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Wlodkowic D, Bownik A, Leitner C, Stengel D, Braunbeck T. Beyond the behavioural phenotype: Uncovering mechanistic foundations in aquatic eco-neurotoxicology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154584. [PMID: 35306067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been an increase in awareness of how anthropogenic pollution can alter behavioural traits of diverse aquatic organisms. Apart from understanding profound ecological implications, alterations in neuro-behavioural indices have emerged as sensitive and physiologically integrative endpoints in chemical risk assessment. Accordingly, behavioural ecotoxicology and broader eco-neurotoxicology are becoming increasingly popular fields of research that span a plethora of fundamental laboratory experimentations as well as applied field-based studies. Despite mounting interest in aquatic behavioural ecotoxicology studies, there is, however, a considerable paucity in deciphering the mechanistic foundations underlying behavioural alterations upon exposure to pollutants. The behavioural phenotype is indeed the highest-level integrative neurobiological phenomenon, but at its core lie myriads of intertwined biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes. Therefore, the mechanisms that underlie changes in behavioural phenotypes can stem among others from dysregulation of neurotransmitter pathways, electrical signalling, and cell death of discrete cell populations in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They can, however, also be a result of toxicity to sensory organs and even metabolic dysfunctions. In this critical review, we outline why behavioural phenotyping should be the starting point that leads to actual discovery of fundamental mechanisms underlying actions of neurotoxic and neuromodulating contaminants. We highlight potential applications of the currently existing and emerging neurobiology and neurophysiology analytical strategies that should be embraced and more broadly adopted in behavioural ecotoxicology. Such strategies can provide new mechanistic discoveries instead of only observing the end sum phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Carola Leitner
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Stengel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ratnasari N, Lestari P, Renovaldi D, Raditya Ningsih J, Qoriansas N, Wardana T, Hakim S, Signa Aini Gumilas N, Indrarti F, Triwikatmani C, Bayupurnama P, Setyo Heriyanto D, Astuti I, Mubarika Harjana S. Potential plasma biomarkers: miRNA-29c, miRNA-21, and miRNA-155 in clinical progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263298. [PMID: 35157721 PMCID: PMC8843218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated differences in the clinical appearance of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on plasma level and regulation of microRNAs (miRNA-29c, miRNA-21, and miRNA-155). The observational-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 36 HCC patients and 36 healthy controls. The blood samples were collected from 2 Province Hospitals (Dr. Sardjito Hospital and Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital) for HCC and the Blood Bank Donor of the Indonesian Red Cross for 36 healthy controls. These blood samples were treated as follows: plasma isolation, RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, quantification by qRT-PCR using a sequence-specific forward primer, and normalization of miRNA using housekeeping-stably miRNA-16. There were only 27 HCC patients with complete clinical variables (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet count, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cholinesterase (ChE)) that were able to analyses for regulation miRNAs based on its fold change expression miRNA target. All 27 HCC subjects were follow-up until 3-years of monitoring for their overall survival. The miRNA plasma expression was analyzed by Bio-Rad CFX 96 Manager software to determine the cycle of quantification, followed by the calculation of expression levels using Livak’s methods. Data were analyzed using STATA 11.0, with a significant value of p<0.05. The miRNAs expression of HCC subjects were lower than that healthy control subjects in miRNA-29c (down-regulation 1.83-fold), higher than that healthy control subjects in miRNA 21 and miRNA-155 (up-regulation, 1.74-fold; 1.55-fold) respectively. NLR, CRP, ChE, and platelet count showed a significant difference in miRNA-29c regulation, though neutrophil count showed a significant difference in miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 regulation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Plasma biomarkers: miRNA-21 and miRNA-155 might be potential biomarkers as onco-miR in HCC subjects, while miRNA-29c might act as a tumor suppressor. Significant evidence was identified with clinical progression based on the regulation of miRNAs, which was consistent with miRNA -29c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neneng Ratnasari
- Gastroenterology-Hepatology Division of Internal Medicine, Department Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Puji Lestari
- Graduate School of Biotechnology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dede Renovaldi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Juwita Raditya Ningsih
- Graduate School of Biotechnology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nanda Qoriansas
- Graduate School of Biotechnology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tirta Wardana
- Department Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Jenderal Soedirman University, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Suharno Hakim
- Internal Medicine Department Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital/Faculty of Medicine Universitas Jendral Soedirman, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Nur Signa Aini Gumilas
- Histology Department Faculty of Medicine Universitas Jendral Soedirman, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Fahmi Indrarti
- Gastroenterology-Hepatology Division of Internal Medicine, Department Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Catharina Triwikatmani
- Gastroenterology-Hepatology Division of Internal Medicine, Department Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Putut Bayupurnama
- Gastroenterology-Hepatology Division of Internal Medicine, Department Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Didik Setyo Heriyanto
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indwiani Astuti
- Pharmacology and Therapy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sofia Mubarika Harjana
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Msomi NZ, Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Olofinsan KA, Islam MS. Xylitol improves antioxidant, purinergic and cholinergic dysfunction, and lipid metabolic homeostasis in hepatic injury in type 2 diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14040. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
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Erukainure OL, Matsabisa MG, Salau VF, Oyedemi SO, Oyenihi OR, Ibeji CU, Islam MS. Cannabis sativa L. (var. indica) Exhibits Hepatoprotective Effects by Modulating Hepatic Lipid Profile and Mitigating Gluconeogenesis and Cholinergic Dysfunction in Oxidative Hepatic Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705402. [PMID: 34992528 PMCID: PMC8724532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a crop utilized globally for recreational, therapeutic, and religious purposes. Although considered as an illicit drug in most countries, C. sativa until recently started gaining attention for its medicinal application. This study sought to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of C. sativa on iron-mediated oxidative hepatic injury. Hepatic injury was induced ex vivo by incubating hepatic tissues with Fe2+, which led to depleted levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and ENTPDase activities, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Induction of hepatic injury also caused significant elevation of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels while concomitantly elevating the activities of ATPase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, amylase, and lipase. Treatment with the hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and ethanol extracts of C. sativa leaves significantly (p < 0.05) reversed these levels and activities to almost near normal. However, there was no significant effect on the HDL-C level. The extracts also improved the utilization of glucose in Chang liver cells. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of phenolics in all extracts, with the ethanol extract having the highest constituents. Cannabidiol (CBD) was identified in all the extracts, while Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) was identified in the hexane and DCM extracts only. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions between CBD and Δ-9-THC with the β2 adrenergic receptor of the adrenergic system. The results demonstrate the potential of C. sativa to protect against oxidative-mediated hepatic injury by stalling oxidative stress, gluconeogenesis, and hepatic lipid accumulation while modulating cholinergic and purinergic activities. These activities may be associated with the synergistic effect of the compounds identified and possible interactions with the adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L. Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula G. Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Veronica F. Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sunday O. Oyedemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Omolola R. Oyenihi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Collins U. Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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Tschesche C, Bekaert M, Humble JL, Bron JE, Sturm A. Genomic analysis of the carboxylesterase family in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109095. [PMID: 34098083 PMCID: PMC8387733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pyrethroid deltamethrin and the macrocyclic lactone emamectin benzoate (EMB) are used to treat infestations of farmed salmon by parasitic salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. While the efficacy of both compounds against Atlantic populations of the parasite has decreased as a result of the evolution of resistance, the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in L. salmonis are currently not fully understood. The functionally diverse carboxylesterases (CaE) family includes members involved in pesticide resistance phenotypes of terrestrial arthropods. The present study had the objective to characterize the CaE family in L. salmonis and assess its role in drug resistance. L. salmonis CaE homologues were identified by homology searches in the parasite's transcriptome and genome. The transcript expression of CaEs predicted to be catalytically competent was studied using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR in drug susceptible and multi-resistant L. salmonis. The above strategy led to the identification of 21 CaEs genes/pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analyses assigned 13 CaEs to clades involved in neurodevelopmental signaling and cell adhesion, while three sequences were predicted to encode secreted enzymes. Ten CaEs were identified as being potentially catalytically competent. Transcript expression of acetylcholinesterase (ace1b) was significantly increased in multi-resistant lice compared to drug-susceptible L. salmonis, with transcript abundance further increased in preadult-II females following EMB exposure. In summary, results from the present study demonstrate that L. salmonis possesses fewer CaE gene family members than most arthropods characterized so far. Drug resistance in L. salmonis was associated with overexpression of ace1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tschesche
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L Humble
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Sturm
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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Benitez A, Riquelme R, del Campo M, Araya C, Lara HE. Nerve Growth Factor: A Dual Activator of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Systems of the Rat Ovary. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:636600. [PMID: 33716987 PMCID: PMC7947612 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.636600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of the ovary is influenced by the autonomic system (sympathetic and cholinergic intraovarian system) which contributes to the regulation of steroid secretion, follicular development, and ovulation. There is no information on the primary signal that activates both systems. The nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophic factor found to regulate ovarian noradrenergic neurons and the cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine whether NGF is one of the participating neurotrophic factors in the activation of the sympathetic and cholinergic system of the ovary in vivo and its role in follicular development during normal or pathological states. The administration of estradiol valerate (a polycystic ovary [PCO] phenotype model) increased norepinephrine (NE) (through an NGF-dependent mechanism) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels. Intraovarian exposure of rats for 28 days to NGF (by means of an osmotic minipump) increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the enzyme that degrades ACh) without affecting enzyme activity but reduced ovarian ACh levels. In vitro exposure of the ovary to NGF (100 ng/ml for 3 h) increased both choline acetyl transferase and vesicular ACh transporter expression in the ovary, with no effect in ACh level. In vivo NGF led to an anovulatory condition with the appearance of follicular cysts and decreased number of corpora lutea (corresponding to noradrenergic activation). To determine whether the predominance of a NE-induced polycystic condition after NGF is responsible for the PCO phenotype, rats were exposed to an intraovarian administration of carbachol (100 μM), a muscarinic cholinergic agonist not degraded by AChE. Decreased the number of follicular cysts and increased the number of corpora lutea, reinforcing that cholinergic activity of the ovary participates in controlling its functions. Although NGF increased the biosynthetic capacity for ACh, it was not available to act in the ovary. Hence, NGF also regulates the ovarian cholinergic system, implying that NGF is the main regulator of the dual autonomic control. These findings highlight the need for research in the treatment of PCO syndrome by modification of locally produced ACh as an in vivo regulator of follicular development.
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Erukainure OL, Sanni O, Salau VF, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Cola Nitida (Kola Nuts) Attenuates Hepatic Injury in Type 2 Diabetes by Improving Antioxidant and Cholinergic Dysfunctions and Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:688-699. [PMID: 32600241 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200628030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effect of Cola nitida hot infusion against diabetes hepatic injury was investigated in livers of diabetic rats. Cola nitida was infused in boiling water and concentrated. METHODS The concentrated infusion was administered to T2D rats at low and high doses (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight (bw), respectively). The normal group (positive control) and another diabetic group (negative control) were administered distilled water, while metformin served as the standard drug. A toxic group that consists of normal rats administered a high dose of C. nitida. After 6 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, and their livers were collected. They were assayed for oxidative stress markers, myeloperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase and ATPase activities. Hepatic lipid metabolites were profiled with GC-MS and their metabolic pathways were analyzed using the MetaboAnalyst 4.0 online server. RESULTS Treatment with C. nitida caused a significant elevation of glutathione level and SOD activity, while concomitantly inhibiting lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase and ATPase activities in hepatic tissues of the rats. Treatment with C. nitida also caused significant depletion of diabetes-generated lipid metabolites, with concomitant generation of fatty esters and steroids as well as inactivation of diabetes-activated pathways. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the therapeutic effect of C. nitida against diabetic hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Olakunle Sanni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Ferrati G, Bion G, Harris AJ, Greenfield S. Protective and reversal actions of a novel peptidomimetic against a pivotal toxin implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1052-1061. [PMID: 30551355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the many attempts to understand the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease, the basic mechanisms accounting for the progressive cycle of neuronal loss are still unknown. Previous work has suggested that the pivotal molecule mediating neurodegeneration could be an independently acting peptide cleaved from acetylcholinesterase. This previously unidentified agent acts as a signalling molecule in selectively vulnerable groups of cells where erstwhile developmental mechanisms are activated inappropriately to have a toxic effect in the context of the mature brain. We have previously shown that the toxic actions of this peptide, whose level is doubled in the Alzheimer brain, can be blocked by a cyclised variant (NBP14). However, the size and properties of NBP14 would render it unlikely as a feasible therapeutic candidate. Here therefore we test a synthetic peptidomimetic (NB-0193), modelled on the binding of NBP14 to the target alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, and benchmarked against it to screen for reversal effects using real-time optical imaging in rat brain slices. The blocking action of NB-0193 was confirmed by testing its effect against peptide-induced calcium influx in cell cultures, where it showed a dose-dependent profile over a trophic-toxic range. Moreover, NB-0193 presented promising pharmacokinetic characteristics and could therefore prompt a new therapeutic approach against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrati
- Neuro-Bio Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Building F5, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK.
| | - Georgi Bion
- Neuro-Bio Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Building F5, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Andrew J Harris
- Pharmidex, European Knowledge Centre, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9SN, UK
| | - Susan Greenfield
- Neuro-Bio Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Building F5, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
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Huttunen K. Identification of human, rat and mouse hydrolyzing enzymes bioconverting amino acid ester prodrug of ketoprofen. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:494-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Campanari ML, Navarrete F, Ginsberg SD, Manzanares J, Sáez-Valero J, García-Ayllón MS. Increased Expression of Readthrough Acetylcholinesterase Variants in the Brains of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:831-41. [PMID: 27258420 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE is expressed as multiple splice variants, which may serve both cholinergic degradative functions and non-cholinergic functions unrelated with their capacity to hydrolyze acetylcholine. We have recently demonstrated that a prominent pool of enzymatically inactive AChE protein exists in the AD brain. In this study, we analyzed protein and transcript levels of individual AChE variants in human frontal cortex from AD patients by western blot analysis using specific anti-AChE antibodies and by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found similar protein and mRNA levels of the major cholinergic "tailed"-variant (AChE-T) and the anchoring subunit, proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA-1) in frontal cortex obtained from AD patients and non-demented controls. Interestingly, we found an increase in the protein and transcript levels of the non-cholinergic "readthrough" AChE (AChE-R) variants in AD patients compared to controls. Similar increases were detected by western blot using an antibody raised against the specific N-terminal domain, exclusive of alternative N-extended variants of AChE (N-AChE). In accordance with a subset of AChE-R monomers that display amphiphilic properties that are upregulated in the AD brain, we demonstrate that the increase of N-AChE species is due, at least in part, to N-AChE-R variants. In conclusion, we demonstrate selective alterations in specific AChE variants in AD cortex, with no correlation in enzymatic activity. Therefore, differential expression of AChE variants in AD may reflect changes in the pathophysiological role of AChE, independent of cholinergic impairment or its role in degrading acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Letizia Campanari
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, FISABIO, Elche, Spain
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12
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Kim YH, Kim JH, Kim K, Lee SH. Expression of acetylcholinesterase 1 is associated with brood rearing status in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39864. [PMID: 28045085 PMCID: PMC5206625 DOI: 10.1038/srep39864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase 1 (AmAChE1) of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, has been suggested to have non-neuronal functions. A systematic expression profiling of AmAChE1 over a year-long cycle on a monthly basis revealed that AmAChE1 was predominantly expressed in both head and abdomen during the winter months and was moderately expressed during the rainy summer months. Interestingly, AmAChE1 expression was inhibited when bees were stimulated for brood rearing by placing overwintering beehives in strawberry greenhouses with a pollen diet, whereas it resumed when the beehives were moved back to the cold field, thereby suppressing brood rearing. In early spring, pollen diet supplementation accelerated the induction of brood-rearing activity and the inhibition of AmAChE1 expression. When active beehives were placed in a screen tent in late spring, thereby artificially suppressing brood-rearing activity, AmAChE1 was highly expressed. In contrast, AmAChE1 expression was inhibited when beehives were allowed to restore brood rearing by removing the screen, supporting the hypothesis that brood rearing status is a main factor in the regulation of AmAChE1 expression. Since brood rearing status is influenced by various stress factors, including temperature and diet shortage, our finding discreetly suggests that AmAChE1 is likely involved in the stress response or stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kyungmun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Valuskova P, Farar V, Janisova K, Ondicova K, Mravec B, Kvetnansky R, Myslivecek J. Brain region-specific effects of immobilization stress on cholinesterases in mice. Stress 2017; 20:36-43. [PMID: 27873537 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1263836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) variant AChER expression increases with acute stress, and this persists for an extended period, although the timing, strain and laterality differences, have not been explored previously. Acute stress transiently increases acetylcholine release, which in turn may increase activity of cholinesterases. Also the AChE gene contains a glucocorticoid response element (GRE), and stress-inducible AChE transcription and activity changes are linked to increased glucocorticoid levels. Corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout (CRH-KO) mice have basal glucocorticoid levels similar to wild type (WT) mice, but much lower levels during stress. Hence we hypothesized that CRH is important for the cholinesterase stress responses, including butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). We used immobilization stress, acute (30 or 120 min) and repeated (120 min daily × 7) in 48 male mice (24 WT and 24 CRH-KO) and determined AChER, AChE and BChE mRNA expression and AChE and BChE activities in left and right brain areas (as cholinergic signaling shows laterality). Immobilization decreased BChE mRNA expression (right amygdala, to 0.5, 0.3 and 0.4, × control respectively) and AChER mRNA expression (to 0.5, 0.4 and 0.4, × control respectively). AChE mRNA expression increased (1.3, 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively) in the left striatum (Str). The AChE activity increased in left Str (after 30 min, 1.2-fold), decreased in right parietal cortex with repeated stress (to 0.5 × control). BChE activity decreased after 30 min in the right CA3 region (to 0.4 × control) but increased (3.8-fold) after 120 min in the left CA3 region. The pattern of changes in CRH-KO differed from that in WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valuskova
- a Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Farar
- b Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Janisova
- a Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Ondicova
- c Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
- d Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research and CENDO Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- d Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research and CENDO Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
- e Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Richard Kvetnansky
- d Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research and CENDO Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- a Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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Campanari ML, García-Ayllón MS, Ciura S, Sáez-Valero J, Kabashi E. Neuromuscular Junction Impairment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Reassessing the Role of Acetylcholinesterase. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:160. [PMID: 28082868 PMCID: PMC5187284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a highly debilitating disease caused by progressive degeneration of motorneurons (MNs). Due to the wide variety of genes and mutations identified in ALS, a highly varied etiology could ultimately converge to produce similar clinical symptoms. A major hypothesis in ALS research is the “distal axonopathy” with pathological changes occurring at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), at very early stages of the disease, prior to MNs degeneration and onset of clinical symptoms. The NMJ is a highly specialized cholinergic synapse, allowing signaling between muscle and nerve necessary for skeletal muscle function. This nerve-muscle contact is characterized by the clustering of the collagen-tailed form of acetylcholinesterase (ColQ-AChE), together with other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and specific key molecules in the NMJ formation. Interestingly, in addition to their cholinergic role AChE is thought to play several “non-classical” roles that do not require catalytic function, most prominent among these is the facilitation of neurite growth, NMJ formation and survival. In all this context, abnormalities of AChE content have been found in plasma of ALS patients, in which AChE changes may reflect the neuromuscular disruption. We review these findings and particularly the evidences of changes of AChE at neuromuscular synapse in the pre-symptomatic stages of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Letizia Campanari
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Paris 06, Unité Mixte 75, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'AlacantSpain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, FISABIOElche, Spain
| | - Sorana Ciura
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Paris 06, Unité Mixte 75, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'AlacantSpain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Paris 06, Unité Mixte 75, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France
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Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Campoy FJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors. FASEB J 2016; 31:544-555. [PMID: 28148778 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600609r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The observation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) type H (AChEH), which is the predominant AChE variant in visceral organs and immune cells, in lipid rafts of muscle supports functional reasons for the raft targeting of glypiated AChEH The search for these reasons revealed that liver AChE activity is mostly confined to rafts and that the liver is able to make N-extended AChE variants and target them to rafts. These results prompted us to test whether AChE and muscarinic receptors existed in the same raft. Isolation of flotillin-2-rich raft fractions by their buoyancy in sucrose gradients, followed by immunoadsorption and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry application, gave the following results: 1) most hepatic AChE activity emanates from AChE-H mRNA, and its product, glypiated AChEH, accumulates in rafts; 2) N-extended N-AChE readthrough variant, nonglypiated N-AChEH, and N-AChE tailed variant were all identified in liver rafts; and 3) M3 AChRs were observed in rafts, and coprecipitation of raft-confined N-AChE and M3 receptors by using anti-M3 antibodies showed that enzyme and receptor reside in the same raft unit. A raft domain that harbors tightly packed muscarinic receptor and AChE may represent a molecular device that, by means of which, the intensity and duration of cholinergic inputs are regulated.-Montenegro, M. F., Cabezas-Herrera, J., Campoy, F. J., Muñoz-Delgado, E., Vidal, C. J. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Javier Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Encarnación Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
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Lee SH, Kim YH, Kwon DH, Cha DJ, Kim JH. Mutation and duplication of arthropod acetylcholinesterase: Implications for pesticide resistance and tolerance. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 120:118-124. [PMID: 25987229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of common/shared point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) confers resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in most arthropod pests. However, the mutations associated with reduced sensitivity to insecticides usually results in the reduction of catalytic efficiency and leads to a fitness disadvantage. To compensate for the reduced catalytic activity, overexpression of neuronal AChE appears to be necessary, which is achieved by a relatively recent duplication of the AChE gene (ace) as observed in the two-spotted spider mite and other insects. Unlike the cases with overexpression of neuronal AChE, the extensive generation of soluble AChE is observed in some insects either from a distinct non-neuronal ace locus or from a single ace locus via alternative splicing. The production of soluble AChE in the fruit fly is induced by chemical stress. Soluble AChE acts as a potential bioscavenger and provides tolerance to xenobiotics, suggesting its role in chemical adaptation during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ho Kwon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jea Cha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Readthrough acetylcholinesterase (AChE-R) and regulated necrosis: pharmacological targets for the regulation of ovarian functions? Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1685. [PMID: 25766324 PMCID: PMC4385929 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation, differentiation and death of ovarian cells ensure orderly functioning of the female gonad during the reproductive phase, which ultimately ends with menopause in women. These processes are regulated by several mechanisms, including local signaling via neurotransmitters. Previous studies showed that ovarian non-neuronal endocrine cells produce acetylcholine (ACh), which likely acts as a trophic factor within the ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum via muscarinic ACh receptors. How its actions are restricted was unknown. We identified enzymatically active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in human ovarian follicular fluid as a product of human granulosa cells. AChE breaks down ACh and thereby attenuates its trophic functions. Blockage of AChE by huperzine A increased the trophic actions as seen in granulosa cells studies. Among ovarian AChE variants, the readthrough isoform AChE-R was identified, which has further, non-enzymatic roles. AChE-R was found in follicular fluid, granulosa and theca cells, as well as luteal cells, implying that such functions occur in vivo. A synthetic AChE-R peptide (ARP) was used to explore such actions and induced in primary, cultured human granulosa cells a caspase-independent form of cell death with a distinct balloon-like morphology and the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 and the MLKL-blocker necrosulfonamide significantly reduced this form of cell death. Thus a novel non-enzymatic function of AChE-R is to stimulate RIPK1/MLKL-dependent regulated necrosis (necroptosis). The latter complements a cholinergic system in the ovary, which determines life and death of ovarian cells. Necroptosis likely occurs in the primate ovary, as granulosa and luteal cells were immunopositive for phospho-MLKL, and hence necroptosis may contribute to follicular atresia and luteolysis. The results suggest that interference with the enzymatic activities of AChE and/or interference with necroptosis may be novel approaches to influence ovarian functions.
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Kim YH, Kwon DH, Ahn HM, Koh YH, Lee SH. Induction of soluble AChE expression via alternative splicing by chemical stress in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 48:75-82. [PMID: 24637386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been characterized in insects. Post-translational modification is known to be a major mechanism for the molecular diversity of insect AChE. However, multiple forms of Drosophila melanogaster AChE (DmAChE) were recently suggested to be generated via alternative splicing (Kim and Lee, 2013). To confirm alternative splicing as the mechanism for generating the soluble form of DmAChE, we generated a transgenic fly strain carrying the cDNA of DmAChE gene (Dm_ace) that predominantly expressed a single transcript variant encoding the membrane-anchored dimer. 3' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and western blotting were performed to compare Dm_ace transcript variants and DmAChE forms between wild-type and transgenic strains. Various Dm_ace transcripts and DmAChE molecular forms were observed in wild-type flies, whereas the transgenic fly predominantly expressed Dm_ace transcript variant encoding the membrane-anchored dimer. This supports alternative splicing as the major determinant in the generation of multiple forms of DmAChE. In addition, treatment with DDVP as a chemical stress induced the expression of the Dm_ace splice variant without the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor site in a dose-dependent manner and, accordingly, the soluble form of DmAChE in wild-type flies. In contrast, little soluble DmAChE was expressed in the transgenic fly upon exposure to DDVP. DDVP bioassays revealed that transgenic flies, which were unable to express a sufficient amount of soluble monomeric DmAChE, were more sensitive to DDVP compared to wild-type flies, suggesting that the soluble monomer may exert non-neuronal functions, such as chemical defense against xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanakno Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ho Kwon
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanakno Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeoggi-do 431-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeoggi-do 431-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanakno Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanakno Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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KW L, SK L, JH C. Effect of the methanol leaves extract of Clinacanthus nutans on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in male mice. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(14)60005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Acetylcholinesterase Protein Level Is Preserved in the Alzheimer's Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:446-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tomaszek A, Kiczak L, Bania J, Krupa P, Pasławska U, Zacharski M, Janiszewski A, Stefaniak T, Zyśko D, Ardehali H, Jankowska EA, Ponikowski P. Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:253-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K. Neurotransmitter receptor alterations in hepatic encephalopathy: a review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 536:109-21. [PMID: 23466244 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with symptoms ranging from subtle neuropsychiatric and motor disturbances to deep coma and death, is thought to be a clinical manifestation of a low-grade cerebral oedema associated with an altered neuron-astrocyte crosstalk and exacerbated by hyperammonemia and oxidative stress. These events are tightly coupled with alterations in neurotransmission, either in a causal or a causative manner, resulting in a net increase of inhibitory neurotransmission. Therefore, research focussed mainly on the potential role of γ-aminobutyric acid-(GABA) or glutamate-mediated neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of HE, though roles for other neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine, adenosine and histamine) or for neurosteroids or endogenous benzodiazepines have also been suggested. Therefore, we here review HE-related alterations in neurotransmission, focussing on changes in the levels of classical neurotransmitters and the neuromodulator adenosine, variations in the activity and/or concentrations of key enzymes involved in their metabolism, as well as in the densities of their receptors.
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