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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Ashwin R, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:55-62. [PMID: 36355180 PMCID: PMC10024059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific observations indicate that an actively prevailing systemic condition could alleviate the pathology of another disease. Human pegivirus (HPgV), a highly ubiquitous flavivirus is believed to be associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and has seldom been linked to hepatic pathology. In this study, we investigated whether HPgV seropositivity had any impact on surrogate markers of HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-infected HPgV seropositive (n = 28) and seronegative (n = 12) individuals who were prospectively evaluated for absolute CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral load (PVL), liver enzymes, and plasma cytokine levels. The HIV PVL was relatively lower in HPgV seropositive than in HPgV seronegative HIV-infected subjects. Clinical markers of hepatic injury were significantly low among HPgV seropositive HIV-infected participants. HPgV seropositive individuals showed significantly higher levels of interleukin-7 (IL-7), and although not significant, the levels of IL-6 were lower among HPgV seropositive subjects. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the absolute CD4+T cell count was inversely correlated with HIV PVL. Exposure to HPgV appears to have a positive prognostic impact on the levels of surrogate biomarkers of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Virus Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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Zimmerman J, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia-A review of the literature. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2257. [PMID: 34038600 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1)-as known as hepatitis G virus and GB virus C-is a common single-stranded RNA flavivirus. Because few studies have demonstrated an association between HPgV-1 infection and disease, screening for HPgV-1 is not performed routinely. Nonetheless, a beneficial impact of HPgV-1 infection on HIV disease progression has been reported in multiple studies. Given the burden of HIV in Asia and the complex interactions between viral co-infections and the host, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing data from Asia on HPgV-1 infection, including the prevalence and circulating genotypes in all Asian countries with data reported. This review highlights the research conducted thus far and emphasizes the need for additional studies on HPgV-1 across the Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zimmerman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Izumi T, Sakata K, Okuzaki D, Inokuchi S, Tamura T, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Ono C, Shimokawa M, Matsuura Y, Mori M, Fukuhara T, Yoshizumi T. Characterization of human pegivirus infection in liver transplantation recipients. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2093-2100. [PMID: 31350911 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2% of healthy persons are infected with human pegivirus (HPgV). HPgV is transmitted via vertical, sexual, and blood-borne routes. Recently, the association of HPgV infection with the risk of lymphoma was reported. Here, we examined the prevalence of chronic HPgV infection in liver transplantation (LT) recipients and patients with hepatectomy and the influence of HPgV infection after LT on clinical and perioperative factors. We enrolled 313 LT recipients and 187 patients with hepatectomy who received care at the Kyusyu University Hospital between May 1997 and September 2017. Of the 313 recipients and 187 patients enrolled in this study, 44 recipients (14.1%) and 2 patients (1.1%) had HPgV viremia, respectively. There was no significant association between HPgV infection and LT outcomes. Interestingly, one recipient was infected with HPgV during the peritransplant period, which was likely transmitted via blood transfusion because HPgV RNA was detected from the blood bag transfused to the recipient during LT. We reviewed the available literature on the prevalence HPgV infections in other organ-transplanted patients and whether they impacted clinical outcomes. They also had the higher prevalence of HPgV infection, while it appears to be of low or no consequences. In addition, HPgV infection induced the upregulation of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. LT recipients had higher HPgV viremia compared to patients with hepatectomy. Although HPgV infection was not associated with LT-related outcomes, it induced ISG expression in recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Izumi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sakata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Inokuchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimokawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Taklual W, Tang S, Yue W. Effect of human pegivirus route of transmission on the genetic distribution of the virus: an institution based cross-sectional study. Virol J 2019; 16:50. [PMID: 31023332 PMCID: PMC6482564 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human pegivirus (HPgV), formally called GB virus C (GBV-C), is a member of the pegivirus genus in Flaviviridae family. High prevalence of HPgV infection is seen among sex workers, blood transfusion recipients and intravenous drug users (IDUs). So far, there are seven genotypes and many subtypes identified in different countries. The predominant genotype in Asia including China is genotype 3, although genotype 7 has been reported recently in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the transmission routes of HPgV infection on the genotype distribution of the virus, to determine the prevalence rate, and identify the dominant genotype among men who have sex with men (MSM) and IDUs co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) in Guangzhou, China. Methods A total of 131 MSM and 70 IDUs co-infected with HIV-1 were randomly selected in Guangdong Dermatology Hospital. HPgV RNA was detected by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by using MEGA6.06 version software to determine the genotypes. Chi-square and Fisher exact test were implemented for comparing the proportion between different variables. Results The prevalence of HPgV infection was 32.9% among IDUs and 18.3% in MSM with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.02). In IDU group, 82.6% infected with genotype 3 and the rest (17.4%) were categorized to genotype 7. Similarly, in MSM group, 83.3% belonged to genotype 3, and the remaining 16.7% were classified as sub-genotype 2a and 2b. Conclusion In Guangzhou, China, the prevalence rate of HPgV infection in IDUs was higher than MSM. The dominant genotype in the two groups was genotype 3. Our results indicated that routes of transmission did not affect the genotype distribution but did affect the prevalence rate of HPgV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubet Taklual
- Department of Population Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Post office box: 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Yue
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese center for disease control and prevention, Beijing, China
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Jordier F, Deligny ML, Barré R, Robert C, Galicher V, Uch R, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Biagini P. Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations, France. J Med Virol 2018; 91:38-44. [PMID: 30133782 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C) is a member of the genus Pegivirus, family Flaviviridae. Despite its identification more than 20 years ago, both natural history and distribution of this viral group in human hosts remain under exploration. Analysis of HPgV genomes characterized up to now points out the scarcity of French pegivirus sequences in databases. To bring new data regarding HPgV genomic diversity, we investigated 16 French isolates obtained from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations following deep sequencing and coupled molecular protocols. Initial phylogenetic analysis of 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR)/E2 partial sequences permitted to assign HPgV isolates to genotypes 2 (n = 15) and 1 (n = 1), with up to 16% genetic diversity observed for both regions considered. Seven nearly full-length representative genomes were characterized subsequently, with complete polyprotein coding sequences exhibiting up to 13% genetic diversity; closest nucleotide (nt) divergence with available HPgV sequences was in the range 7% to 11%. A 36 nts deletion located on the NS4B coding region (N-terminal part, 12 amino acids) of the genotype 1 HPgV genome characterized was identified, along with single nucleotide deletions in two genotype 2, 5'-UTR sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jordier
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Laurence Deligny
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Barré
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Robert
- UMR MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Vital Galicher
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Rathviro Uch
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- UMR VITROME, IRD, Aix Marseille University, SSA, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- UMR MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Biagini
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
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Wu H, Padhi A, Xu J, Gong X, Tien P. Evidence for Within-Host Genetic Recombination among the Human Pegiviral Strains in HIV Infected Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161880. [PMID: 27560699 PMCID: PMC4999292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-pathogenic Human Pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C/HGV), the most prevalent RNA virus worldwide, is known to be associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Although previous studies documented its ubiquity and important role in HIV-infected individuals, little is known about the underlying genetic mechanisms that maintain high genetic diversity of HPgV within the HIV-infected individuals. To assess the within-host genetic diversity of HPgV and forces that maintain such diversity within the co-infected hosts, we performed phylogenetic analyses taking into account 229 HPgV partial E1-E2 clonal sequences representing 15 male and 8 female co-infected HIV patients from Hubei province of central China. Our results revealed the presence of eleven strongly supported clades. While nine clades belonged to genotype 3, two clades belonged to genotype 2. Additionally, four clades that belonged to genotype 3 exhibited inter-clade recombination events. The presence of clonal sequences representing multiple clades within the HIV-infected individual provided the evidence of co-circulation of HPgV strains across the region. Of the 23 patients, six patients (i.e., five males and one female) were detected to have HPgV recombinant sequences. Our results also revealed that while male patients shared the viral strains with other patients, viral strains from the female patients had restricted dispersal. Taken together, the present study revealed that multiple infections with divergent HPgV viral strains may have caused within-host genetic recombination, predominantly in male patients, and therefore, could be the major driver in shaping genetic diversity of HPgV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Abinash Padhi
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, United States of America
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Hubei Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (PT); (XG)
| | - Po Tien
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- * E-mail: (PT); (XG)
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Wu H, Tien P, Gong X. Phylogenetic diversity of GB virus C at the antigenic site of E2 protein. Virus Res 2013; 178:502-505. [PMID: 24512753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids at position 267-298 in E2 protein of GB virus C (GBV-C) were recognized as the antigenic site, and peptides within the region were previously reported to have inhibitory effect on HIV entry. The effect of sequence variability between different types of GBV-C on the antigenic region of the E2 protein was studied by using phylogenetic analysis. Eighty-one unique sequences encompassing this region derived from all seven GBV-C genotypes were compared to each other in this study. The results showed that GBV-C E2 antigenic nucleotide sites belonging to genotype 3 clustered together regardless of synonymous or nonsynonmous sites in the region, whereas, GBV-C E2 antigenic nucleotide sites belonging to the other 6 genotypes clustered together regardless of genotypes. Despite the fact that GBV-C genotypes might confer different degree of 'protection' against HIV, the lack of clustering as a unique group based on the amino acid differences in the antigenic site among the six genotypes suggested some other genomic regions or secondary structure of E2 protein might have played a crucial role in determining the variable protection effect of GBV-C on HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Po Tien
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Ghai RR, Sibley SD, Lauck M, Dinis JM, Bailey AL, Chapman CA, Omeja P, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Goldberg TL. Deep sequencing identifies two genotypes and high viral genetic diversity of human pegivirus (GB virus C) in rural Ugandan patients. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2670-2678. [PMID: 24077364 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV), formerly 'GB virus C' or 'hepatitis G virus', is a member of the genus Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) that has garnered significant attention due to its inhibition of HIV, including slowing disease progression and prolonging survival in HIV-infected patients. Currently, there are six proposed HPgV genotypes that have roughly distinct geographical distributions. Genotypes 2 and 3 are the most comprehensively characterized, whereas those genotypes occurring on the African continent, where HPgV prevalence is highest, are less well studied. Using deep sequencing methods, we identified complete coding HPgV sequences in four of 28 patients (14.3%) in rural Uganda, east Africa. One of these sequences corresponds to genotype 1 and is the first complete genome of this genotype from east Africa. The remaining three sequences correspond to genotype 5, a genotype that was previously considered exclusively South African. All four positive samples were collected within a geographical area of less than 25 km(2), showing that multiple HPgV genotypes co-circulate in this area. Analysis of intra-host viral genetic diversity revealed that total single-nucleotide polymorphism frequency was approximately tenfold lower in HPgV than in hepatitis C virus. Finally, one patient was co-infected with HPgV and HIV, which, in combination with the high prevalence of HIV, suggests that this region would be a useful locale to study the interactions and co-evolution of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria R Ghai
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel D Sibley
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge M Dinis
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, Montreal, QC, Canada, and Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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