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Hirata Sanches V, Adams C, Ferreira FF. An integrated model to study varietal diversity in traditional agroecosystems. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263064. [PMID: 35089959 PMCID: PMC8797245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural diversity is one of the bases of traditional agroecosystems, having great environmental and cultural importance. The current loss of agricultural diversity is causing serious concern, mainly because of its essential role in supporting global and local food security. Stopping this loss requires a better understanding of how diversity is managed locally and what mechanisms sustain agricultural diversity. Here we propose a generalist agent-based model that couples biological, cultural, and social dynamics to obtain varietal diversity as an emergent phenomenon at the community level. With a mechanistic approach, we explore how four of the model dynamics can shape systems diversity. To validate the model, we performed a bibliographic review on Manihot esculenta and Zea mays case studies. The model yielded compatible results for manioc and maize varietal richness at both community and household levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Hirata Sanches
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristina Adams
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fagundes Ferreira
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physics-FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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da Cunha Ávila JV, Clement CR, Junqueira AB, Ticktin T, Steward AM. Adaptive management strategies of local communities in two Amazonian floodplain ecosystems in the face of extreme climate events. J ETHNOBIOL 2021; 41:409-426. [PMID: 35692569 PMCID: PMC7612842 DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-41.3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In Amazonia, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are occurring and expected to intensify, affecting food security with subsequent social and political problems. We conducted semi-structured interviews in communities of the mid-Solimões River basin (Amazonas, Brazil). Our questions were designed to construct seasonal calendars with residents (ribeirinhos) to understand climatic patterns and changes in livelihood activities, how traditional management is affected by extreme floods and droughts, and to identify their adaptation strategies in new climatic contexts. We studied three floodplain (várzea, n = 59 households) and three paleo-floodplain communities, situated 1-3 m higher than the floodplain (paleovárzea, n = 42 households). We show that these local communities have detailed knowledge of climate patterns and changes, and that they recognize that climatic unpredictability hinders effective planning of subsistence activities, because their local knowledge is no longer fully reliable. Extreme climate events have consequences for their farming systems and associated agrobiodiversity, varying according to the degree of exposure of different environments to extreme events. During extreme events ribeirinhos intensify adaptation strategies, such as avoiding stress to fruit-tree root systems, prioritizing plants that survive flooding and working in less affected landscapes. Adaptation practices with long histories tend to occur more often in floodplains, and two adaptation practices were specific to floodplains. The impacts of extreme events on local communities are expected to increase, especially in environments more exposed to floods. Local residents suggest the documentation and sharing of adaptation strategies as a way to increase their resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vieira da Cunha Ávila
- Graduate Program in Botany, National Research Institute for Amazonia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936 – Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Brazil
| | | | - André Braga Junqueira
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technologies, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Ticktin
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA
| | - Angela May Steward
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Brazil
- Amazonian Institute for Family Agriculture, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
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Ferguson ME, Tumwegamire S, Chidzanga C, Shah T, Mtunda K, Kulembeka H, Kimata B, Tollano S, Stephen M, Mpayo E, Mohamedi S, Kasele S, Palangyo E, Armachius J, Hamad Ali A, Sichalwe K, Matondo D, Masisila F, Matumbo Z, Kidunda B, Arati AC, Muiruri R, Munguti F, Abass A, Abberton M, Mkamilo G. Collection, genotyping and virus elimination of cassava landraces from Tanzania and documentation of farmer knowledge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255326. [PMID: 34403417 PMCID: PMC8370617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) has been a vital staple and food security crop in Tanzania for several centuries, and it is likely that its resilience will play a key role in mitigating livelihood insecurities arising from climate change. The sector is dominated by smallholder farmers growing traditional landrace varieties. A recent surge in virus diseases and awareness in the commercial potential of cassava has prompted a drive to disseminate improved varieties in the country. These factors however also threaten the existence of landraces and associated farmer knowledge. It is important that the landraces are conserved and utilized as the adaptive gene complexes they harbor can drive breeding for improved varieties that meet agro-ecological adaptation as well as farmer and consumer needs, thereby improving adoption rates. Here we report on cassava germplasm collection missions and documentation of farmer knowledge in seven zones of Tanzania. A total of 277 unique landraces are identified through high-density genotyping. The large number of landraces is attributable to a mixed clonal/sexual reproductive system in which the soil seed bank and incorporation of seedlings plays an important role. A striking divergence in genetic relationships between the coastal regions and western regions is evident and explained by (i) independent introductions of cassava into the country, (ii) adaptation to prevailing agro-ecological conditions and (iii) farmer selections according to the intended use or market demands. The main uses of cassava with different product profiles are evident, including fresh consumption, flour production, dual purpose incorporating both these uses and longer-term food security. Each of these products have different trait requirements. Individual landraces were not widely distributed across the country with limited farmer-to-farmer diffusion with implications for seed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Chidzanga
- IITA, Nairobi, Kenya
- The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
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Ogbonna AC, Braatz de Andrade LR, Mueller LA, de Oliveira EJ, Bauchet GJ. Comprehensive genotyping of a Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm bank: insights into diversification and domestication. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1343-1362. [PMID: 33575821 PMCID: PMC8081687 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Brazilian cassava diversity was characterized through population genetics and clustering approaches, highlighting contrasted genetic groups and spatial genetic differentiation. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major staple root crop of the tropics, originating from the Amazonian region. In this study, 3354 cassava landraces and modern breeding lines from the Embrapa Cassava Germplasm Bank (CGB) were characterized. All individuals were subjected to genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), identifying 27,045 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Identity-by-state and population structure analyses revealed a unique set of 1536 individuals and 10 distinct genetic groups with heterogeneous linkage disequilibrium (LD). On this basis, a density of 1300-4700 SNP markers were selected for large-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection. Identified genetic groups were further characterized for population genetics parameters including minor allele frequency (MAF), observed heterozygosity [Formula: see text], effective population size estimate [Formula: see text]) and polymorphism information content (PIC). Selection footprints and introgressions of M. glaziovii were detected. Spatial population structure analysis revealed five ancestral populations related to distinct Brazilian ecoregions. Estimation of historical relationships among identified populations suggests an early population split from Amazonian to Atlantic forest and Caatinga ecoregions and active gene flows. This study provides a thorough genetic characterization of ex situ germplasm resources from cassava's center of origin, South America, with results shedding light on Brazilian cassava characteristics and its biogeographical landscape. These findings support and facilitate the use of genetic resources in modern breeding programs including implementation of association mapping and genomic selection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Ogbonna
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas A Mueller
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Ogbonna AC, Braatz de Andrade LR, Mueller LA, de Oliveira EJ, Bauchet GJ. Comprehensive genotyping of a Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm bank: insights into diversification and domestication. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1343-1362. [PMID: 33575821 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.13.200816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian cassava diversity was characterized through population genetics and clustering approaches, highlighting contrasted genetic groups and spatial genetic differentiation. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major staple root crop of the tropics, originating from the Amazonian region. In this study, 3354 cassava landraces and modern breeding lines from the Embrapa Cassava Germplasm Bank (CGB) were characterized. All individuals were subjected to genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), identifying 27,045 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Identity-by-state and population structure analyses revealed a unique set of 1536 individuals and 10 distinct genetic groups with heterogeneous linkage disequilibrium (LD). On this basis, a density of 1300-4700 SNP markers were selected for large-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection. Identified genetic groups were further characterized for population genetics parameters including minor allele frequency (MAF), observed heterozygosity [Formula: see text], effective population size estimate [Formula: see text]) and polymorphism information content (PIC). Selection footprints and introgressions of M. glaziovii were detected. Spatial population structure analysis revealed five ancestral populations related to distinct Brazilian ecoregions. Estimation of historical relationships among identified populations suggests an early population split from Amazonian to Atlantic forest and Caatinga ecoregions and active gene flows. This study provides a thorough genetic characterization of ex situ germplasm resources from cassava's center of origin, South America, with results shedding light on Brazilian cassava characteristics and its biogeographical landscape. These findings support and facilitate the use of genetic resources in modern breeding programs including implementation of association mapping and genomic selection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Ogbonna
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas A Mueller
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Drapal M, Ovalle Rivera TM, Becerra Lopez-Lavalle LA, Fraser PD. Exploring the chemotypes underlying important agronomic and consumer traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 251:153206. [PMID: 32512382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A broad diversity of phenotypes are available within the cassava germplasm collections. The phenotypes include improved nutritional, starch or culinary root quality as well as abiotic and biotic resistance properties. Some of these traits can be found naturally occurring in cassava landraces, whereas others are the result of targeted breeding efforts. For future breeding programmes it is important to know the underlying mechanisms of these desirable traits. Metabolomics can assist in the elucidation of these mechanisms by measuring the end products of the cellular processes conferring the traits of interest. The present study focused on the comparison of two or more variants of the same trait such as high and low culinary quality or resistance and susceptibility to thrips. Overall, eight different traits were assessed. Results showed that amino acids and umami compounds were associated with superior culinary attributes and the phenylpropanoid superpathway plays an important role in pest resistance. Furthermore, the data highlighted a low chemodiversity in African cassavas and that the source-sink relation was still active at the harvest stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Drapal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | | | | | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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Levis C, Flores BM, Moreira PA, Luize BG, Alves RP, Franco-Moraes J, Lins J, Konings E, Peña-Claros M, Bongers F, Costa FRC, Clement CR. How People Domesticated Amazonian Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Alves-Pereira A, Peroni N, Cavallari MM, Lemes MR, Zucchi MI, Clement CR. High genetic diversity among and within bitter manioc varieties cultivated in different soil types in Central Amazonia. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:468-479. [PMID: 28399193 PMCID: PMC5488453 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although manioc is well adapted to nutrient-poor Oxisols of Amazonia, ethnobotanical observations show that bitter manioc is also frequently cultivated in the highly fertile soils of the floodplains and Amazonian dark earths (ADE) along the middle Madeira River. Because different sets of varieties are grown in each soil type, and there are agronomic similarities between ADE and floodplain varieties, it was hypothesized that varieties grown in ADE and floodplain were more closely related to each other than either is to varieties grown in Oxisols. We tested this hypothesis evaluating the intra-varietal genetic diversity and the genetic relationships among manioc varieties commonly cultivated in Oxisols, ADE and floodplain soils. Genetic results did not agree with ethnobotanical expectation, since the relationships between varieties were variable and most individuals of varieties with the same vernacular name, but grown in ADE and floodplain, were distinct. Although the same vernacular name could not always be associated with genetic similarities, there is still a great amount of variation among the varieties. Many ecological and genetic processes may explain the high genetic diversity and differentiation found for bitter manioc varieties, but all contribute to the maintenance and amplification of genetic diversity within the manioc in Central Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alves-Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiróz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Evolução Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Peroni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Maristerra R Lemes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Reprodutiva de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Maria Imaculada Zucchi
- Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Pólo Regional Centro-Sul, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles R Clement
- Laboratório de Evolução Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Peña-Venegas CP, Stomph TJ, Verschoor G, Echeverri JA, Struik PC. Classification and Use of Natural and Anthropogenic Soils by Indigenous Communities of the Upper Amazon Region of Colombia. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2015; 44:1-15. [PMID: 26924875 PMCID: PMC4757621 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-015-9793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Outsiders often oversimplify Amazon soil use by assuming that abundantly available natural soils are poorly suited to agriculture and that sporadic anthropogenic soils are agriculturally productive. Local perceptions about the potentials and limitations of soils probably differ, but information on these perceptions is scarce. We therefore examined how four indigenous communities in the Middle Caquetá River region in the Colombian Amazon classify and use natural and anthropogenic soils. The study was framed in ethnopedology: local classifications, preferences, rankings, and soil uses were recorded through interviews and field observations. These communities recognized nine soils varying in suitability for agriculture. They identified anthropogenic soils as most suitable for agriculture, but only one group used them predominantly for their swiddens. As these communities did not perceive soil nutrient status as limiting, they did not base crop-site selection on soil fertility or on the interplay between soil quality and performance of manioc genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Peña-Venegas
- />Centre of Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Avenida Vásquez Cobo entre Calle 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas Colombia
| | - T. J. Stomph
- />Centre of Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Verschoor
- />Sociology of Development and Change Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Echeverri
- />Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Kilómetro 2 Vía Leticia-Tarapacá, Leticia, Amazonas Colombia
| | - P. C. Struik
- />Centre of Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Thomas M, Verzelen N, Barbillon P, Coomes OT, Caillon S, McKey D, Elias M, Garine E, Raimond C, Dounias E, Jarvis D, Wencélius J, Leclerc C, Labeyrie V, Cuong PH, Hue NTN, Sthapit B, Rana RB, Barnaud A, Violon C, Reyes LMA, Moreno LL, De Santis P, Massol F. A Network-Based Method to Detect Patterns of Local Crop Biodiversity. ADV ECOL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sahri A, Chentoufi L, Arbaoui M, Ardisson M, Belqadi L, Birouk A, Roumet P, Muller MH. Towards a comprehensive characterization of durum wheat landraces in Moroccan traditional agrosystems: analysing genetic diversity in the light of geography, farmers' taxonomy and tetraploid wheat domestication history. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:264. [PMID: 25528060 PMCID: PMC4300848 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop diversity managed by smallholder farmers in traditional agrosystems is the outcome of historical and current processes interacting at various spatial scales, and influenced by factors such as farming practices and environmental pressures. Only recently have studies started to consider the complexity of these processes instead of simply describing diversity for breeding purposes. A first step in that aim is to add multiple references to the collection of genetic data, including the farmers' varietal taxonomy and practices and the historical background of the crop. RESULTS On the basis of interview data collected in a previous study, we sampled 166 populations of durum wheat varieties in two traditional Moroccan agrosystems, in the Pre-Rif and Atlas Mountains regions. Using a common garden experiment, we detected a high phenotypic variability on traits indicative of taxonomical position and breeding status, namely spike shape and plant height. Populations often combined modern (short) with traditional-like (tall) statures, and classical durum squared spike shape (5 flowers/spikelet) with flat spike shape (3 flowers/ spikelet) representative of primitive domesticated tetraploid wheat (ssp. dicoccum). By contrast, the genetic diversity assessed using 14 microsatellite markers was relatively limited. When compared to the genetic diversity found in a large collection of tetraploid wheat, it corresponded to free-threshing tetraploid wheat. Within Morocco, the two studied regions differed for both genetic diversity and variety names. Within regions, neither geography nor variety names nor even breeding status constituted strong barriers to gene exchange despite a few significant patterns. CONCLUSIONS This first assessment of morphological and genetic diversity allowed pointing out some important factors that may have influenced the structure and evolutionary dynamics of durum wheat in Morocco: the significance of variety names, the occurrence of mixtures within populations, the relative strength of seed exchange between farmers and local adaptation, as well as the fate of modern varieties once they have been introduced. Further, multidisciplinary studies at different spatial scales are needed to better understand these complex agrosystems of invaluable importance for food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sahri
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Lamyae Chentoufi
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mustapha Arbaoui
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Morgane Ardisson
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | - Loubna Belqadi
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Ahmed Birouk
- Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Pierre Roumet
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Muller
- INRA, UMR 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (AGAP), 2 place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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Differences in Manioc Diversity Among Five Ethnic Groups of the Colombian Amazon. DIVERSITY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/d6040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kawa NC, McCarty C, Clement CR. Manioc Varietal Diversity, Social Networks, and Distribution Constraints in Rural Amazonia. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1086/673528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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