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Franco-Mena D, Guayasamin JM, Andrade-Brito D, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Rojas-Runjaic FJM. Unveiling the evolutionary relationships and the high cryptic diversity in Andean rainfrogs (Craugastoridae: Pristimantis myersi group). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14715. [PMID: 36879909 PMCID: PMC9985417 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pristimantis is the most diverse genus of terrestrial frogs. Historically, it has been divided into several phenetic groups in order to facilitate species identification. However, in light of phylogenetic analysis, many of these groups have been shown to be non-monophyletic, denoting a high degree of morphological convergence and limited number of diagnostic traits. In this study, we focus on the Pristimantis myersi group, an assemblage of small rainfrogs distributed throughout the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia, whose external morphology is highly conserved, and its species diversity and evolutionary relationships largely unknown. Methods We inferred a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the frog genus Pristimantis, including all available sequences of the mtDNA 16S rRNA, as well as new DNA sequences from 175 specimens. Our sampling included 19 of the 24 species currently recognized as part of the Pristimantis myersi group. Results Our new evolutionary hypothesis recovered the P. myersi group as non-monophyletic and composed of 16 species. Therefore, we exclude P. albujai, P. bicantus, P. sambalan, and P. nelsongalloi in order to preserve the monophyly of the group. We discovered at least eight candidate species, most of them hidden under the names of P. leoni, P. hectus, P. festae, P. gladiator, and P. ocreatus. Discussion Our results reveal the occurrence of a high level of cryptic diversity to the species level within the P. myersi group and highlight the need to redefine some of its species and reassess their conservation status. We suggest that the conservation status of six species within the group need to be re-evaluated because they exhibit smaller distributions than previously thought; these species are: P. festae, P. gladiator, P. hectus, P. leoni, P. ocreatus, and P. pyrrhomerus. Finally, given that the Pristimantis myersi group, as defined in this work, is monophyletic and morphologically diagnosable, and that Trachyphrynus is an available name for the clade containing P. myersi, we implement Trachyphrynus as a formal subgenus name for the Pristimantis myersi group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Franco-Mena
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto BIOSFERA, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Campus Cumbaya, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan M Guayasamin
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto BIOSFERA, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Campus Cumbaya, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Diego Andrade-Brito
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto BIOSFERA, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Campus Cumbaya, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Mario H Yánez-Muñoz
- División de Herpetología, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad INABIO, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Fernando J M Rojas-Runjaic
- Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle (MHNLS), Caracas, Venezuela.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Belém, Pará, Brazil
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2
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Ortega JA, Brito J, Ron SR. Six new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Llanganates National Park and Sangay National Park in Amazonian cloud forests of Ecuador. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13761. [PMID: 36275471 PMCID: PMC9583859 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe six new species of rainfrogs of the genus Pristimantis (Strabomantidae) from Amazonian cloud forests in Ecuador. We also present a phylogeny showing the relationships of the new species. The phylogeny is based on mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA (16S), 12 rRNA (12S), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (ND1) and the nuclear gene recombination-activating 1 (RAG1). We also describe the osteology of two of the new species using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography. The new species belong to two clades. The first clade is sister to the subgenus Huicundomantis and includes P. tamia sp. nov., P. miktos, and P. mallii. Pristimantis tamia sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. miktos, P. mallii, P. martiae, and P. incomptus, but differs from them by lacking vocal slits and tympanic membrane and by having light greenish blue iris. Based in our results we expand the subgenus Huicundomantis to include the P. miktos species group. The second clade is remarkable by being highly divergent and consisting exclusively of new species: P. anaiae sp. nov., P. glendae sp. nov., P. kunam sp. nov., P. resistencia sp. nov., and P. venegasi sp. nov. The new species resemble P. roni, P. yanezi, P. llanganati, P. katoptroides, P. verecundus, and P. mutabilis but can be distinguished from them by lacking vocal slits and tympanic membrane and by having large dark round areas with thin clear borders in the sacral region. All six new species occur in the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes and are known from a single locality in Llanganates or Sangay National Park. We recommend assigning all of them to the Data Deficient (DD) Red List category. Based in our high-resolution x-ray tomographies, we report the presence of structures that appear to be intercalary elements. This would be the first report of such structures in Terrarana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhael A. Ortega
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Brito
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Santiago R. Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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3
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Ma WJ, Veltsos P. The Diversity and Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Frogs. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:483. [PMID: 33810524 PMCID: PMC8067296 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Frogs are ideal organisms for studying sex chromosome evolution because of their diversity in sex chromosome differentiation and sex-determination systems. We review 222 anuran frogs, spanning ~220 Myr of divergence, with characterized sex chromosomes, and discuss their evolution, phylogenetic distribution and transitions between homomorphic and heteromorphic states, as well as between sex-determination systems. Most (~75%) anurans have homomorphic sex chromosomes, with XY systems being three times more common than ZW systems. Most remaining anurans (~25%) have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with XY and ZW systems almost equally represented. There are Y-autosome fusions in 11 species, and no W-/Z-/X-autosome fusions are known. The phylogeny represents at least 19 transitions between sex-determination systems and at least 16 cases of independent evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes from homomorphy, the likely ancestral state. Five lineages mostly have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, which might have evolved due to demographic and sexual selection attributes of those lineages. Males do not recombine over most of their genome, regardless of which is the heterogametic sex. Nevertheless, telomere-restricted recombination between ZW chromosomes has evolved at least once. More comparative genomic studies are needed to understand the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes among frog lineages, especially in the ZW systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Ma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paris Veltsos
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
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Acosta-Galvis AR, Saldarriaga-Gómez AM, Ramírez B, Vargas-Ramírez M. A new Terrarana frog of genus Pristimantis from an unexplored cloud forest from the eastern Andes, Colombia. Zookeys 2020; 961:129-156. [PMID: 32904011 PMCID: PMC7449990 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.961.51971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of Pristimantis (Craugastoridae, subgenusPristimantis) is described from a relict and unexplored cloud forest in the western slope from Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. The specific name was chosen by consensus expert scientists and local people. Pristimantischamezensissp. nov. is easily distinguished from congeneric species by having a gray iris with black reticulations in life, subconical tubercles on the upper eyelid, the chin edged with irregular, dark-brown blotches, and conical heel tubercles. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that the origin and radiation of its clade may have occurred in the highlands. With the description of P.chamezensissp. nov., we identify 14 species distributed throughout the eastern slope of the Andes that are associated with the Orinoco Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R Acosta-Galvis
- Colecciones Biológicas, Subdirección de Investigaciones, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Carrera 8 No 15-08, Claustro de San Agustín, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Boyacá Colombia
| | - Ana M Saldarriaga-Gómez
- Grupo Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Calle 53 # 35-83, Edificio 426, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Asociación de Becarios de Casanare-ABC, Carrera 39#15-35, Yopal, Casanare, Colombia Estación de Biología Tropical Roberto Franco Villavicencio Colombia
| | - Mario Vargas-Ramírez
- Grupo Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Calle 53 # 35-83, Edificio 426, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia.,Estación de Biología Tropical Roberto Franco (EBTRF), Carrera 33 #33-76, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia Asociación de Becarios de Casanare Yopal Colombia
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Reyes-Puig C, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Ortega JA, Ron SR. Relaciones filogenéticas del subgénero Hypodictyon (Anura: Strabomantidae: Pristimantis) con la descripción de tres especies nuevas de la región del Chocó. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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The enigmatic Leiosaurae clade: Phylogeography, species delimitation, phylogeny and historical biogeography of its southernmost species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 144:106725. [PMID: 31884086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The clade Leiosaurae is composed of poorly-known species endemic to the southern region of South America. The difficulties of finding these lizards in the field, and their highly conserved morphology, have limited our taxonomic knowledge and understanding of their evolutionary histories. Here, we use data collected over 9 years to study the phylogenetic history, genetic diversity, and biogeographic history of almost all the southernmost species of Leiosaurae (except P. nigroigulus), including: Leiosaurus bellii, Diplolaemus darwinii, D. bibronii, D. sexcinctus and D. leopardinus. We use a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene to resolve general phylogeographic patterns, and add another mitochondrial gene and eight nuclear genes to perform species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses associated with divergence times. We found evidence for three putative new species-level taxa within L. bellii and five within Diplolaemus species, indicating high levels of geographic structure. We use a time-calibrated phylogeny to estimate ranges of ancestral distributions and to generate new hypotheses about their historical biogeography.
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7
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Reyes-Puig C, Pablo Reyes-Puig J, A Velarde-Garcéz D, Nicolás Dávalos, Mancero E, José Navarrete M, H Yánez-Muñoz M, F Cisneros-Heredia D, R Ron S. A new species of terrestrial frog Pristimantis (Strabomantidae) from the upper basin of the Pastaza River, Ecuador. Zookeys 2019; 832:113-133. [PMID: 30930648 PMCID: PMC6435602 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.832.30874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new species of Pristimantis from the montane forest of the Río Zuñag Ecological Reserve, upper basin of the Pastaza River, Ecuador. Pristimantismalliisp. n. is characterized by a snout-vent length of 11.6–21.3 mm in adult males (n = 12), 22.6–34.3 mm in adult females (n = 8), and is compared morphologically and genetically with Pristimantismiktos and with other relevant species of Pristimantis. The new species is characterized by having skin on dorsum and flanks shagreen, distinctive scapular folds, snout broadly rounded in dorsal view, upper eyelid bearing one or two subconical tubercles and some rounded tubercles, dorsum and flanks light brown to brown, with irregular dark brown marks bounded by dirty cream and groin with irregular yellowish marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reyes-Puig
- Instituto de Zoología Terrestre & Museo de Zoología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Quito, Ecuador.,Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.,Fundación Red de Protección de Bosques ECOMINGA, Fundación Oscar Efrén Reyes, Departamento de Ambiente, Baños, Ecuador
| | - Daniel A Velarde-Garcéz
- Instituto de Zoología Terrestre & Museo de Zoología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nicolás Dávalos
- Instituto de Zoología Terrestre & Museo de Zoología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Emilio Mancero
- Instituto de Zoología Terrestre & Museo de Zoología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María José Navarrete
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario H Yánez-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego F Cisneros-Heredia
- Instituto de Zoología Terrestre & Museo de Zoología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Quito, Ecuador.,Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.,King's College London, Department of Geography, London, UK
| | - Santiago R Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Waddell EH, Crotti M, Lougheed SC, Cannatella DC, Elmer KR. Hierarchies of evolutionary radiation in the world’s most species rich vertebrate group, the Neotropical Pristimantis leaf litter frogs. SYST BIODIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2018.1503202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Waddell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Marco Crotti
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephen C. Lougheed
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David C. Cannatella
- Section of Integrative Biology and Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Salgado‐Roa FC, Pardo‐Diaz C, Lasso E, Arias CF, Solferini VN, Salazar C. Gene flow and Andean uplift shape the diversification of Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneae: Araneidae) in Northern South America. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7131-7142. [PMID: 30073072 PMCID: PMC6065347 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Andean uplift has played a major role in shaping the current Neotropical biodiversity. However, in arthropods other than butterflies, little is known about how this geographic barrier has impacted species historical diversification. Here, we examined the phylogeography of the widespread color polymorphic spider Gasteracantha cancriformis to evaluate the effect of the northern Andean uplift on its divergence and assess whether its diversification occurred in the presence of gene flow. We inferred phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in G. cancriformis using mitochondrial and nuclear data from 105 individuals in northern South America. Genetic diversity, divergence, and population structure were quantified. We also compared multiple demographic scenarios for this species using a model-based approach (phrapl) to determine divergence with or without gene flow. At last, we evaluated the association between genetic variation and color polymorphism. Both nuclear and mitochondrial data supported two well-differentiated clades, which correspond to populations occurring on opposite sides of the Eastern cordillera of the Colombian Andes. The final uplift of this cordillera was identified as the most likely force that shaped the diversification of G. cancriformis in northern South America, resulting in a cis- and trans-Andean phylogeographic structure for the species. We also found shared genetic variation between the cis- and trans-Andean clades, which is better explained by a scenario of historical divergence in the face of gene flow. This has been likely facilitated by the presence of low-elevation passes across the Eastern Colombian cordillera. Our work constitutes the first example in which the Andean uplift coupled with gene flow influenced the evolutionary history of an arachnid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C. Salgado‐Roa
- Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
- Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de los AndesBogotáColombia
| | - Carolina Pardo‐Diaz
- Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Eloisa Lasso
- Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de los AndesBogotáColombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteAncónPanamá
| | | | - Vera Nisaka Solferini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and BioagentsInstitute of BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinasSao PauloBrazil
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Programa de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
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Oliveira EAD, Rodrigues LR, Kaefer IL, Pinto KC, Hernández-Ruz EJ. A new species of Pristimantis from eastern Brazilian Amazonia (Anura, Craugastoridae). Zookeys 2017:101-129. [PMID: 29114168 PMCID: PMC5672576 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.687.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study a new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) of the P. conspicillatus species group is described. Pristimantis latrosp. n. is known only from the municipalities of Altamira, Anapu, Brasil Novo, Medicilândia, Uruará and Aveiro (Flona Tapajós, right bank of Tapajós river), in Pará state, Brazil. Morphologically, the new species distinguishes from known congeners in the group mainly by the presence of dorsal tubercles and absence of discoidal folds, smooth belly skin, as well as the presence of supernumerary tubercles on hands. The call of the new species consists of seven ascending notes, the first of which has a dominant frequency of 2635 Hz and the last 3272 Hz. Molecular analysis of the 16S mtDNA indicates a genetic distance of 8% to P. chiastonotus, its closet relative, and between 9% and 11% to populations of P. fenestratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elciomar Araújo De Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Luis Reginaldo Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós), CEP 68035-110, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Karll Cavalcante Pinto
- Biota Projetos e Consultoria Ambiental LTDA, Rua 86-C, 64, CEP 74083-360, Setor Sul, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Emil José Hernández-Ruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Coronel José Porfírio, 2515, CEP 68372-040, Altamira, Pará, Brazil
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Guayasamin JM, Hutter CR, Tapia EE, Culebras J, Peñafiel N, Pyron RA, Morochz C, Funk WC, Arteaga A. Diversification of the rainfrog Pristimantis ornatissimus in the lowlands and Andean foothills of Ecuador. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172615. [PMID: 28329011 PMCID: PMC5362048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic barriers and elevational gradients have long been recognized as important in species diversification. Here, we illustrate an example where both mechanisms have shaped the genetic structure of the Neotropical rainfrog, Pristimantis ornatissimus, which has also resulted in speciation. This species was thought to be a single evolutionary lineage distributed throughout the Ecuadorian Chocó and the adjacent foothills of the Andes. Based on recent sampling of P. ornatissimus sensu lato, we provide molecular and morphological evidence that support the validity of a new species, which we name Pristimantis ecuadorensis sp. nov. The sister species are elevational replacements of each other; the distribution of Pristimantis ornatissimus sensu stricto is limited to the Ecuadorian Chocó ecoregion (< 1100 m), whereas the new species has only been found at Andean localities between 1450-1480 m. Given the results of the Multiple Matrix Regression with Randomization analysis, the genetic difference between P. ecuadorensis and P. ornatissimus is not explained by geographic distance nor environment, although environmental variables at a finer scale need to be tested. Therefore this speciation event might be the byproduct of stochastic historic extinction of connected populations or biogeographic events caused by barriers to dispersal such as rivers. Within P. ornatissimus sensu stricto, morphological patterns and genetic structure seem to be related to geographic isolation (e.g., rivers). Finally, we provide an updated phylogeny for the genus, including the new species, as well as other Ecuadorian Pristimantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Guayasamin
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Ambientales BIÓSFERA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Calle Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carl R. Hutter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Elicio E. Tapia
- Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Otonga, San Rafael, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime Culebras
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Calle Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nicolás Peñafiel
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Calle Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | | | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Freilich X, Anadón JD, Bukala J, Calderon O, Chakraborty R, Boissinot S. Comparative Phylogeography of Ethiopian anurans: impact of the Great Rift Valley and Pleistocene climate change. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:206. [PMID: 27724843 PMCID: PMC5057412 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ethiopian highlands are a biodiversity hotspot, split by the Great Rift Valley into two distinct systems of plateaus and mountains. The Rift Valley is currently hot and dry and acts as a barrier to gene flow for highland-adapted species. It is however unlikely that the conditions in the Rift were inhospitable to highland species during the entire Pleistocene. To assess the significance of the Ethiopian Rift as a biogeographic barrier as well as the impact Pleistocene climatic changes have had on the evolution of Ethiopian organisms, we performed phylogeographic analyses and developed present and past niche models on seven anuran species with different elevational and ecological preferences. Results We found that highland species on the east and the west sides of the Rift are genetically differentiated and have not experienced any detectable gene flow for at least 0.4 my. In contrast, species found at elevations lower than 2500 m do not show any population structure. We also determined that highland species have lower effective population sizes than lowland species, which have experienced a large, yet gradual, demographic expansion, starting approximately half a million year ago. Conclusions The pattern we report here is consistent with the increasingly warmer and drier conditions of the Pleistocene in East Africa, which resulted in the expansion of savanna, the fragmentation of forests and the shrinking of highland habitats. Climatic niche models indicated that the Rift is currently non suitable for most of the studied species, but it could have been a more permeable barrier during the Last Glacial Maximum. However, considering the strong genetic structure of highland species, we hypothesize that the barrier mechanisms at the Rift are not only climatic but also topographical. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0774-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Freilich
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA.,Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - José D Anadón
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA.,Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jolanta Bukala
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Ordaliza Calderon
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Ronveer Chakraborty
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Boissinot
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Arteaga A, Pyron RA, Peñafiel N, Romero-Barreto P, Culebras J, Bustamante L, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Guayasamin JM. Comparative Phylogeography Reveals Cryptic Diversity and Repeated Patterns of Cladogenesis for Amphibians and Reptiles in Northwestern Ecuador. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151746. [PMID: 27120100 PMCID: PMC4847877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography allow us to understand how shared historical circumstances have shaped the formation of lineages, by examining a broad spectrum of co-distributed populations of different taxa. However, these types of studies are scarce in the Neotropics, a region that is characterized by high diversity, complex geology, and poorly understood biogeography. Here, we investigate the diversification patterns of five lineages of amphibians and reptiles, co-distributed across the Choco and Andes ecoregions in northwestern Ecuador. Mitochondrial DNA and occurrence records were used to determine the degree of geographic genetic divergence within species. Our results highlight congruent patterns of parapatric speciation and common geographical barriers for distantly related taxa. These comparisons indicate similar biological and demographic characteristics for the included clades, and reveal the existence of two new species of Pristimantis previously subsumed under P. walkeri, which we describe herein. Our data supports the hypothesis that widely distributed Chocoan taxa may generally experience their greatest opportunities for isolation and parapatric speciation across thermal elevational gradients. Finally, our study provides critical information to predict which unstudied lineages may harbor cryptic diversity, and how geology and climate are likely to have shaped their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Arteaga
- Tropical Herping, Quito, Ecuador.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Nicolás Peñafiel
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paulina Romero-Barreto
- Tropical Herping, Quito, Ecuador.,Fundación EcoCiencia, Programa para la Conservación de Especies y Ecosistemas Amenazados en Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime Culebras
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lucas Bustamante
- Tropical Herping, Quito, Ecuador.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario H Yánez-Muñoz
- División de Herpetología, Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan M Guayasamin
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
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14
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Meza‐Joya FL, Torres M. Spatial diversity patterns of Pristimantis frogs in the Tropical Andes. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1901-13. [PMID: 26929819 PMCID: PMC4759521 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although biodiversity gradients have been widely documented, the factors governing broad-scale patterns in species richness are still a source of intense debate and interest in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Here, we tested whether spatial hypotheses (species-area effect, topographic heterogeneity, mid-domain null model, and latitudinal effect) explain the pattern of diversity observed along the altitudinal gradient of Andean rain frogs of the genus Pristimantis. We compiled a gamma-diversity database of 378 species of Pristimantis from the tropical Andes, specifically from Colombia to Bolivia, using records collected above 500 m.a.s.l. Analyses were performed at three spatial levels: Tropical Andes as a whole, split in its two main domains (Northern and Central Andes), and split in its 11 main mountain ranges. Species richness, area, and topographic heterogeneity were calculated for each 500-m-width elevational band. Spatial hypotheses were tested using linear regression models. We examined the fit of the observed diversity to the mid-domain hypothesis using randomizations. The species richness of Pristimantis showed a hump-shaped pattern across most of the altitudinal gradients of the Tropical Andes. There was high variability in the relationship between area and species richness along the Tropical Andes. Correcting for area effects had little impact in the shape of the empirical pattern of biodiversity curves. Mid-domain models produced similar gradients in species richness relative to empirical gradients, but the fit varied among mountain ranges. The effect of topographic heterogeneity on species richness varied among mountain ranges. There was a significant negative relationship between latitude and species richness. Our findings suggest that spatial processes partially explain the richness patterns of Pristimantis frogs along the Tropical Andes. Explaining the current patterns of biodiversity in this hot spot may require further studies on other possible underlying mechanisms (e.g., historical, biotic, or climatic hypotheses) to elucidate the factors that limit the ranges of species along this elevational gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Leonardo Meza‐Joya
- Grupo de Estudios en BiodiversidadFacultad de Ciencias, Escuela de BiologíaUniversidad Industrial de SantanderBucaramanga680002Colombia
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15
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Warne RW, LaBumbard B, LaGrange S, Vredenburg VT, Catenazzi A. Co-Infection by Chytrid Fungus and Ranaviruses in Wild and Harvested Frogs in the Tropical Andes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145864. [PMID: 26726999 PMCID: PMC4701007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While global amphibian declines are associated with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), undetected concurrent co-infection by other pathogens may be little recognized threats to amphibians. Emerging viruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv) also cause die-offs of amphibians and other ectotherms, but the extent of their distribution globally, or how co-infections with Bd impact amphibians are poorly understood. We provide the first report of Bd and Rv co-infection in South America, and the first report of Rv infections in the amphibian biodiversity hotspot of the Peruvian Andes, where Bd is associated with extinctions. Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that Bd or Rv parasites facilitate co-infection, as assessed by parasite abundance or infection intensity within individual adult frogs. Co-infection occurred in 30% of stream-dwelling frogs; 65% were infected by Bd and 40% by Rv. Among terrestrial, direct-developing Pristimantis frogs 40% were infected by Bd, 35% by Rv, and 20% co-infected. In Telmatobius frogs harvested for the live-trade 49% were co-infected, 92% were infected by Bd, and 53% by Rv. Median Bd and Rv loads were similar in both wild (Bd = 101.2 Ze, Rv = 102.3 viral copies) and harvested frogs (Bd = 103.1 Ze, Rv = 102.7 viral copies). While neither parasite abundance nor infection intensity were associated with co-infection patterns in adults, these data did not include the most susceptible larval and metamorphic life stages. These findings suggest Rv distribution is global and that co-infection among these parasites may be common. These results raise conservation concerns, but greater testing is necessary to determine if parasite interactions increase amphibian vulnerability to secondary infections across differing life stages, and constitute a previously undetected threat to declining populations. Greater surveillance of parasite interactions may increase our capacity to contain and mitigate the impacts of these and other wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Warne
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brandon LaBumbard
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Seth LaGrange
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Vance T. Vredenburg
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Catenazzi
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
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16
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Insights from Integrative Systematics Reveal Cryptic Diversity in Pristimantis Frogs (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Upper Amazon Basin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143392. [PMID: 26600198 PMCID: PMC4658055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluralistic approaches to taxonomy facilitate a more complete appraisal of biodiversity, especially the diversification of cryptic species. Although species delimitation has traditionally been based primarily on morphological differences, the integration of new methods allows diverse lines of evidence to solve the problem. Robber frogs (Pristimantis) are exemplary, as many of the species show high morphological variation within populations, but few traits that are diagnostic of species. We used a combination of DNA sequences from three mitochondrial genes, morphometric data, and comparisons of ecological niche models (ENMs) to infer a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Pristimantis acuminatus complex. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed a close relationship between three new species—Pristimantis enigmaticus sp. nov., P. limoncochensis sp. nov. and P. omeviridis sp. nov.—originally confused with Pristimantis acuminatus. In combination with morphometric data and geographic distributions, several morphological characters such as degree of tympanum exposure, skin texture, ulnar/tarsal tubercles and sexual secondary characters (vocal slits and nuptial pads in males) were found to be useful for diagnosing species in the complex. Multivariate discriminant analyses provided a successful classification rate for 83–100% of specimens. Discriminant analysis of localities in environmental niche space showed a successful classification rate of 75–98%. Identity tests of ENMs rejected hypotheses of niche equivalency, although not strongly because the high values on niche overlap. Pristimantis acuminatus and P. enigmaticus sp. nov. are distributed along the lowlands of central–southern Ecuador and northern Peru, in contrast with P. limoncochensis sp. nov. and P. omeviridis sp. nov., which are found in northern Ecuador and southern Colombia, up to 1200 m in the upper Amazon Basin. The methods used herein provide an integrated framework for inventorying the greatly underestimated biodiversity in Amazonia.
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Mendoza ÁM, Ospina OE, Cárdenas-Henao H, García-R JC. A likelihood inference of historical biogeography in the world's most diverse terrestrial vertebrate genus: diversification of direct-developing frogs (Craugastoridae: Pristimantis) across the Neotropics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 85:50-8. [PMID: 25681675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The geology of the northern Andean region has driven the evolutionary history of Neotropical fauna through the creation of barriers and connections that have resulted in speciation and dispersal events, respectively. One of the most conspicuous groups of anuran fauna in the Andes and surrounding areas is the direct-developing species of the genus Pristimantis. We investigated the molecular phylogenetic placement of 12 species from the montane Andes of Colombia in a broader geographical context with a new genus-level phylogeny in order to identify the role of Andean orogeny over the last 40million years and the effect of elevational differences in diversification of Pristimantis. We examined the biogeographic history of the genus using ancestral range reconstruction by biogeographic regions and elevational ranges. We recognized the middle elevational band (between 1000 and 3000m) in the Northwestern Andes region of Colombia and Ecuador as a focal point for the origin and radiation of Pristimantis species. Additionally, we found several Andean migrations toward new habitats in Central Andes and Merida Andes for some species groups. We suggest that the paleogeological changes in the Northwestern Andes were the main promoter of speciation in Pristimantis, and may have served as a corridor for the dispersion of lowland species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela María Mendoza
- Grupo de estudios en genética, ecología molecular y fisiología animal, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia; Grupo de investigación en ecología y conservación neotropical, Samanea Foundation, 760046 Cali, Colombia; Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, 6713 Cali, Colombia.
| | - Oscar E Ospina
- Grupo de estudios en genética, ecología molecular y fisiología animal, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia; Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras 00931-3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Heiber Cárdenas-Henao
- Grupo de estudios en genética, ecología molecular y fisiología animal, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia; Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan C García-R
- Grupo de estudios en genética, ecología molecular y fisiología animal, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia; Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11-222, New Zealand
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18
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Kieswetter CM, Schneider CJ. Phylogeography in the northern Andes: Complex history and cryptic diversity in a cloud forest frog, Pristimantis w-nigrum (Craugastoridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:417-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Guarnizo CE, Cannatella DC. Genetic divergence within frog species is greater in topographically more complex regions. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Guarnizo
- Section of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - David C. Cannatella
- Section of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
- Texas Natural Science Center; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
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