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Perumal N, White B, Sanchez-Valdez F, Tarleton RL. cGAS-STING Pathway Activation during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Leads to Tissue-Dependent Parasite Control. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1123-1133. [PMID: 37603014 PMCID: PMC10783805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi is a markedly silent process, with limited host transcriptional changes indicative of innate immune recognition, except for a modest type I IFN (IFN-I) response. In this study, we show that T. cruzi-induced IFN-β production was nearly abolished in primary murine cGAS-/- or stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-deficient (STINGGt) macrophages and fibroblasts. T. cruzi infection did not impact the ability of IFN-regulatory factor reporter macrophages to respond to classical cGAS-STING agonists, indicating that the limited IFN-β induction is not due to active parasite suppression. cGAS-/-, STINGGt, and IFN-α/β receptor-/- (IFNAR-/-) macrophages infected with T. cruzi yielded significantly higher numbers of amastigotes compared with wild-type macrophages; however, the impact of the STING pathway during infection in vivo is more complex. Despite an initial increase in parasite growth, STINGGt and IFNAR-/- mice ultimately had lower parasite burden in footpads as compared with wild-type mice, demonstrating a role for IFN-I expression in potentiating parasite growth at the infection site. STING pathway activation had little impact on parasite levels in the skeletal muscle; however, in the heart, cGAS-/- and STINGGt mice, but not IFNAR-/- mice, accumulated higher acute parasite loads, suggesting a protective role of STING sensing of T. cruzi in this organ that was independent of IFN-I. Together, these results demonstrate that host cGAS-STING senses T. cruzi infection, enhancing parasite growth at the site of entry, and contributes to acute-phase parasite restriction in the heart, a major site of tissue damage in chronic T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Perumal
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Brooke White
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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2
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Abstract
Introduction: Innate immunity is armed with interferons (IFNs) that link innate immunity to adaptive immunity to generate long-term and protective immune responses against invading pathogens and tumors. However, regulation of IFN production is crucial because chronic IFN responses can have deleterious effects on both antitumor and antimicrobial immunity in addition to provoking autoinflammatory or autoimmune conditions.Areas covered: Here, we focus on the accumulated evidence on antimicrobial and antitumor activities of type I and II IFNs. We first summarize the intracellular and intercellular mechanisms regulating IFN production and signaling. Then, we discuss the mechanisms modulating the dual nature of IFNs for both antitumor and antimicrobial immune responses. Finally, we review the detrimental role of IFNs for induction of autoinflammation and autoimmunity.Expert opinion: The current evidence suggests that the dual role of IFNs for antimicrobial and antitumor immunity is dependent not only on the timing, administration route, and dose of IFNs but also on the type of pathogen/tumor. Therefore, we think that combinatorial therapies involving IFN-inducing adjuvants and immune-checkpoint blockers may offer therapeutic potential, especially for cancer, whereas infectious, autoinflammatory or autoimmune diseases require fine adjustment of timing, dose, and route of the administration for candidate IFN-based vaccines or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
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3
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Murray SM, McKay PF. Chlamydia trachomatis: Cell biology, immunology and vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:2965-2975. [PMID: 33771390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of a highly prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial disease and is associated with a number of severe disease complications. Current therapy options are successful at treating disease, but patients are left without protective immunity and do not benefit the majority asymptomatic patients who do not seek treatment. As such, there is a clear need for a broad acting, protective vaccine that can prevent transmission and protect against symptomatic disease presentation. There are three key elements that underlie successful vaccine development: 1) Chlamydia biology and immune-evasion adaptations, 2) the correlates of protection that prevent disease in natural and experimental infection, 3) reflection upon the evidence provided by previous vaccine attempts. In this review, we give an overview of the unique intra-cellular biology of C. trachomatis and give insight into the dynamic combination of adaptations that allow Chlamydia to subvert host immunity and survive within the cell. We explore the current understanding of chlamydial immunity in animal models and in humans and characterise the key immune correlates of protection against infection. We discuss in detail the specific immune interactions involved in protection, with relevance placed on the CD4+ T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte responses that are key to pathogen clearance. Finally, we provide a timeline of C. trachomatis vaccine research to date and evaluate the successes and failures in development so far. With insight from these three key elements of research, we suggest potential solutions for chlamydial vaccine development and promising avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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4
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Fox JM, Huang L, Tahan S, Powell LA, Crowe JE, Wang D, Diamond MS. A cross-reactive antibody protects against Ross River virus musculoskeletal disease despite rapid neutralization escape in mice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008743. [PMID: 32760128 PMCID: PMC7433899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses cause debilitating musculoskeletal disease and historically have circulated in distinct regions. With the global spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), there now is more geographic overlap, which could result in heterologous immunity affecting natural infection or vaccination. Here, we evaluated the capacity of a cross-reactive anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibody (CHK-265) to protect against disease caused by the distantly related alphavirus, Ross River virus (RRV). Although CHK-265 only moderately neutralizes RRV infection in cell culture, it limited clinical disease in mice independently of Fc effector function activity. Despite this protective phenotype, RRV escaped from CHK-265 neutralization in vivo, with resistant variants retaining pathogenic potential. Near the inoculation site, CHK-265 reduced viral burden in a type I interferon signaling-dependent manner and limited immune cell infiltration into musculoskeletal tissue. In a parallel set of experiments, purified human CHIKV immune IgG also weakly neutralized RRV, yet when transferred to mice, resulted in improved clinical outcome during RRV infection despite the emergence of resistant viruses. Overall, this study suggests that weakly cross-neutralizing antibodies can protect against heterologous alphavirus disease, even if neutralization escape occurs, through an early viral control program that tempers inflammation. The induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies is a goal of many antiviral vaccine programs. In this study, we show that cross-reactive monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies developed after CHIKV infection or immunization with relatively weak cross-neutralizing activity can protect against RRV-induced musculoskeletal disease in mice. Even though RRV rapidly escaped from neutralization, antibody therapy reduced inflammation in musculoskeletal tissues and decreased viral burden near the site of infection in a manner that required type I interferon signaling. These studies in mice show that broadly reactive antibodies with limited neutralizing activity still can confer protection against heterologous alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ling Huang
- MacroGenics, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Tahan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Powell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Pathogenic Biohacking: Induction, Modulation and Subversion of Host Transcriptional Responses by Listeria monocytogenes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050294. [PMID: 32380645 PMCID: PMC7290974 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, the foodborne bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes dynamically influences the gene expression profile of host cells. Infection-induced transcriptional changes are a typical feature of the host-response to bacteria and contribute to the activation of protective genes such as inflammatory cytokines. However, by using specialized virulence factors, bacterial pathogens can target signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms to alter host gene expression, thereby reprogramming the response to infection. Therefore, the transcriptional profile that is established in the host is delicately balanced between antibacterial responses and pathogenesis, where any change in host gene expression might significantly influence the outcome of infection. In this review, we discuss the known transcriptional and epigenetic processes that are engaged during Listeria monocytogenes infection, the virulence factors that can remodel them, and the impact these processes have on the outcome of infection.
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Lee AJ, Mian F, Poznanski SM, Stackaruk M, Chan T, Chew MV, Ashkar AA. Type I Interferon Receptor on NK Cells Negatively Regulates Interferon-γ Production. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1261. [PMID: 31214198 PMCID: PMC6558015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are a key antiviral component of the innate immune response to HSV-2, particularly through their production of IFN-γ. It is still commonly thought that type I IFN activates NK cell function; however, rather than requiring the type I IFN receptor themselves, we have previously found that type I IFN activates NK cells through an indirect mechanism involving inflammatory monocytes and IL-18. Here, we further show that direct action of type I IFN on NK cells, rather than inducing IFN-γ, negatively regulates its production during HSV-2 infection and cytokine stimulation. During infection, IFN-γ is rapidly induced from NK cells at day 2 post-infection and then immediately downregulated at day 3 post-infection. We found that this downregulation of IFN-γ release was not due to a loss of NK cells at day 3 post-infection, but negatively regulated through IFN signaling on NK cells. Absence of IFNAR on NK cells led to a significantly increased level of IFN-γ compared to WT NK cells after HSV-2 infection in vitro. Further, priming of NK cells with type I IFN was able to suppress cytokine-induced IFN-γ production from both human and mouse NK cells. We found that this immunosuppression was not mediated by IL-10. Rather, we found that type I IFN induced a significant increase in Axl expression on human NK cells. Overall, our data suggests that type I IFN negatively regulates NK cell IFN-γ production through a direct mechanism in vitro and during HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Firoz Mian
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie M Poznanski
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Stackaruk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Chan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne V Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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7
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Lee AJ, Ashkar AA. The Dual Nature of Type I and Type II Interferons. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2061. [PMID: 30254639 PMCID: PMC6141705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II interferons (IFN) are central to both combating virus infection and modulating the antiviral immune response. Indeed, an absence of either the receptor for type I IFNs or IFN-y have resulted in increased susceptibility to virus infection, including increased virus replication and reduced survival. However, an emerging area of research has shown that there is a dual nature to these cytokines. Recent evidence has demonstrated that both type I and type II IFNs have immunoregulatory functions during infection and type II immune responses. In this review, we address the dual nature of type I and type II interferons and present evidence that both antiviral and immunomodulatory functions are critical during virus infection to not only limit virus replication and initiate an appropriate antiviral immune response, but to also negatively regulate this response to minimize tissue damage. Both the activating and negatively regulatory properties of type I and II IFNs work in concert with each other to create a balanced immune response that combats the infection while minimizing collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Lemire P, Galbas T, Thibodeau J, Segura M. Natural Killer Cell Functions during the Innate Immune Response to Pathogenic Streptococci. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1196. [PMID: 28706510 PMCID: PMC5489694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and NK cells play a crucial role in the first phase of host defense against infections. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Streptococcus suis are encapsulated streptococci causing severe systemic inflammation, leading to septicemia and meningitis. Yet, the involvement of NK cells in the innate immune response to encapsulated bacterial infection is poorly characterized. Here, it was observed that these two streptococcal species rapidly induce the release of IFN-γ and that NK cells are the major cell type responsible for this production during the acute phase of the infection. Albeit S. suis capacity to activate NK cells was lower than that of GBS, these cells partially contribute to S. suis systemic infection; mainly through amplification of the inflammatory loop. In contrast, such a role was not observed during GBS systemic infection. IFN-γ release by NK cells required the presence of DCs, which in turn had a synergistic effect on DC cytokine production. These responses were mainly mediated by direct DC-NK cell contact and partially dependent on soluble factors. Though IL-12 and LFA-1 were shown to be critical in S. suis-mediated activation of the DC-NK cell crosstalk, different or redundant molecular pathways modulate DC-NK interactions during GBS infection. The bacterial capsular polysaccharides also differently modulated NK cell activation. Together, these results demonstrated a role of NK cells in the innate immune response against encapsulated streptococcal infections; yet the molecular pathways governing NK activation seem to differ upon the pathogen and should not be generalized when studying bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lemire
- Laboratory of Immunology of the Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of MontrealSt-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Tristan Galbas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology of the Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of MontrealSt-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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9
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Kurihara M, Otsuka K, Matsubara S, Shiraishi A, Satake H, Kimura AP. A Testis-Specific Long Non-Coding RNA, lncRNA-Tcam1, Regulates Immune-Related Genes in Mouse Male Germ Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:299. [PMID: 29163367 PMCID: PMC5673629 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is precisely controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and testis-specific genes, but the regulatory mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, a large number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are found to be transcribed at each stage of meiosis of male germ cells, and their functions in spermatogenesis have yet to be fully investigated. lncRNA-testicular cell adhesion molecule 1 (lncRNA-Tcam1) is a nuclear lncRNA which is specifically expressed in mouse male germ cells and presumed to play a role in gene regulation during meiosis. Here, we present the identification of potential target genes of lncRNA-Tcam1 using spermatocyte-derived GC-2spd(ts) cells. Initially, 55 target gene candidates were detected by RNA-sequencing of two GC-2spd(ts) cell clones that were stably transfected with transgenes to express lncRNA-Tcam1 at different levels. Expression of 21 genes of the candidates was found to be correlated with lncRNA-Tcam1 at 7-14 postnatal days, when lncRNA-Tcam1 expression was elevated. Subsequently, we examined expression levels of the 21 genes in other two GC-2spd(ts) clones, and 11 genes exhibited the correlation with lncRNA-Tcam1. Induction of lncRNA-Tcam1 transcription using the Tet-off system verified that six genes, Trim30a, Ifit3, Tgtp2, Ifi47, Oas1g, and Gbp3, were upregulated in GC-2spd(ts) cells, indicating that lncRNA-Tcam1 is responsible for the regulation of gene expression of the six genes. In addition, five of the six genes, namely, Ifit3, Tgtp2, Ifi47, Oas1g, and Gbp3, are immune response genes, and Trim30a is a negative regulator of immune response. Altogether, the present study suggests that lncRNA-Tcam1 is responsible for gene regulation for the immune response during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Kurihara
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kai Otsuka
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi P. Kimura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsushi P. Kimura,
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10
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Fumagalli S, Torri A, Papagna A, Citterio S, Mainoldi F, Foti M. IL-22 is rapidly induced by Pathogen Recognition Receptors Stimulation in Bone-Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells in the Absence of IL-23. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33900. [PMID: 27652524 PMCID: PMC5031995 DOI: 10.1038/srep33900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, microorganisms are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of genes. Within these genes, the cytokines family plays a crucial function because of its role in adaptive immunity induction and in tissue-specific functional regulation, such as tissue repair and tissue homeostasis during steady state conditions. Within the myeloid compartment, dendritic cells (DCs) release a variety of inflammatory cytokines in response to microbes. In this study, we show that BMDCs release IL-22 directly upon PRRs activation without the need of IL-23 signaling as reported for other IL22-producing cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that cytokine IL-22 is rapidly released in a cell-specific manner as macrophages are not able to produce IL-22 through the same PRRs system. In addition, we characterize the intracellular signaling cascade required for IL-22 release in BMDCs. Myd88, MEK1/2, NFkb and AhR, but not p38, NFAT, and RORgt, were found to be involved in IL-22 regulation in DCs. Our study suggests that BMDCs possess a unique intracellular molecular plasticity which, once activated, directs different BMDCs functions in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fumagalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Anna Torri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Angela Papagna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Stefania Citterio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Federica Mainoldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Maria Foti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
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11
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Pitts MG, Myers-Morales T, D'Orazio SEF. Type I IFN Does Not Promote Susceptibility to Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3109-16. [PMID: 26895837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) is thought to enhance growth of the foodborne intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by promoting mechanisms that dampen innate immunity to infection. However, the type I IFN response has been studied primarily using methods that bypass the stomach and, therefore, fail to replicate the natural course of L. monocytogenes infection. In this study, we compared i.v. and foodborne transmission of L. monocytogenes in mice lacking the common type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1(-/-)). Contrary to what was observed using i.v. infection, IFNAR1(-/-) and wild-type mice had similar bacterial burdens in the liver and spleen following foodborne infection. Splenocytes from wild-type mice infected i.v. produced significantly more IFN-β than did those infected by the foodborne route. Consequently, the immunosuppressive effects of type I IFN signaling, which included T cell death, increased IL-10 secretion, and repression of neutrophil recruitment to the spleen, were all observed following i.v. but not foodborne transmission of L. monocytogenes. Type I IFN was also previously shown to cause a loss of responsiveness to IFN-γ through downregulation of the IFN-γ receptor α-chain on macrophages and dendritic cells. However, we detected a decrease in surface expression of IFN-γ receptor α-chain even in the absence of IFN-α/β signaling, suggesting that in vivo, this infection-induced phenotype is not type I IFN-dependent. These results highlight the importance of using the natural route of infection for studies of host-pathogen interactions and suggest that the detrimental effects of IFN-α/β signaling on the innate immune response to L. monocytogenes may be an artifact of the i.v. infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Pitts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Tanya Myers-Morales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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12
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Niller HH, Minarovits J. Patho-epigenetics of Infectious Diseases Caused by Intracellular Bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 879:107-130. [PMID: 26659266 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular eukaryotes including plants, animals and humans, epigenetic reprogramming may play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. Recent studies revealed that in addition to viruses, pathogenic bacteria are also capable to dysregulate the epigenetic machinery of their target cells. In this chapter we focus on epigenetic alterations induced by bacteria infecting humans. Most of them are obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria that produce either bacterial toxins and surface proteins targeting the host cell membrane, or synthesise effector proteins entering the host cell nucleus. These bacterial products typically elicit histone modifications, i.e. alter the "histone code". Bacterial pathogens are capable to induce alterations of host cell DNA methylation patterns, too. Such changes in the host cell epigenotype and gene expression pattern may hinder the antibacterial immune response and create favourable conditions for bacterial colonization, growth, or spread. Epigenetic dysregulation mediated by bacterial products may also facilitate the production of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators affecting the epigenotype of their target cells. Such indirect epigenetic changes as well as direct interference with the epigenetic machinery of the host cells may contribute to the initiation and progression of malignant tumors associated with distinct bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Martínez del Hoyo G, Ramírez-Huesca M, Levy S, Boucheix C, Rubinstein E, Minguito de la Escalera M, González-Cintado L, Ardavín C, Veiga E, Yáñez-Mó M, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD81 controls immunity to Listeria infection through rac-dependent inhibition of proinflammatory mediator release and activation of cytotoxic T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6090-101. [PMID: 25972472 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent evidence on the involvement of CD81 in pathogen binding and Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DCs), the molecular mechanism of how CD81 regulates immunity during infection remains to be elucidated. To investigate the role of CD81 in the regulation of defense mechanisms against microbial infections, we have used the Listeria monocytogenes infection model to explore the impact of CD81 deficiency in the innate and adaptive immune response against this pathogenic bacteria. We show that CD81(-/-) mice are less susceptible than wild-type mice to systemic Listeria infection, which correlates with increased numbers of inflammatory monocytes and DCs in CD81(-/-) spleens, the main subsets controlling early bacterial burden. Additionally, our data reveal that CD81 inhibits Rac/STAT-1 activation, leading to a negative regulation of the production of TNF-α and NO by inflammatory DCs and the activation of cytotoxic T cells by splenic CD8α(+) DCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CD81-Rac interaction exerts an important regulatory role on the innate and adaptive immunity against bacterial infection and suggests a role for CD81 in the development of novel therapeutic targets during infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Martínez del Hoyo
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Ramírez-Huesca
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035
| | - Claude Boucheix
- INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - María Minguito de la Escalera
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia González-Cintado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Paracha RZ, Ahmad J, Ali A, Hussain R, Niazi U, Tareen SHK, Aslam B. Formal modelling of toll like receptor 4 and JAK/STAT signalling pathways: insight into the roles of SOCS-1, interferon-β and proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108466. [PMID: 25255432 PMCID: PMC4185881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the major causes of human morbidity and results in a considerable number of deaths each year. Lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis has been associated with TLR4 signalling pathway which in collaboration with the JAK/STAT signalling regulate endotoxemia and inflammation. However, during sepsis our immune system cannot maintain a balance of cytokine levels and results in multiple organ damage and eventual death. Different opinions have been made in previous studies about the expression patterns and the role of proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis that attracted our attention towards qualitative properties of TLR4 and JAK/STAT signalling pathways using computer-aided studies. René Thomas' formalism was used to model septic and non-septic dynamics of TLR4 and JAK/STAT signalling. Comparisons among dynamics were made by intervening or removing the specific interactions among entities. Among our predictions, recurrent induction of proinflammatory cytokines with subsequent downregulation was found as the basic characteristic of septic model. This characteristic was found in agreement with previous experimental studies, which implicate that inflammation is followed by immunomodulation in septic patients. Moreover, intervention in downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines by SOCS-1 was found desirable to boost the immune responses. On the other hand, interventions either in TLR4 or transcriptional elements such as NFκB and STAT were found effective in the downregulation of immune responses. Whereas, IFN-β and SOCS-1 mediated downregulation at different levels of signalling were found to be associated with variations in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. However, these predictions need to be further validated using wet laboratory experimental studies to further explore the roles of inhibitors such as SOCS-1 and IFN-β, which may alter the levels of proinflammatory cytokines at different stages of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Zafar Paracha
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umar Niazi
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Samar Hayat Khan Tareen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Babar Aslam
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Cossart P, Lebreton A. A trip in the "New Microbiology" with the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2437-45. [PMID: 24911203 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen causing an opportunistic disease called listeriosis. This bacterium invades and replicates in most cell types, due to its multiple strategies to exploit host molecular mechanisms. Research aiming at unravelling Listeria invasion and intracellular lifestyle has led to a number of key discoveries in infection biology, cell biology and also microbiology. In this review, we report on our most recent advances in understanding the intimate crosstalk between the bacterium and its host, resulting from in-depth studies performed over the past five years. We specifically highlight new concepts in RNA-based regulation in bacteria and discuss important findings in cell biology, including a new role for clathrin and an atypical mitochondrial fragmentation mechanism. We also illustrate the notion that bacterial infection regulates host gene expression at the chromatin level, contributing to an emerging field called patho-epigenetics. This review corresponds to the lecture given by one of us (P.C.) on the occasion of the 2014 FEBS|EMBO Woman in Science Award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France; Inserm, U604, Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, Paris, France.
| | - Alice Lebreton
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France; Inserm, U604, Paris, France; INRA, USC2020, Paris, France.
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16
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Dussurget O, Bierne H, Cossart P. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and the interferon family: type I, type II and type III interferons. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:50. [PMID: 24809023 PMCID: PMC4009421 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are secreted proteins of the cytokine family that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Although the importance of IFNs in the antiviral response has long been appreciated, their role in bacterial infections is more complex and is currently a major focus of investigation. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of these cytokines in host defense against the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and highlights recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms evolved by this intracellular bacterium to subvert IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dussurget
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France
- Inserm, U604Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France
- Inserm, U604Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France
- Inserm, U604Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020Paris, France
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17
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IL-15 cis Presentation Is Required for Optimal NK Cell Activation in Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Inflammatory Conditions. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1235-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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18
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Zanoni I, Granucci F. Role of CD14 in host protection against infections and in metabolism regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:32. [PMID: 23898465 PMCID: PMC3721004 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD14 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored receptor known to serve as a co-receptor for several Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) both at the cell surface and in the endosomal compartment. CD14 can be expressed by cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin as a cell membrane or secreted protein. Although CD14 was discovered more than 20 years ago, its activities remain largely to be defined. Most of the information available concerns CD14's role as a co-receptor working with TLR4 and facilitating cellular responses to low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recent studies have highlighted and molecularly defined many other functions of this pattern recognition receptor (PRR). These functions include the mechanisms through which CD14 allows the activation of the TLR4-TRAM-TRIF pathway upon LPS stimulation; the capacity of CD14 to transduce a TLR4-independent signaling pathway leading to the activation of NFAT transcription factor family members with important consequences in myeloid cells; the CD14 influence on cell metabolism in conditions predisposing to obesity. In this review, we summarize recent progresses toward the molecular definition of the multiple roles exerted by CD14 in innate immune cells in response to LPS and the consequences of CD14 activation in physiologic and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca Milan, Italy.
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