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Delestrée N, Semizoglou E, Pagiazitis JG, Vukojicic A, Drobac E, Paushkin V, Mentis GZ. Serotonergic dysfunction impairs locomotor coordination in spinal muscular atrophy. Brain 2023; 146:4574-4593. [PMID: 37678880 PMCID: PMC10629775 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation by serotonin regulates the activity of neuronal networks responsible for a wide variety of essential behaviours. Serotonin (or 5-HT) typically activates metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors, which in turn initiate second messenger signalling cascades and induce short and long-lasting behavioural effects. Serotonin is intricately involved in the production of locomotor activity and gait control for different motor behaviours. Although dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with mood disorders and spasticity after spinal cord injury, whether and to what extent such dysregulation is implicated in movement disorders has not been firmly established. Here, we investigated whether serotonergic neuromodulation is affected in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency of the SMN protein. The hallmarks of SMA are death of spinal motor neurons, muscle atrophy and impaired motor control, both in human patients and mouse models of disease. We used a severe mouse model of SMA, that closely recapitulates the severe symptoms exhibited by type I SMA patients, the most common and most severe form of the disease. Together, with mouse genetics, optogenetics, physiology, morphology and behavioural analysis, we report severe dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission in the spinal cord of SMA mice, both at early and late stages of the disease. This dysfunction is followed by reduction of 5-HT synapses on vulnerable motor neurons. We demonstrate that motor neurons innervating axial and trunk musculature are preferentially affected, suggesting a possible cause for the proximo-distal progression of disease, and raising the possibility that it may underlie scoliosis in SMA patients. We also demonstrate that the 5-HT dysfunction is caused by SMN deficiency in serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem. The behavioural significance of the dysfunction in serotonergic neuromodulation is underlined by inter-limb discoordination in SMA mice, which is ameliorated when selective restoration of SMN in 5-HT neurons is achieved by genetic means. Our study uncovers an unexpected dysfunction of serotonergic neuromodulation in SMA and indicates that, if normal function is to be restored under disease conditions, 5-HT neuromodulation should be a key target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delestrée
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Evangelia Semizoglou
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John G Pagiazitis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vukojicic
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Estelle Drobac
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vasilissa Paushkin
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Z Mentis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Bauer MB, Currie KPM. Serotonin and the serotonin transporter in the adrenal gland. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:39-78. [PMID: 38408804 PMCID: PMC11217909 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal glands are key components of the mammalian endocrine system, helping maintain physiological homeostasis and the coordinated response to stress. Each adrenal gland has two morphologically and functionally distinct regions, the outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex is organized into three concentric zones which secrete steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol. Neural crest-derived chromaffin cells in the medulla are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and neuropeptides into the bloodstream, thereby functioning as the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. In this article we review serotonin (5-HT) and the serotonin transporter (SERT; SLC6A4) in the adrenal gland. In the adrenal cortex, 5-HT, primarily sourced from resident mast cells, acts as a paracrine signal to stimulate aldosterone and cortisol secretion through 5-HT4/5-HT7 receptors. Medullary chromaffin cells contain a small amount of 5-HT due to SERT-mediated uptake and express 5-HT1A receptors which inhibit secretion. The atypical mechanism of the 5-HT1A receptors and interaction with SERT fine tune this autocrine pathway to control stress-evoked catecholamine secretion. Receptor-independent signaling by SERT/intracellular 5-HT modulates the amount and kinetics of transmitter release from single vesicle fusion events. SERT might also influence stress-evoked upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription. Transient signaling via 5-HT3 receptors during embryonic development can limit the number of chromaffin cells found in the mature adrenal gland. Together, this emerging evidence suggests that the adrenal medulla is a peripheral hub for serotonergic control of the sympathoadrenal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, South Broadway, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Kevin P M Currie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, South Broadway, Camden, NJ, United States.
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Differential dopamine modulation of spinal reflex amplitudes is associated with the presence or absence of the autonomic nervous system. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135514. [PMID: 33227368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord contains a highly collateralized network of descending dopamine (DA) fibers that stem from the dorso-posterior hypothalamic A11 region in the brain, however, the modulatory actions of DA have generally only been assessed in lumbar segments L2-L5. In contrast to these exclusively sensorimotor segments, spinal cords segments T1-L2 and, in mouse, L6-S2, additionally contain the intermediolateral (IML) nucleus, the origin of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Here, we tested if the different spinal circuits in sensorimotor and IML-containing segments react differently to the modulation of the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) by DA. Bath-application of DA (1 μM) led to a decrease of MSR amplitude in L3-L5 segments; however, in IML-containing segments (T10-L2, and S1/2) the MSR response was facilitated. We did not observe any difference in the response between thoracic (sympathetic) and lumbosacral (parasympathetic) segments. Application of the D2-receptor agonists bromocriptine or quinpirole mimicked the effects of DA, while blocking D2 receptor pathways with raclopride or application with the D1-receptor agonist SKF 38393 led to an increase of the MSR in L3-L5 segments and a decrease of the MSR in IML-containing segments. In contrast, in the presence of the gap-junction blockers, carbenoloxone and quinine, DA modulatory actions in IML-containing segments were similar to those of sensorimotor L3-L5 segments. We suggest that DA modulates MSR amplitudes in the spinal cord in a segment-specific manner, and that the differential outcome observed in ANS segments may be a result of gap junctions in the IML.
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Milla-Cruz JJ, Mena-Avila E, Calvo JR, Hochman S, Villalón CM, Quevedo JN. The activation of D 2 and D 3 receptor subtypes inhibits pathways mediating primary afferent depolarization (PAD) in the mouse spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135257. [PMID: 32682848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory information can be modulated at the spinal cord level by primary afferent depolarization (PAD), known to produce presynaptic inhibition (PSI) by decreasing neurotransmitter release through the activation of presynaptic ionotropic receptors. Descending monoaminergic systems also modulate somatosensory processing. We investigated the role of D1-like and D2-like receptors on pathways mediating PAD in the hemisected spinal cord of neonatal mice. We recorded low-threshold evoked dorsal root potentials (DRPs) and population monosynaptic responses as extracellular field potentials (EFPs). We used a paired-pulse conditioning-test protocol to assess homosynaptic and heterosynaptic depression of evoked EFPs to discriminate between dopaminergic effects on afferent synaptic efficacy and/or on pathways mediating PAD, respectively. DA (10 μM) depressed low-threshold evoked DRPs by 43 %, with no effect on EFPs. These depressant effects on DRPs were mimicked by the D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (35 %). Moreover, by using selective antagonists at D2-like receptors (encompassing the D2, D3, and D4 subtypes), we found that the D2 and D3 receptor subtypes participate in the quinpirole depressant inhibitory effects of pathways mediating PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Milla-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elvia Mena-Avila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge R Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Shawn Hochman
- Physiology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede-Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge N Quevedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamuta N. Morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat tracheal mucosa. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:550-566. [PMID: 29124772 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nerve endings with immunoreactivity for the P2X3 purinoreceptor (P2X3) in the rat tracheal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations with confocal scanning laser microscopy. P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed in ramified endings distributed in the whole length of the trachea. The myelinated parent axons of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings ramified into several branches that extended two-dimensionally in every direction at the interface between the epithelial layer and lamina propria. The axonal branches of P2X3-immunoreactive endings branched off many twigs located just beneath the epithelium, and continued to intraepithelial axon terminals. The axon terminals of P2X3-immunoreactive endings were beaded, rounded, or club-like in shape and terminated between tracheal epithelial cells. Flat axon terminals sometimes partly ensheathed neuroendocrine cells with immunoreactivity for SNAP25 or CGRP. Some axons and axon terminals with P2X3 immunoreactivity were immunoreactive for P2X2, while some terminals were immunoreactive for vGLUT2. Furthermore, a retrograde tracing method using fast blue (FB) revealed that 88.4% of FB-labeled cells with P2X3 immunoreactivity originated from the nodose ganglion. In conclusion, P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat tracheal mucosa have unique morphological characteristics, and these endings may be rapidly adapting receptors and/or irritant receptors that are activated by mucosal irritant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Brindley RL, Bauer MB, Blakely RD, Currie KP. Serotonin and Serotonin Transporters in the Adrenal Medulla: A Potential Hub for Modulation of the Sympathetic Stress Response. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:943-954. [PMID: 28406285 PMCID: PMC5541362 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system where it modulates circuits involved in mood, cognition, movement, arousal, and autonomic function. The 5-HT transporter (SERT; SLC6A4) is a key regulator of 5-HT signaling, and genetic variations in SERT are associated with various disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. This review focuses on the role of SERT in the sympathetic nervous system. Autonomic/sympathetic dysfunction is evident in patients with depression, anxiety, and other diseases linked to serotonergic signaling. Experimentally, loss of SERT function (SERT knockout mice or chronic pharmacological block) has been reported to augment the sympathetic stress response. Alterations to serotonergic signaling in the CNS and thus central drive to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system are presumed to underlie this augmentation. Although less widely recognized, SERT is robustly expressed in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal chromaffin cells do not synthesize 5-HT but accumulate small amounts by SERT-mediated uptake. Recent evidence demonstrated that 5-HT1A receptors inhibit catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells via an atypical mechanism that does not involve modulation of cellular excitability or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. This raises the possibility that the adrenal medulla is a previously unrecognized peripheral hub for serotonergic control of the sympathetic stress response. As a framework for future investigation, a model is proposed in which stress-evoked adrenal catecholamine secretion is fine-tuned by SERT-modulated autocrine 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brindley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, and Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kevin P.M. Currie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Giszter SF. Spinal primitives and intra-spinal micro-stimulation (ISMS) based prostheses: a neurobiological perspective on the "known unknowns" in ISMS and future prospects. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:72. [PMID: 25852454 PMCID: PMC4367173 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current literature on Intra-Spinal Micro-Stimulation (ISMS) for motor prostheses is reviewed in light of neurobiological data on spinal organization, and a neurobiological perspective on output motor modularity, ISMS maps, stimulation combination effects, and stability. By comparing published data in these areas, the review identifies several gaps in current knowledge that are crucial to the development of effective intraspinal neuroprostheses. Gaps can be categorized into a lack of systematic and reproducible details of: (a) Topography and threshold for ISMS across the segmental motor system, the topography of autonomic recruitment by ISMS, and the coupling relations between these two types of outputs in practice. (b) Compositional rules for ISMS motor responses tested across the full range of the target spinal topographies. (c) Rules for ISMS effects' dependence on spinal cord state and neural dynamics during naturally elicited or ISMS triggered behaviors. (d) Plasticity of the compositional rules for ISMS motor responses, and understanding plasticity of ISMS topography in different spinal cord lesion states, disease states, and following rehabilitation. All these knowledge gaps to a greater or lesser extent require novel electrode technology in order to allow high density chronic recording and stimulation. The current lack of this technology may explain why these prominent gaps in the ISMS literature currently exist. It is also argued that given the "known unknowns" in the current ISMS literature, it may be prudent to adopt and develop control schemes that can manage the current results with simple superposition and winner-take-all interactions, but can also incorporate the possible plastic and stochastic dynamic interactions that may emerge in fuller analyses over longer terms, and which have already been noted in some simpler model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Giszter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA, USA ; School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Changes in the Gene c-fos Expression in the Rat Spinal Cord after Suppression of Activity of the Cerebral Monoaminergic Systems. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-015-9475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gozal EA, O'Neill BE, Sawchuk MA, Zhu H, Halder M, Chou CC, Hochman S. Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:134. [PMID: 25426030 PMCID: PMC4224135 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace amines (TAs), tryptamine, tyramine, and β-phenylethylamine, are synthesized from precursor amino acids via aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We explored their role in the neuromodulation of neonatal rat spinal cord motor circuits. We first showed that the spinal cord contains the substrates for TA biosynthesis (AADC) and for receptor-mediated actions via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) 1 and 4. We next examined the actions of the TAs on motor activity using the in vitro isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. Tyramine and tryptamine most consistently increased motor activity with prominent direct actions on motoneurons. In the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate, all applied TAs supported expression of a locomotor-like activity (LLA) that was indistinguishable from that ordinarily observed with serotonin, suggesting that the TAs act on common central pattern generating neurons. The TAs also generated distinctive complex rhythms characterized by episodic bouts of LLA. TA actions on locomotor circuits did not require interaction with descending monoaminergic projections since evoked LLA was maintained following block of all Na+-dependent monoamine transporters or the vesicular monoamine transporter. Instead, TA (tryptamine and tyramine) actions depended on intracellular uptake via pentamidine-sensitive Na+-independent membrane transporters. Requirement for intracellular transport is consistent with the TAs having much slower LLA onset than serotonin and for activation of intracellular TAARs. To test for endogenous actions following biosynthesis, we increased intracellular amino acid levels with cycloheximide. LLA emerged and included distinctive TA-like episodic bouts. In summary, we provided anatomical and functional evidence of the TAs as an intrinsic spinal monoaminergic modulatory system capable of promoting recruitment of locomotor circuits independent of the descending monoamines. These actions support their known sympathomimetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mallika Halder
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Shawn Hochman
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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García-Ramírez DL, Calvo JR, Hochman S, Quevedo JN. Serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline adjust actions of myelinated afferents via modulation of presynaptic inhibition in the mouse spinal cord. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89999. [PMID: 24587177 PMCID: PMC3938568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain control of primary afferent neurotransmission at their intraspinal terminals occurs by several mechanisms including primary afferent depolarization (PAD). PAD produces presynaptic inhibition via a reduction in transmitter release. While it is known that descending monoaminergic pathways complexly regulate sensory processing, the extent these actions include modulation of afferent-evoked PAD remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) on afferent transmission and PAD. Responses were evoked by stimulation of myelinated hindlimb cutaneous and muscle afferents in the isolated neonatal mouse spinal cord. Monosynaptic responses were examined in the deep dorsal horn either as population excitatory synaptic responses (recorded as extracellular field potentials; EFPs) or intracellular excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The magnitude of PAD generated intraspinally was estimated from electrotonically back-propagating dorsal root potentials (DRPs) recorded on lumbar dorsal roots. 5HT depressed the DRP by 76%. Monosynaptic actions were similarly depressed by 5HT (EFPs 54%; EPSCs 75%) but with a slower time course. This suggests that depression of monosynaptic EFPs and DRPs occurs by independent mechanisms. DA and NA had similar depressant actions on DRPs but weaker effects on EFPs. IC50 values for DRP depression were 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 µM for 5HT, DA and NA, respectively. Depression of DRPs by monoamines was nearly-identical in both muscle and cutaneous afferent-evoked responses, supporting a global modulation of the multimodal afferents stimulated. 5HT, DA and NA produced no change in the compound antidromic potentials evoked by intraspinal microstimulation indicating that depression of the DRP is unrelated to direct changes in the excitability of intraspinal afferent fibers, but due to metabotropic receptor activation. In summary, both myelinated afferent-evoked DRPs and monosynaptic transmission in the dorsal horn are broadly reduced by descending monoamine transmitters. These actions likely integrate with modulatory actions elsewhere to reconfigure spinal circuits during motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L García-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
| | - Jorge R Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
| | - Shawn Hochman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jorge N Quevedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
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Vicario CM. Aberrant disgust response and immune reactivity in cocaine-dependent men might uncover deranged serotoninergic activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:7. [PMID: 24574960 PMCID: PMC3920097 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo M Vicario
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; School of Psychology, The University of Bangor Bangor, UK
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