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Platzer R, Hellmeier J, Göhring J, Perez ID, Schatzlmaier P, Bodner C, Focke‐Tejkl M, Schütz GJ, Sevcsik E, Stockinger H, Brameshuber M, Huppa JB. Monomeric agonist peptide/MHCII complexes activate T-cells in an autonomous fashion. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57842. [PMID: 37768718 PMCID: PMC10626418 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular crowding of agonist peptide/MHC class II complexes (pMHCIIs) with structurally similar, yet per se non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCIIs is postulated to sensitize T-cells for the recognition of single antigens on the surface of dendritic cells and B-cells. When testing this premise with the use of advanced live cell microscopy, we observe pMHCIIs as monomeric, randomly distributed entities diffusing rapidly after entering the APC surface. Synaptic TCR engagement of highly abundant endogenous pMHCIIs is low or non-existent and affects neither TCR engagement of rare agonist pMHCII in early and advanced synapses nor agonist-induced TCR-proximal signaling. Our findings highlight the capacity of single freely diffusing agonist pMHCIIs to elicit the full T-cell response in an autonomous and peptide-specific fashion with consequences for adaptive immunity and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Platzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Joschka Hellmeier
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied PhysicsViennaAustria
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Imaging and BionanotechnologyMartinsriedGermany
| | - Janett Göhring
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Iago Doel Perez
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Present address:
Takeda Manufacturing Austria AGViennaAustria
| | - Philipp Schatzlmaier
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Clara Bodner
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied PhysicsViennaAustria
| | - Margarete Focke‐Tejkl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Eva Sevcsik
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied PhysicsViennaAustria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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2
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Sykulev Y. Factors contributing to the potency of CD8 + T cells. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:693-700. [PMID: 37558570 PMCID: PMC10511257 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a crucial role in targeting virus-infected and cancer cells. Although other cytotoxic lymphocytes such as CD4+ T and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, can also identify and destroy aberrant cells, they seem to be significantly less potent based on available experimental data. Here, I contemplate the molecular mechanisms controlling the sensitivity and kinetics of granule-mediated CD8+ T cell cytolytic responses. I posit that the clustering of MHC-I molecules and T cell receptors (TCRs) on the cell surface, as well as the contribution of the CD8 co-receptor, are major factors driving exceptionally potent cytolytic responses. I also contend that CD8+ T cells with known specificity and engineered TCR-T cells might be among the most efficient cytolytic effectors for treating patients suffering from viral infections or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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3
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Zagorulya M, Spranger S. Once upon a prime: DCs shape cancer immunity. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:172-184. [PMID: 36357313 PMCID: PMC10827483 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are potent killers of diseased cells, but their functional capacity is often compromised in cancer. The quality of antitumor T cell immunity is determined during T cell priming in the lymph node and further influenced by the local microenvironment of the tumor. Increasing evidence indicates that dendritic cells (DCs) have the capacity to precisely regulate the functional quality of antitumor T cell responses in both locations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how distinct DC-derived signals influence CD8+ T cell differentiation and antitumor functions. Insight into the mechanisms of DC-mediated regulation of antitumor immunity could inspire the development of improved approaches to prevent and reverse T cell dysfunction in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zagorulya
- Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ludwig Center at MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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4
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Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. The paradox of radiation and T cells in tumors. Neoplasia 2022; 31:100808. [PMID: 35691060 PMCID: PMC9194456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we consider what appears to be a paradox in immunotherapies based around radiation therapy. The paradox is based on three main points. 1. That T cells are needed for radiation's efficacy; 2. That tumor-specific T cells are enriched in the field of treatment; and 3. That radiation kills T cells in the treatment field. We discuss evidence of the effect of radiation on T cells in the field given their ongoing movement in and out of tissues and the tumor, and how the movement of T cells impacts the treated primary tumor and untreated distant metastases. Given this evidence, we revisit the paradox to understand how the extraordinary efficacy of radiation and immunity in preclinical models is dependent on this radiation sensitive cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA.
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
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5
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T-cell Receptor Is a Threshold Detector: Sub- and Supra-Threshold Stochastic Resonance in TCR-MHC Clusters on the Cell Surface. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24030389. [PMID: 35327900 PMCID: PMC8946872 DOI: 10.3390/e24030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic resonance in clusters of major histocompatibility molecules is extended by a more detailed description of adaptive thresholding and by applying the notion of suprathreshold stochastic resonance as a stochastically quantizing encoder of transmembrane signaling downstream of major histocompatibility molecules and T-cell receptors on the side of presenting and recognizing cells, respectively. The adaptive nature of thresholding is partly explained by a mirroring of the noncognate–cognate dichotomy shown by the T-cell receptor structure and the kinetic-segregation model of the onset of T-cell receptor triggering. Membrane clusters of major histocompatibility molecules and T-cell receptors on their host cells are envisioned as places of the temporal encoding of downstream signals via the suprathreshold stochastic resonance process. The ways of optimization of molecular prostheses, such as chimeric antigen receptors against cancer in transmembrane signaling, are suggested in the framework of suprathreshold stochastic resonance. The analogy between Förster resonance energy transfer and suprathreshold stochastic resonance for information transfer is also discussed. The overlap integral for energy transfer parallels the mutual information transferred by suprathreshold stochastic resonance.
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6
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Nanomedicine in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Status and Future Opportunities for Overcoming Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246175. [PMID: 34944794 PMCID: PMC8699181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite access to a vast arsenal of anticancer agents, many fail to realise their full therapeutic potential in clinical practice. One key determinant of this is the evolution of multifaceted resistance mechanisms within the tumour that may either pre-exist or develop during the course of therapy. This is particularly evident in pancreatic cancer, where limited responses to treatment underlie dismal survival rates, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Here, we discuss the major features of pancreatic tumours that contribute to therapy resistance, and how they may be alleviated through exploitation of the mounting and exciting promise of nanomedicines; a unique collection of nanoscale platforms with tunable and multifunctional capabilities that have already elicited a widespread impact on cancer management. Abstract The development of drug resistance remains one of the greatest clinical oncology challenges that can radically dampen the prospect of achieving complete and durable tumour control. Efforts to mitigate drug resistance are therefore of utmost importance, and nanotechnology is rapidly emerging for its potential to overcome such issues. Studies have showcased the ability of nanomedicines to bypass drug efflux pumps, counteract immune suppression, serve as radioenhancers, correct metabolic disturbances and elicit numerous other effects that collectively alleviate various mechanisms of tumour resistance. Much of this progress can be attributed to the remarkable benefits that nanoparticles offer as drug delivery vehicles, such as improvements in pharmacokinetics, protection against degradation and spatiotemporally controlled release kinetics. These attributes provide scope for precision targeting of drugs to tumours that can enhance sensitivity to treatment and have formed the basis for the successful clinical translation of multiple nanoformulations to date. In this review, we focus on the longstanding reputation of pancreatic cancer as one of the most difficult-to-treat malignancies where resistance plays a dominant role in therapy failure. We outline the mechanisms that contribute to the treatment-refractory nature of these tumours, and how they may be effectively addressed by harnessing the unique capabilities of nanomedicines. Moreover, we include a brief perspective on the likely future direction of nanotechnology in pancreatic cancer, discussing how efforts to develop multidrug formulations will guide the field further towards a therapeutic solution for these highly intractable tumours.
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7
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Zhao X, Wu LZ, Ng EKY, Leow KWS, Wei Q, Gascoigne NRJ, Brzostek J. Non-Stimulatory pMHC Enhance CD8 T Cell Effector Functions by Recruiting Coreceptor-Bound Lck. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721722. [PMID: 34707605 PMCID: PMC8542885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, CD8+ T cells need to recognize low numbers of antigenic pMHC class I complexes in the presence of a surplus of non-stimulatory, self pMHC class I on the surface of the APC. Non-stimulatory pMHC have been shown to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to low amounts of antigenic pMHC, in a phenomenon called co-agonism, but the physiological significance and molecular mechanism of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. Our data show that co-agonist pMHC class I complexes recruit CD8-bound Lck to the immune synapse to modulate CD8+ T cell signaling pathways, resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell effector functions and proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, co-agonism can boost T cell proliferation through an extrinsic mechanism, with co-agonism primed CD8+ T cells enhancing Akt pathway activation and proliferation in neighboring CD8+ T cells primed with low amounts of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Zhe Wu
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esther K Y Ng
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerisa W S Leow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Efficient killing of tumor cells by CAR-T cells demands engagement of a larger number of CARs as opposed to TCRs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101033. [PMID: 34371020 PMCID: PMC8452787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although CAR T cells are widely used to treat cancer, efficiency of CAR-T cell cytolytic responses has not been carefully examined. We engineered CAR specific for HMW-MAA (high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen) and evaluated potency of CD8+ CAR-T cells to release cytolytic granules and to kill tissue-derived melanoma cells, which express different levels of HMW-MAA. CAR T cells efficiently killed melanoma cells expressing high level of HMW-MAA, but not melanoma cells with lower levels of HMW-MAA. The same melanoma cells presenting significantly lower level of stimulatory peptide-MHC ligand were readily lysed by T cells transduced with genes encoding α,β-TCR specific for the peptide-MHC ligand. The data suggest that higher level of targeted molecules is required to engage a larger number of CARs than TCRs to induce efficient cytolytic granule release and destruction of melanoma cells. Understanding the difference in molecular mechanisms controlling activation thresholds of CAR- versus TCR-mediated responses will contribute to improving efficiency of CAR T cells required to eliminate solid tumors presenting low levels of targeted molecules.
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9
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Harris MJ, Fuyal M, James JR. Quantifying persistence in the T-cell signaling network using an optically controllable antigen receptor. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10091. [PMID: 33988299 PMCID: PMC8120804 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells discriminate between healthy and infected cells with remarkable sensitivity when mounting an immune response, which is hypothesized to depend on T cells combining stimuli from multiple antigen-presenting cell interactions into a more potent response. To quantify the capacity for T cells to accomplish this, we have developed an antigen receptor that is optically tunable within cell conjugates, providing control over the duration, and intensity of intracellular T-cell signaling. We observe limited persistence within the T-cell intracellular network on disruption of receptor input, with signals dissipating entirely in ~15 min, and directly show sustained proximal receptor signaling is required to maintain gene transcription. T cells thus primarily accumulate the outputs of gene expression rather than integrate discrete intracellular signals. Engineering optical control in a clinically relevant chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), we show that this limited signal persistence can be exploited to increase CAR-T cell activation threefold using pulsatile stimulation. Our results are likely to apply more generally to the signaling dynamics of other cellular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Harris
- Molecular Immunity UnitDepartment of MedicineMRC‐LMBUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Muna Fuyal
- Division of Biomedical SciencesWarwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - John R James
- Molecular Immunity UnitDepartment of MedicineMRC‐LMBUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Division of Biomedical SciencesWarwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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10
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Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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11
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Zebertavage LK, Alice A, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. Transcriptional Upregulation of NLRC5 by Radiation Drives STING- and Interferon-Independent MHC-I Expression on Cancer Cells and T Cell Cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7376. [PMID: 32355214 PMCID: PMC7193601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been shown to enhance the efficacy of various T cell-targeted immunotherapies that improve antigen-specific T cell expansion, T regulatory cell depletion, or effector T cell function. Additionally, radiation therapy has been proposed as a means to recruit T cells to the treatment site and modulate cancer cells as effector T cell targets. The significance of these features remains unclear. We set out to determine, in checkpoint inhibitor resistant models, which components of radiation are primarily responsible for overcoming this resistance. In order to model the vaccination effect of radiation, we used a Listeria monocytogenes based vaccine to generate a large population of tumor antigen specific T cells but found that the presence of cells with cytotoxic capacity was unable to replicate the efficacy of radiation with combination checkpoint blockade. Instead, we demonstrated that a major role of radiation was to increase the susceptibility of surviving cancer cells to CD8+ T cell-mediated control through enhanced MHC-I expression. We observed a novel mechanism of genetic induction of MHC-I in cancer cells through upregulation of the MHC-I transactivator NLRC5. These data support the critical role of local modulation of tumors by radiation to improve tumor control with combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Zebertavage
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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12
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Mamedov A, Vorobyeva N, Filimonova I, Zakharova M, Kiselev I, Bashinskaya V, Baulina N, Boyko A, Favorov A, Kulakova O, Ziganshin R, Smirnov I, Poroshina A, Shilovskiy I, Khaitov M, Sykulev Y, Favorova O, Vlassov V, Gabibov A, Belogurov A. Protective Allele for Multiple Sclerosis HLA-DRB1*01:01 Provides Kinetic Discrimination of Myelin and Exogenous Antigenic Peptides. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3088. [PMID: 32010139 PMCID: PMC6978714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk of the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) is known to be increased in individuals bearing distinct class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants, whereas some of them may have a protective effect. Here we analyzed distribution of a highly polymorphous HLA-DRB1 locus in more than one thousand relapsing-remitting MS patients and healthy individuals of Russian ethnicity. Carriage of HLA-DRB1*15 and HLA-DRB1*03 alleles was associated with MS risk, whereas carriage of HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DRB1*11 was found to be protective. Analysis of genotypes revealed the compensatory effect of risk and resistance alleles in trans. We have identified previously unknown MBP153-161 peptide located at the C-terminus of MBP protein and MBP90-98 peptide that bound to recombinant HLA-DRB1*01:01 protein with affinity comparable to that of classical antigenic peptide 306-318 from the hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza virus demonstrating the ability of HLA-DRB1*01:01 to present newly identified MBP153-161 and MBP90-98 peptides. Measurements of kinetic parameters of MBP and HA peptides binding to HLA-DRB1*01:01 catalyzed by HLA-DM revealed a significantly lower rate of CLIP exchange for MBP153-161 and MBP90-98 peptides as opposed to HA peptide. Analysis of the binding of chimeric MBP-HA peptides demonstrated that the observed difference between MBP153-161, MBP90-98, and HA peptide epitopes is caused by the lack of anchor residues in the C-terminal part of the MBP peptides resulting in a moderate occupation of P6/7 and P9 pockets of HLA-DRB1*01:01 by MBP153-161 and MBP90-98 peptides in contrast to HA308-316 peptide. This leads to the P1 and P4 docking failure and rapid peptide dissociation and release of empty HLA-DM-HLA-DR complex. We would like to propose that protective properties of the HLA-DRB1*01 allele could be directly linked to the ability of HLA-DRB1*01:01 to kinetically discriminate between antigenic exogenous peptides and endogenous MBP derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ioanna Filimonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Kiselev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Natalia Baulina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Neuroimmunological Department of the Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Favorov
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kulakova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alina Poroshina
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Shilovskiy
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Olga Favorova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Impact of epitope density on CD8+ T cell development and function. Mol Immunol 2019; 113:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Anikeeva N, Fischer NO, Blanchette CD, Sykulev Y. Extent of MHC Clustering Regulates Selectivity and Effectiveness of T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:591-597. [PMID: 30541879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC proteins that present peptide ligands for recognition by TCR form nanoscale clusters on the cell membrane of APCs. How the extent of MHC clustering controls productive TCR engagement and TCR-mediated signaling has not been systematically studied. To evaluate the role of MHC clustering, we exploited nanoscale discoidal membrane mimetics (nanolipoprotein particles) to capture and present peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands at various densities. We examined the binding of these model membrane clusters to the surface of live human CD8+ T cells and the subsequent triggering of intracellular signaling. The data demonstrate that the proximity of pMHC ligands, high association rate of CD8-MHC interactions, and relatively long lifetime of cognate TCR-pMHC complexes emerge as essential parameters, explaining the significance of MHC clustering. Rapid rebinding of CD8 to MHC suggests a dual role of CD8 in facilitating the T cells' hunt for a rare foreign pMHC ligand and the induction of rapid T cell response. Thus, our findings provide a new understanding of how MHC clustering influences multivalent interactions of pMHC ligands with CD8 and TCR on live T cells that regulate Ag recognition, kinetics of intracellular signaling, and the selectivity and efficiency of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Craig D Blanchette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
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15
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Yu C, Xi J, Li M, An M, Liu H. Bioconjugate Strategies for the Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:719-732. [PMID: 29165988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) holds great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In mice, administration of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding synthetic peptides which modulate T cell receptor (TCR) signaling under subimmunogenic conditions induces selective tolerance without suppressing the global immune responses. However, clinical translation has yielded limited success. It has become apparent that the TCR signaling pathway via synthetic peptide antigen alone is inadequate to induce an effective tolerogenic immunity in autoimmune diseases. Bioconjugate strategies combining additional immunomodulatory functions with TCR signaling can amplify the antigen-specific immune tolerance and possibly lead to the development of new treatments in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a summary of recent advances in the development of bioconjugates to achieve antigen-specific immune tolerance in vivo, with the discussion focused on the underlying design principles and challenges that must be overcome to target these therapies to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Jingchao Xi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Myunggi An
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
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16
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van den Heuvel H, Heutinck KM, van der Meer-Prins EMW, Franke-van Dijk MEI, van Miert PPMC, Zhang X, Ten Berge IJM, Claas FHJ. The avidity of cross-reactive virus-specific T cells for their viral and allogeneic epitopes is variable and depends on epitope expression. Hum Immunol 2017; 79:39-50. [PMID: 29100943 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus-specific T cells can recognize allogeneic HLA (allo-HLA) through cross-reactivity of their T-cell receptor (TCR). In a transplantation setting, such allo-HLA cross-reactivity may contribute to harmful immune responses towards the allograft, provided that the cross-reactive T cells get sufficiently activated upon recognition of the allo-HLA. An important determinant of T-cell activation is TCR avidity, which to date, has remained largely unexplored for allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific T cells. For this purpose, cold target inhibition assays were performed using allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific memory CD8+ T-cell clones as responders, and syngeneic cells loaded with viral peptide and allogeneic cells as hot (radioactively-labeled) and cold (non-radioactively-labeled) targets. CD8 dependency of the T-cell responses was assessed using interferon γ (IFNγ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the presence and absence of CD8-blocking antibodies. At high viral-peptide loading concentrations, T-cell clones consistently demonstrated lower avidity for allogeneic versus viral epitopes, but at suboptimal concentrations the opposite was observed. In line, anti-viral reactivity was CD8 independent at high, but not at suboptimal viral-peptide-loading concentrations. The avidity of allo-HLA-cross-reactive virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells is therefore highly dependent on epitope expression, and as a consequence, can be both higher and lower for allogeneic versus viral targets under different (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen van den Heuvel
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirstin M Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M W van der Meer-Prins
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marry E I Franke-van Dijk
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paula P M C van Miert
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Cram ED, Rockey DD, Dolan BP. Chlamydia spp. development is differentially altered by treatment with the LpxC inhibitor LPC-011. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:98. [PMID: 28438125 PMCID: PMC5402638 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect a broad range of mammalian hosts. Members of related genera are pathogens of a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. Despite the diversity of Chlamydia, all species contain an outer membrane lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that is comprised of a genus-conserved, and genus-defining, trisaccharide 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid Kdo region. Recent studies with lipopolysaccharide inhibitors demonstrate that LOS is important for the C. trachomatis developmental cycle during RB- > EB differentiation. Here, we explore the effects of one of these inhibitors, LPC-011, on the developmental cycle of five chlamydial species. RESULTS Sensitivity to the drug varied in some of the species and was conserved between others. We observed that inhibition of LOS biosynthesis in some chlamydial species induced formation of aberrant reticulate bodies, while in other species, no change was observed to the reticulate body. However, loss of LOS production prevented completion of the chlamydial reproductive cycle in all species tested. In previous studies we found that C. trachomatis and C. caviae infection enhances MHC class I antigen presentation of a model self-peptide. We find that treatment with LPC-011 prevents enhanced host-peptide presentation induced by infection with all chlamydial-species tested. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that LOS synthesis is necessary for production of infectious progeny and inhibition of LOS synthesis induces aberrancy in certain chlamydial species, which has important implications for the use of LOS synthesis inhibitors as potential antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Cram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Daniel D Rockey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brian P Dolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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18
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Delcassian D, Sattler S, Dunlop IE. T cell immunoengineering with advanced biomaterials. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:211-222. [PMID: 28252135 PMCID: PMC6034443 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterials design offer the potential to actively control immune cell activation and behaviour. Many human diseases, such as infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, are partly mediated by inappropriate or insufficient activation of the immune system. T cells play a central role in the host immune response to these diseases, and so constitute a promising cell type for manipulation. In vivo, T cells are stimulated by antigen presenting cells (APC), therefore to design immunoengineering biomaterials that control T cell behaviour, artificial interfaces that mimic the natural APC-T cell interaction are required. This review draws together research in the design and fabrication of such biomaterial interfaces, and highlights efforts to elucidate key parameters in T cell activation, such as substrate mechanical properties and spatial organization of receptors, illustrating how they can be manipulated by bioengineering approaches to alter T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Susanne Sattler
- Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Balyan R, Gund R, Ebenezer C, Khalsa JK, Verghese DA, Krishnamurthy T, George A, Bal V, Rath S, Chaudhry A. Modulation of Naive CD8 T Cell Response Features by Ligand Density, Affinity, and Continued Signaling via Internalized TCRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1823-1837. [PMID: 28100678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell response magnitudes increase with increasing antigenic dosage. However, it is unclear whether ligand density only modulates the proportions of responding ligand-specific T cells or also alters responses at the single cell level. Using brief (3 h) exposure of TCR-transgenic mouse CD8 T cells in vitro to varying densities of cognate peptide-MHC ligand followed by ligand-free culture in IL-2, we found that ligand density determined the frequencies of responding cells but not the expression levels of the early activation marker molecule, CD69. Cells with low glucose uptake capacity and low protein synthesis rates were less ligand-sensitive, implicating metabolic competence in the response heterogeneity of CD8 T cell populations. Although most responding cells proliferated, ligand density was associated with time of entry into proliferation and with the extent of cell surface TCR downmodulation. TCR internalization was associated, regardless of the ligand density, with rapidity of c-myc induction, loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1, metabolic reprogramming, and cell cycle entry. A low affinity peptide ligand behaved, regardless of ligand density, like a low density, high affinity ligand in all these parameters. Inhibition of signaling after ligand exposure selectively delayed proliferation in cells with internalized TCRs. Finally, internalized TCRs continued to signal and genetic modification of TCR internalization and trafficking altered the duration of signaling in a T cell hybridoma. Together, our findings indicate that heterogeneity among responding CD8 T cell populations in their ability to respond to TCR-mediated stimulation and internalize TCRs mediates detection of ligand density or affinity, contributing to graded response magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Balyan
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and
| | - Rupali Gund
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and
| | - Chitra Ebenezer
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and
| | | | | | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and
| | - Satyajit Rath
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and
| | - Ashutosh Chaudhry
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; and.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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20
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Hu Y, Zhao Z, Ehrich M, Fuhrman K, Zhang C. In vitro controlled release of antigen in dendritic cells using pH-sensitive liposome-polymeric hybrid nanoparticles. POLYMER 2015; 80:171-179. [PMID: 26622069 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid nanoparticle (NP) consisting of a pH sensitive lipid shell and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) core was constructed. This hybrid NP has a mean size of 120.1 ± 8.8 nm and positively charged surface (zeta potential of 14.2 ± 1.4 mV). The lipid shell of the hybrid NP was quickly disintegrated in buffer with a pH of 5.5, which resembles the acidic environment of endosomes in dendritic cell (DC). Less than 20% of the antigen enclosed in pH-sensitive hybrid NP was released into human serum at physiological pH within 24 h, but more than 40% of the enclosed antigen was released within 8 h after pH was adjusted to 5.5. Fast uptake of the pH sensitive hybrid NP by DC was also observed. It was found that pH sensitive hybrid NP displayed faster degradation and antigen release compared to regular hybrid NPs after uptake by DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kristel Fuhrman
- Veterinary Medicine Experiment Station, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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21
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Perica K, Kosmides AK, Schneck JP. Linking form to function: Biophysical aspects of artificial antigen presenting cell design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1853:781-90. [PMID: 25200637 PMCID: PMC4344884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are engineered platforms for T cell activation and expansion, synthesized by coupling T cell activating proteins to the surface of cell lines or biocompatible particles. They can serve both as model systems to study the basic aspects of T cell signaling and translationally as novel approaches for either active or adoptive immunotherapy. Historically, these reductionist systems have not been designed to mimic the temporally and spatially complex interactions observed during endogenous T cell-APC contact, which include receptor organization at both micro- and nanoscales and dynamic changes in cell and membrane morphologies. Here, we review how particle size and shape, as well as heterogenous distribution of T cell activating proteins on the particle surface, are critical aspects of aAPC design. In doing so, we demonstrate how insights derived from endogenous T cell activation can be applied to optimize aAPC, and in turn how aAPC platforms can be used to better understand endogenous T cell stimulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa K Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Limited density of an antigen presented by RMA-S cells requires B7-1/CD28 signaling to enhance T-cell immunity at the effector phase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108192. [PMID: 25383875 PMCID: PMC4226464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of B7-1/CD28 between antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T-cells provides a second signal to proliferate and activate T-cell immunity at the induction phase. Many reports indicate that tumor cells transfected with B7-1 induced augmented antitumor immunity at the induction phase by mimicking APC function; however, the function of B7-1 on antitumor immunity at the effector phase is unknown. Here, we report direct evidence of enhanced T-cell antitumor immunity at the effector phase by the B7-1 molecule. Our experiments in vivo and in vitro indicated that reactivity of antigen-specific monoclonal and polyclonal T-cell effectors against a Lass5 epitope presented by RMA-S cells is increased when the cells expressed B7-1. Use of either anti-B7-1 or anti-CD28 antibodies to block the B7-1/CD28 association reduced reactivity of the T effectors against B7-1 positive RMA-S cells. Transfection of Lass5 cDNA into or pulse of Lass5 peptide onto B7-1 positive RMA-S cells overcomes the requirement of the B7-1/CD28 signal for T effector response. To our knowledge, the data offers, for the first time, strong evidence that supports the requirement of B7-1/CD28 secondary signal at the effector phase of antitumor T-cell immunity being dependent on the density of an antigenic peptide.
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23
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Anikeeva N, Sykulev Y, Delikatny EJ, Popov AV. Core-based lipid nanoparticles as a nanoplatform for delivery of near-infrared fluorescent imaging agents. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 4:507-524. [PMID: 25250201 PMCID: PMC4171838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) is a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye and photosensitizer with high quantum yield that makes the dye suitable for tumor treatment both as an imaging and therapy agent. We have designed and synthesized a series of a Pyro-based NIR probes, based on the conjugation of Pyro with lipids. The nature of our probes requires the use of a lipophilic carrier to deliver the probes to cancer cell membranes. To address this, we have utilized lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) consisting of PEGylated lipids, which form the nanoparticle shell, and a lipid core. To endow the LNPs with targeting properties, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) lipids were included in the composition that enables the non-covalent attachment of His-tag targeting proteins preserving their functional activity. We found that the nature of the core molecules influence the nanoparticle size, shelf-life and stability at physiological temperature. Two different Pyro-lipid conjugates were loaded either into the core or shell of the LNPs. The conjugates revealed differential ability to be accumulated in the cell membrane of the target cells with time. Thus, the modular organization of the core-shell LNPs allows facile adjustment of their composition with goal to fine tuning the nanoparticle properties for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Borger JG, Zamoyska R, Gakamsky DM. Proximity of TCR and its CD8 coreceptor controls sensitivity of T cells. Immunol Lett 2013; 157:16-22. [PMID: 24263053 PMCID: PMC3931270 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spatial organisation of T cell receptor (TCR) and its coreceptor CD8 on the surface of live naïve and Ag-experienced CD8(+) T cells was resolved by fluorescence lifetime cross-correlation microscopy. We found that exposure of naïve CD8(+) T cells to antigen (Ag) causes formation of [TCR, CD8] functional ensembles on the cell surface which correlated with significantly enhanced sensitivity of these cells. In contrast, TCR and CD8 are randomly distributed on the surface of naïve cells. Our model suggests that close proximity of TCR and CD8 can increase Ag sensitivity of T cells by significant accelerating the TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) binding rate and stabilisation of this complex. We suggest that the proximity of these primary signalling molecules contributes to the mechanism of functional avidity maturation of CD8(+) T cells by switching them from a low to high sensitivity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Borger
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Dmitry M Gakamsky
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, UK; Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy, Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre COSMIC, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK.
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25
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Lo YC, Edidin MA, Powell JD. Selective activation of antigen-experienced T cells by anti-CD3 constrained on nanoparticles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5107-14. [PMID: 24098054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of T cells through the TCR is mediated by the TCR-CD3 signaling complex. Cross linking of this complex with Abs directed against CD3 leads to potent activation of T cells. However, such activation is not Ag-specific. We exploited the observation that the TCR-CD3 complex is clustered on T cells that have been activated by Ag by using anti-CD3 nanoparticles to selectively activate Ag-experienced mouse T cells. We find that constraining anti-CD3 on the surface of a nanoparticle markedly and selectively enhances proliferation and cytokine production of Ag-experienced T cells but does not activate naive T cells. This effect was recapitulated in heterogeneous cultures containing mixtures of Ag-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells and bystander T cells. Furthermore, in vivo anti-CD3-coated nanoparticles increased the expansion of Ag-specific T cells following vaccination. Overall, these findings indicate that anti-CD3-coated nanoparticles could be use to enhance the efficacy of vaccines and immunotherapy. The results also suggest constraining a ligand on the surface of a nanoparticle might as general strategy for selectively targeting clustered receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
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26
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Stone JD, Kranz DM. Role of T cell receptor affinity in the efficacy and specificity of adoptive T cell therapies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:244. [PMID: 23970885 PMCID: PMC3748443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been considerable progress in the treatment of cancer using gene modified adoptive T cell therapies. Two approaches have been used, one involving the introduction of a conventional αβ T cell receptor (TCR) against a pepMHC cancer antigen, and the second involving introduction of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of a single-chain antibody as an Fv fragment linked to transmembrane and signaling domains. In this review, we focus on one aspect of TCR-mediated adoptive T cell therapies, the impact of the affinity of the αβ TCR for the pepMHC cancer antigen on both efficacy and specificity. We discuss the advantages of higher-affinity TCRs in mediating potent activity of CD4 T cells. This is balanced with the potential disadvantage of higher-affinity TCRs in mediating greater self-reactivity against a wider range of structurally similar antigenic peptides, especially in synergy with the CD8 co-receptor. Both TCR affinity and target selection will influence potential safety issues. We suggest pre-clinical strategies that might be used to examine each TCR for possible on-target and off-target side effects due to self-reactivities, and to adjust TCR affinities accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL , USA
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27
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Low JL, Naidoo A, Yeo G, Gehring AJ, Ho ZZ, Yau YH, Shochat SG, Kranz DM, Bertoletti A, Grotenbreg GM. Binding of TCR multimers and a TCR-like antibody with distinct fine-specificities is dependent on the surface density of HLA complexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51397. [PMID: 23251518 PMCID: PMC3519586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules evolved to sample degraded protein fragments from the interior of the cell, and to display them at the surface for immune surveillance by CD8+ T cells. The ability of these lymphocytes to identify immunogenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) products on, for example, infected hepatocytes, and to subsequently eliminate those cells, is crucial for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Various protein scaffolds have been designed to recapitulate the specific recognition of presented antigens with the aim to be exploited both diagnostically (e.g. to visualize cells exposed to infectious agents or cellular transformation) and therapeutically (e.g. for the delivery of drugs to compromised cells). In line with this, we report the construction of a soluble tetrameric form of an αβ T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the HBV epitope Env183–191 restricted by HLA-A*02:01, and compare its avidity and fine-specificity with a TCR-like monoclonal antibody generated against the same HLA target. A flow cytometry-based assay with streptavidin-coated beads loaded with Env183–191/HLA-A*02:01 complexes at high surface density, enabled us to probe the specific interaction of these molecules with their cognate pMHC. We demonstrate that the TCR tetramer has similar avidity for the pMHC as the antibody, but they differ in their fine-specificity, with only the TCR tetramer being capable of binding both natural variants of the Env183–191 epitope found in HBV genotypes A/C/D (187Arg) and genotype B (187Lys). Collectively, the results highlight the promiscuity of our soluble TCR, which could be an advantageous feature when targeting cells infected with a mutation-prone virus, but that binding of the soluble oligomeric TCR relies considerably on the surface density of the presented antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong L. Low
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anneta Naidoo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gladys Yeo
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Zong Ho
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susana G. Shochat
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gijsbert M. Grotenbreg
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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