not correspond to the male’s peak in hard antler. In this system, a proportion of males and females were physiologically and behaviourally ready to mate at any time of the year. We predict that differences in the timing of the peaks between the males and females will lead to increased reproductive skew (variation in reproductive success among individual males). This pattern may select for different mating strategies or physiological mechanisms to increase reproductive success.The average percentage of male chital deer in hard antler by month from 2014 to 2019 in north Queensland. Values above the bars indicate the total number of males that were sampled in each month and the error bars indicate the standard error. In the month with the lowest % males in hard antler in the entire study (November, 2017), 35% of males were in hard antler ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Kelly
- Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Iain J Gordon
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK.,CSIRO, Australian Tropical Science and Innovation Precinct, Douglas Campus, Townsville, Australia.,Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Pople
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David L Kelly
- Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ben T Hirsch
- Division of Tropical Environments and Societies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
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5
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Mattisson J, Linnell JDC, Anders O, Belotti E, Breitenmoser‐Würsten C, Bufka L, Fuxjäger C, Heurich M, Ivanov G, Jędrzejewski W, Kont R, Kowalczyk R, Krofel M, Melovski D, Mengüllüoğlu D, Middelhoff TL, Molinari‐Jobin A, Odden J, Ozoliņš J, Okarma H, Persson J, Schmidt K, Vogt K, Zimmermann F, Andrén H. Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9147. [PMID: 35923936 PMCID: PMC9339757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecology and evolution of reproductive timing and synchrony have been a topic of great interest in evolutionary ecology for decades. Originally motivated by questions related to behavioral and reproductive adaptation to environmental conditions, the topic has acquired new relevance in the face of climate change. However, there has been relatively little research on reproductive phenology in mammalian carnivores. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) occurs across the Eurasian continent, covering three of the four main climate regions of the world. Thus, their distribution includes a large variation in climatic conditions, making it an ideal species to explore reproductive phenology. Here, we used data on multiple reproductive events from 169 lynx females across Europe. Mean birth date was May 28 (April 23 to July 1), but was ~10 days later in northern Europe than in central and southern Europe. Birth dates were relatively synchronized across Europe, but more so in the north than in the south. Timing of birth was delayed by colder May temperatures. Severe and cold weather may affect neonatal survival via hypothermia and avoiding inclement weather early in the season may select against early births, especially at northern latitudes. Overall, only about half of the kittens born survived until onset of winter but whether kittens were born relatively late or early did not affect kitten survival. Lynx are strict seasonal breeders but still show a degree of flexibility to adapt the timing of birth to surrounding environmental conditions. We argue that lynx give birth later when exposed to colder spring temperatures and have more synchronized births when the window of favorable conditions for raising kittens is shorter. This suggests that lynx are well adapted to different environmental conditions, from dry and warm climates to alpine, boreal, and arctic climates. This variation in reproductive timing will be favorable in times of climate change, as organisms with high plasticity are more likely to adjust to new environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway
| | | | - Elisa Belotti
- Department of Research and Nature Protection Šumava National Park Administration Kašperské Hory Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Ludek Bufka
- Department of Research and Nature Protection Šumava National Park Administration Kašperské Hory Czech Republic
| | | | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | | | - Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
- Centro de Ecología Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) Caracas Venezuela
| | - Radio Kont
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Miha Krofel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Dime Melovski
- Wildlife Sciences Georg‐August University Goettingen Germany
- Macedonian Ecological Society Skopje Macedonia
| | | | | | | | - John Odden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway
| | - Jānis Ozoliņš
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” Salaspils Latvia
| | - Henryk Okarma
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland
| | - Jens Persson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | | | | | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden
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6
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Plaisir CA, King WJ, Forsyth DM, Festa-Bianchet M. Effects of rainfall, forage biomass, and population density, on survival and growth of juvenile kangaroos. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A central goal of ecology is to understand how environmental variation affects populations. Long-term studies of marked individuals can quantify the effects of environmental variation on key life-history traits. We monitored the survival and growth of 336 individually marked juvenile eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus), a large herbivore living in a seasonal but unpredictable environment. During our 12-year study, the population experienced substantial variation in rainfall, forage biomass, and density. We used structural equation modeling to determine how variation in temperature and rainfall affected juvenile survival and growth through its effect on forage biomass and population density. Independently of population density, forage biomass had strong positive effects on survival from 10 to 21 months. At low population density, forage biomass also had a positive effect on skeletal growth to 26 months. Increasing maternal body condition improved rearing success for daughters but not for sons. High population density reduced skeletal growth to 26 months for both sexes. Rainfall had an increasingly positive effect on forage biomass at high temperatures, indicating a seasonal effect on food availability. Our study reveals interacting effects of environmental variation on juvenile survival and growth for a large mammal with a conservative reproductive strategy that experiences substantial stochasticity in food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Alexandre Plaisir
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Wendy J King
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 134, Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David M Forsyth
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 134, Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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7
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Dezeure J, Charpentier MJ, Huchard E. Fitness effects of seasonal birth timing in a long-lived social primate living in the equatorial forest. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Thel L, Chamaillé‐Jammes S, Bonenfant C. How to describe and measure phenology? An investigation on the diversity of metrics using phenology of births in large herbivores. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Thel
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Université Lyon I Villeurbanne France
| | - Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
- Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology&Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- LTSER France, Zone Atelier ‘Hwange', Hwange National Park Dete Zimbabwe
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Université Lyon I Villeurbanne France
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Brogi R, Merli E, Grignolio S, Chirichella R, Bottero E, Apollonio M. It is time to mate: population-level plasticity of wild boar reproductive timing and synchrony in a changing environment. Curr Zool 2021; 68:371-380. [PMID: 36090138 PMCID: PMC9450171 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
On a population level, individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes. However, a rigid reliance on photoperiodism can constraint such plastic responses in populations inhabiting temperate latitudes. The regulation of breeding season length may represent a further tool for populations facing changing environments. Nonetheless, this skill was reported only for equatorial, nonphotoperiodic populations. Our goal was to evaluate whether species living in temperate regions and relying on photoperiodism to trigger their reproduction may also be able to regulate breeding season length. During 10 years, we collected 2,500 female reproductive traits of a mammal model species (wild boar Sus scrofa) and applied a novel analytical approach to reproductive patterns in order to observe population-level variations of reproductive timing and synchrony under different weather and resources availability conditions. Under favorable conditions, breeding seasons were anticipated and population synchrony increased (i.e., shorter breeding seasons). Conversely, poor conditions induced delayed and less synchronous (i.e., longer) breeding seasons. The potential to regulate breeding season length depending on environmental conditions may entail a high resilience of the population reproductive patterns against environmental changes, as highlighted by the fact that almost all mature females were reproductive every year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Brogi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Enrico Merli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Stefano Grignolio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Roberta Chirichella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Elisa Bottero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
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10
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Srivastava T, Kumar A. Seasonal forage and diet quality in two subtropical ungulates in the Himalaya. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Srivastava T, Kumar A, Kumar V, Umapathy G. Diet Drives Differences in Reproductive Synchrony in Two Sympatric Mountain Ungulates in the Himalaya. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.647465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ungulates in higher latitudes and altitudes experience sharp seasonal changes in forage abundance and quality. In response, ungulates show varying degrees of synchrony in reproduction. Diet type has been hypothesized to be a determinant of differences in reproductive synchrony. Analyses at global scales using proxies of plant phenology such as climate, latitude and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have found no evidence in support because such proxies do not capture differences in phenology among plant taxa at local scales. We compared seasonal variations in diet quality with reproductive synchrony in the Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), a browser, and the Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral), a grazer, in mid-altitude Himalaya. We also compared seasonal variations in physiological stress using fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM). We identified different stages of female reproductive cycle using fecal concentrations of metabolites of estradiol, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and testosterone and used fecal crude protein (CP) as an indicator of diet quality. In musk deer, fecal estradiol and PdG concentrations showed a dispersed estrous and parturition, respectively. Goral had a more synchronized estrous and parturition. Estrous cycles in both species occurred when diet quality was poor, but parturition occurred when diet quality was high. Greater seasonality in reproduction in goral is driven by sharp phenological changes in graminoids on which it feeds, compared to slow changes in browse on which musk deer feeds. Thus, we show that diet type drives the differences in reproductive synchrony in these two sympatric species. Spring and summer with highest diet quality were times of highest stress in both the ungulates. We hypothesize predation pressure from feral dogs and resource competition with livestock as plausible explanations for this, which need to be tested in future. Our findings also highlight the need for studying relationships among plant phenology, diet type and reproductive biology of ungulates at local scales if we are to understand species responses to global phenomena such as climate change.
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12
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Henry PM, Pincot DD, Jenner BN, Borrero C, Aviles M, Nam M, Epstein L, Knapp SJ, Gordon TR. Horizontal chromosome transfer and independent evolution drive diversification in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:327-340. [PMID: 33616938 PMCID: PMC7986148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The genes required for host-specific pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum can be acquired through horizontal chromosome transfer (HCT). However, it is unknown if HCT commonly contributes to the diversification of pathotypes. Using comparative genomics and pathogenicity phenotyping, we explored the role of HCT in the evolution of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, the cause of Fusarium wilt of strawberry, with isolates from four continents. We observed two distinct syndromes: one included chlorosis ('yellows-fragariae') and the other did not ('wilt-fragariae'). All yellows-fragariae isolates carried a predicted pathogenicity chromosome, 'chrY-frag ', that was horizontally transferred at least four times. chrY-frag was associated with virulence on specific cultivars and encoded predicted effectors that were highly upregulated during infection. chrY-frag was not present in wilt-fragariae; isolates causing this syndrome evolved pathogenicity independently. All origins of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae occurred outside of the host's native range. Our data support the conclusion that HCT is widespread in F. oxysporum, but pathogenicity can also evolve independently. The absence of chrY-frag in wilt-fragariae suggests that multiple, distinct pathogenicity chromosomes can confer the same host specificity. The wild progenitors of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) did not co-evolve with this pathogen, yet we discovered several sources of genetic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1636 E. Alisal St.SalinasCA93905USA
| | - Dominique D.A. Pincot
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Bradley N. Jenner
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Celia Borrero
- Department of Ciencias AgroforestalesEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaUniversidad de SevillaCtra. Utrera km 1Sevilla41013Spain
| | - Manuel Aviles
- Department of Ciencias AgroforestalesEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería AgronómicaUniversidad de SevillaCtra. Utrera km 1Sevilla41013Spain
| | - Myeong‐Hyeon Nam
- Strawberry Research InstituteChungcheongnam‐do Agricultural Research & Extension ServicesNonsan32914Korea
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Steven J. Knapp
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Thomas R. Gordon
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
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13
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Michel ES, Strickland BK, Demarais S, Belant JL, Kautz TM, Duquette JF, Beyer DE, Chamberlain MJ, Miller KV, Shuman RM, Kilgo JC, Diefenbach DR, Wallingford BD, Vreeland JK, Ditchkoff SS, DePerno CS, Moorman CE, Chitwood MC, Lashley MA. Relative reproductive phenology and synchrony affect neonate survival in a nonprecocial ungulate. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Michel
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Fish and Wildlife Madelia MN USA
| | - Bronson K. Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Stephen Demarais
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY USA
| | - Todd M. Kautz
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY USA
| | - Jared F. Duquette
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division Forbes Natural History Building Champaign IL USA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Customer Service Center Michigan Department of Natural Resources Marquette MI USA
| | | | - Karl V. Miller
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | | | - John C. Kilgo
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station New Ellenton SC USA
| | - Duane R. Diefenbach
- U.S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher S. DePerno
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Christopher E. Moorman
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - M. Colter Chitwood
- Wildlife Biology Program, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Marcus A. Lashley
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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14
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Bézy VS, Putman NF, Umbanhowar JA, Orrego CM, Fonseca LG, Quirós-Pereira WM, Valverde RA, Lohmann KJ. Mass-nesting events in olive ridley sea turtles: environmental predictors of timing and size. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Phenotypic plasticity following weaning: winter body mass trends and food intake in relation to temperature by an arctic ungulate. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Calabrese JM, Moss Clay A, Estes RD, Thompson KV, Monfort SL. Male rutting calls synchronize reproduction in Serengeti wildebeest. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10202. [PMID: 29976996 PMCID: PMC6033926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly synchronized reproduction in vast wildebeest herds underpins the keystone role this iconic species plays in the Serengeti. However, despite decades of study, the proximate synchronizing mechanism remains unknown. Combining a season-long field experiment with simple stochastic process models, we show that females exposed to playback of male rutting vocalizations are over three times more synchronous in their expected time to mating than a control group isolated from all male stimuli. Additionally, predictions of both mating and calving synchrony based on the playback group were highly consistent with independent data on wildebeest mating and calving synchrony, while control-based predictions were inconsistent with the data. Taken together, our results provide the first experimental evidence that male rutting vocalizations alone could account for the highly synchronized reproduction observed in Serengeti wildebeest. Given anthropogenically driven losses in many areas, a mechanistic understanding of synchrony can highlight additional risks declining wildebeest populations may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Calabrese
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
| | - Allison Moss Clay
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
| | - Richard D Estes
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Katerina V Thompson
- College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven L Monfort
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
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17
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Couriot O, Hewison AJM, Saïd S, Cagnacci F, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Linnell JDC, Mysterud A, Peters W, Urbano F, Heurich M, Kjellander P, Nicoloso S, Berger A, Sustr P, Kroeschel M, Soennichsen L, Sandfort R, Gehr B, Morellet N. Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore. Oecologia 2018; 187:47-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Martin AR, Da Silva VMF. Reproductive parameters of the Amazon river dolphin or boto, Inia geoffrensis (Cetacea: Iniidae); an evolutionary outlier bucks no trends. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Martin
- Centre for Remote Environments, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, UK
| | - V M F Da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Petrópolis, Manaus/AM, Brazil
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19
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Duncan CL, King JL, Stapp P. Effects of prolonged immunocontraception on the breeding behavior of American bison. J Mammal 2017; 98:1272-1287. [PMID: 29674785 PMCID: PMC5901074 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2009, the Catalina Island Conservancy began using fertility control to replace periodic removals to manage an introduced population of American bison (Bison bison) on the island. Through the application of the immunocontraceptive vaccine porcine zona pellucida (PZP), population growth was slowed within 1 year, and halted over time. In response to lingering questions about the use of PZP to manage large, free-ranging wildlife populations, we sought to determine the reversibility of PZP by ceasing the annual application to a subset of 15 bison cows and monitoring for subsequent calf arrival, and to document changes in the timing and length of the breeding season in response to PZP by monitoring breeding behavior and assessing fecal progesterone (FP) levels for all 60 resident cows over a 13-month period. As of June 2017, no new calves had been observed on the island, suggesting that, following repeated annual treatment with PZP (3 or 4 years), bison do not resume normal reproduction for at least 4 or 5 years, and that fewer treatments would be advisable if a faster return to fertility is desired. Based on observations of bull and cow behavior, and FP levels, cows displayed estrous cycles consistently throughout the study period, indicating that bison may ovulate year-round when conception and its consequences, e.g., lactation and presence of calves, are blocked. Because there is little evidence that an extended breeding season would negatively impact the health of bulls or result in large numbers of out-of-season births on Catalina, PZP appears to be a highly effective tool for managing the population of introduced bison on the island. However, the extended period of contraception and breeding activity of both cows and bulls may make PZP less suitable in high-latitude, predator-rich environments where bison conservation remains a top priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin L Duncan
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA (CLD, PS)
| | - Julie L King
- Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, CA 90704, USA (CLD, JLK)
| | - Paul Stapp
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA (CLD, PS)
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20
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PELÁEZ M, SAN MIGUEL A, RODRÍGUEZ-VIGAL C, PEREA R. Climate, female traits and population features as drivers of breeding timing in Mediterranean red deer populations. Integr Zool 2017; 12:396-408. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta PELÁEZ
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources; Technical University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Alfonso SAN MIGUEL
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources; Technical University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Ramón PEREA
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources; Technical University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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21
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Hogg JT, Dunn SJ, Poissant J, Pelletier F, Byers JA. Capital vs. income‐dependent optimal birth date in two North American ungulates. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Hogg
- Montana Conservation Science Institute 5200 Upper Miller Creek Road Missoula Montana 59803 USA
| | - Stacey J. Dunn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844 USA
| | - Jocelyn Poissant
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Faculté des Sciences Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - John A. Byers
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844 USA
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22
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Peters W, Hebblewhite M, Mysterud A, Spitz D, Focardi S, Urbano F, Morellet N, Heurich M, Kjellander P, Linnell JDC, Cagnacci F. Migration in geographic and ecological space by a large herbivore. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Peters
- Wildlife Biology Program; Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
- Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; Via Mach 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
- Department of Biosciences; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; P.O. Box, 1066 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program; Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Department of Biosciences; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; P.O. Box, 1066 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Derek Spitz
- Wildlife Biology Program; Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Stefano Focardi
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca'Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia BO Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Morellet
- INRA UR35; Comportement et Écologie de la Faune Sauvage; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; B.P. 52627 31326 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Conservation and Research; Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Street 2 94481 Grafenau Germany
- Wildlife Ecology and Management; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU); 73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - John D. C. Linnell
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA); PO Box 5685 Sluppen 7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; Via Mach 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Department; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
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23
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Brand MD, Hill RD, Brenes R, Chaney JC, Wilkes RP, Grayfer L, Miller DL, Gray MJ. Water Temperature Affects Susceptibility to Ranavirus. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:350-359. [PMID: 27283058 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife populations is increasing, and changes in environmental conditions have been hypothesized as a potential driver. For example, warmer ambient temperatures might favor pathogens by providing more ideal conditions for propagation or by stressing hosts. Our objective was to determine if water temperature played a role in the pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen (ranavirus) that infects ectothermic vertebrate species. We exposed larvae of four amphibian species to a Frog Virus 3 (FV3)-like ranavirus at two temperatures (10 and 25°C). We found that FV3 copies in tissues and mortality due to ranaviral disease were greater at 25°C than at 10°C for all species. In a second experiment with wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), we found that a 2°C change (10 vs. 12°C) affected ranaviral disease outcomes, with greater infection and mortality at 12°C. There was evidence that 10°C stressed Cope's gray tree frog (Hyla chrysoscelis) larvae, which is a species that breeds during summer-all individuals died at this temperature, but only 10% tested positive for FV3 infection. The greater pathogenicity of FV3 at 25°C might be related to faster viral replication, which in vitro studies have reported previously. Colder temperatures also may decrease systemic infection by reducing blood circulation and the proportion of phagocytes, which are known to disseminate FV3 through the body. Collectively, our results indicate that water temperature during larval development may play a role in the emergence of ranaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabre D Brand
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel D Hill
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Department of Biology, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Jordan C Chaney
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Debra L Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew J Gray
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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24
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Frauendorf M, Gethöffer F, Siebert U, Keuling O. The influence of environmental and physiological factors on the litter size of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an agriculture dominated area in Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:877-882. [PMID: 26437356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The wild boar population has increased enormously in all of Europe over the last decades and caused problems like crop damage, transmission of diseases, and vehicle accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the underlying causes of this increase in order to be able to manage populations effectively. The purpose of this study was to analyse how environmental (food and climate) and physiological factors (maternal weight and age) as well as hunting and population density influence the litter size of wild boar populations in Northern Germany. The mean litter size in the studied population for the whole period was 6.6 (range 1–12), which is one of the highest in all of Europe. Litter size was positively influenced by maternal body weight, higher mast yield of oak as well as higher temperature in combination with higher precipitation in summer. Only higher temperature or only higher precipitation in summer however had a negative effect on litter size production. Probably,weather and food conditions act via maternal bodyweight on the litter size variation in wild boar. Hunting as well a s population density did not affect the litter size variation in this study which might indicate that wild boar population did not reach carrying capacity yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Frauendorf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Gethöffer
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Duncan C, Chauvenet ALM, Brown ME, Pettorelli N. Energy availability, spatio-temporal variability and implications for animal ecology. DIVERS DISTRIB 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Duncan
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | | | - Molly E. Brown
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; 8800 Greenbelt Road Greenbelt MD 20771 USA
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
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26
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Burger J, Gochfeld M. Avian Predation on Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Sea Turtle Eggs and Hatchlings: Avian Opportunities, Turtle Avoidance, and Human Protection. COPEIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-13-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Ameca y Juárez EI, Mace GM, Cowlishaw G, Pettorelli N. Identifying species' characteristics associated with natural population die-offs in mammals. Anim Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Ameca y Juárez
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London; London UK
- Centre for Population Biology and Division of Biology; Imperial College London; Ascot UK
| | - G. M. Mace
- Division of Biosciences; University College London; London UK
| | - G. Cowlishaw
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - N. Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London; London UK
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