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Hung CL, Liu HH, Fu CW, Yeh HH, Hu TL, Kuo ZK, Lin YC, Jhang MR, Hwang CS, Hsu HC, Kung HJ, Wang LY. Targeting androgen receptor and the variants by an orally bioavailable Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras compound in castration resistant prostate cancer. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104500. [PMID: 36893587 PMCID: PMC10011747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advent of improved therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer, the durability of clinical benefits is limited due to inevitable development of resistance. By constitutively sustaining androgen receptor (AR) signaling, expression of ligand-binding domain truncated AR variants (AR-V(ΔLBD)) accounts for the major mechanism underlying the resistance to anti-androgen drugs. Strategies to target AR and its LBD truncated variants are needed to prevent the emergence or overcome drug resistance. METHODS We utilize Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTAC) technology to achieve induced degradation of both full-length AR (AR-FL) and AR-V(ΔLBD) proteins. In the ITRI-PROTAC design, an AR N-terminal domain (NTD) binding moiety is appended to von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) or Cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase binding ligand with linker. FINDINGS In vitro studies demonstrate that ITRI-PROTAC compounds mechanistically degrade AR-FL and AR-V(ΔLBD) proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system, leading to impaired AR transactivation on target gene expression, and inhibited cell proliferation accompanied by apoptosis activation. The compounds also significantly inhibit enzalutamide-resistant growth of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. In castration-, enzalutamide-resistant CWR22Rv1 xenograft model without hormone ablation, ITRI-90 displays a pharmacokinetic profile with decent oral bioavailability and strong antitumor efficacy. INTERPRETATION AR NTD that governs the transcriptional activities of all active variants has been considered attractive therapeutic target to block AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. We demonstrated that utilizing PROTAC for induced AR protein degradation via NTD represents an efficient alternative therapeutic strategy for CRPC to overcome anti-androgen resistance. FUNDING The funding detail can be found in the Acknowledgements section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lien Hung
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Fu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hao Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Lin Hu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Keng Kuo
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Lin
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru Jhang
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Chrong-Shiong Hwang
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Biomedical Technology and Devices Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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2
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Ochsner SA, Abraham D, Martin K, Ding W, McOwiti A, Kankanamge W, Wang Z, Andreano K, Hamilton RA, Chen Y, Hamilton A, Gantner ML, Dehart M, Qu S, Hilsenbeck SG, Becnel LB, Bridges D, Ma'ayan A, Huss JM, Stossi F, Foulds CE, Kralli A, McDonnell DP, McKenna NJ. The Signaling Pathways Project, an integrated 'omics knowledgebase for mammalian cellular signaling pathways. Sci Data 2019; 6:252. [PMID: 31672983 PMCID: PMC6823428 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining of integrated public transcriptomic and ChIP-Seq (cistromic) datasets can illuminate functions of mammalian cellular signaling pathways not yet explored in the research literature. Here, we designed a web knowledgebase, the Signaling Pathways Project (SPP), which incorporates community classifications of signaling pathway nodes (receptors, enzymes, transcription factors and co-nodes) and their cognate bioactive small molecules. We then mapped over 10,000 public transcriptomic or cistromic experiments to their pathway node or biosample of study. To enable prediction of pathway node-gene target transcriptional regulatory relationships through SPP, we generated consensus 'omics signatures, or consensomes, which ranked genes based on measures of their significant differential expression or promoter occupancy across transcriptomic or cistromic experiments mapped to a specific node family. Consensomes were validated using alignment with canonical literature knowledge, gene target-level integration of transcriptomic and cistromic data points, and in bench experiments confirming previously uncharacterized node-gene target regulatory relationships. To expose the SPP knowledgebase to researchers, a web browser interface was designed that accommodates numerous routine data mining strategies. SPP is freely accessible at https://www.signalingpathways.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ochsner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Kirt Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Apollo McOwiti
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Wasula Kankanamge
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zichen Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai University, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Andreano
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ross A Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Angelica Hamilton
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Marin L Gantner
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael Dehart
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Shijing Qu
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Lauren B Becnel
- Duncan NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Dave Bridges
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai University, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Janice M Huss
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Charles E Foulds
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Anastasia Kralli
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Neil J McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
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3
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Schreyer E, Barthélémy P, Cottard F, Ould Madi-Berthélémy P, Schaff-Wendling F, Kurtz JE, Céraline J. [Androgen receptor variants in prostate cancer]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:758-764. [PMID: 28945566 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173308021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a public health concern as it currently represents the most frequent malignancy in men in Europe. Progression of this hormone-dependent cancer is driven by androgens. Thus, the most common treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer consists in an androgen ablation by castration therapy. However, the majority of patients relapses and develops a castration-resistant prostate cancer. This failure of androgen deprivation is related to the emergence of mutant and splice variants of the androgen receptor. Indeed, androgen receptor variants are ligand-independent, constitutively active and thus able to induce resistance to castration. This review focuses on AR variants signaling pathways and their role in resistance to castration and prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Schreyer
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Barthélémy
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Félicie Cottard
- Department of urology, Center for Clinical research, University Freiburg Medical Center, Breisacherstrasse 66, D-79106 Freiburg, Allemagne
| | - Pauline Ould Madi-Berthélémy
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Schaff-Wendling
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, VSDSC UMR-S 1113, IGBMC, 1, rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France - Service d'oncologie et d'hématologie, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Cottard F, Madi-Berthélémy PO, Erdmann E, Schaff-Wendling F, Keime C, Ye T, Kurtz JE, Céraline J. Dual effects of constitutively active androgen receptor and full-length androgen receptor for N-cadherin regulation in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72008-72020. [PMID: 29069764 PMCID: PMC5641107 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) variants have been involved in the expression of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. It remains unclear, whether N-cadherin gene (CDH2) is a direct transcriptional target of AR variants or whether the observed upregulation is due to indirect effects through additional regulatory factors. Moreover, the specific contribution of full-length AR and AR variants in N-cadherin regulation in PCa has never been explored deeply. To investigate this, we artificially mimicked the co-expression of AR variants together with a full-length AR and performed miRNA-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP assays. Our results were in favor of a direct AR variants action on CDH2. Our data also revealed a distinctive mode of action between full-length AR and AR variants to regulate N-cadherin expression. Both wild type AR and AR variants could interact with a regulatory element in intron 1 of CDH2. However, a higher histone H4 acetylation in this genomic region was only observed with AR variants. This suggests that full-length AR may play an occluding function to impede CDH2 upregulation. Our data further highlighted a negative effect of AR variants on the expression of the endogenous full-length AR in LNCaP. These differences in the mode of action of AR variants and full-length AR for the control of one key gene for prostate cancer progression could be worth considering for targeting AR variants in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Erdmann
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédérique Schaff-Wendling
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Tao Ye
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Service d'Onco-Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Azoitei A, Merseburger AS, Godau B, Hoda MR, Schmid E, Cronauer MV. C-terminally truncated constitutively active androgen receptor variants and their biologic and clinical significance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:38-44. [PMID: 27345700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism allowing castration resistant prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of conventional anti-hormonal treatments is the synthesis of constitutively active, C-terminally truncated androgen receptor (AR)-variants. Lacking the entire or vast parts of the ligand binding domain, the intended target of traditional endocrine therapies, these AR-variants (termed ARΔLBD) are insensitive to all traditional treatments including second generation compounds like abiraterone, enzalutamide or ARN-509. Although ARΔLBD are predominantly products of alternative splicing, they can also be products of nonsense mutations or proteolytic cleavage. In this review, we will discuss the etiology and function of c-terminally truncated AR-variants and their clinical significance as markers/targets for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical School, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Godau
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Raschid Hoda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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6
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Coutinho I, Day TK, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a lesson in persistence. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T179-T197. [PMID: 27799360 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis drives all stages of prostate cancer, including the lethal, drug-resistant form of the disease termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which arises after failure of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Persistent AR activity in spite of ADT and the second-generation AR-targeting agents enzalutamide and abiraterone is achieved in many cases by direct alterations to the AR signaling axis. Herein, we provide a detailed description of how such alterations contribute to the development and progression of CRPC. Aspects of this broad and ever-evolving field specifically addressed in this review include: the etiology and significance of increased AR expression; the frequency and role of gain-of-function mutations in the AR gene; the function of constitutively active, truncated forms of the AR termed AR variants and the clinical relevance of alterations to the activity and expression of AR coregulators. Additionally, we examine the novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit these classes of therapy resistance mechanisms, with an emphasis on emerging agents that act in a manner distinct from the current ligand-centric approaches. Throughout, we discuss how the central role of AR in prostate cancer and the constant evolution of the AR signaling axis during disease progression represent archetypes of two key concepts in oncology, oncogene addiction and therapy-mediated selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coutinho
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya K Day
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Wang J, Zou JX, Xue X, Cai D, Zhang Y, Duan Z, Xiang Q, Yang JC, Louie MC, Borowsky AD, Gao AC, Evans CP, Lam KS, Xu J, Kung HJ, Evans RM, Xu Y, Chen HW. ROR-γ drives androgen receptor expression and represents a therapeutic target in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Med 2016; 22:488-96. [PMID: 27019329 PMCID: PMC5030109 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is overexpressed and hyperactivated in human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the determinants of AR overexpression in CRPC are poorly defined. Here we show that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (ROR-γ) is overexpressed and amplified in metastatic CRPC tumors, and that ROR-γ drives AR expression in the tumors. ROR-γ recruits nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and 3 (NCOA1 and NCOA3, also known as SRC-1 and SRC-3) to an AR-ROR response element (RORE) to stimulate AR gene transcription. ROR-γ antagonists suppress the expression of both AR and its variant AR-V7 in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and tumors. ROR-γ antagonists also markedly diminish genome-wide AR binding, H3K27ac abundance and expression of the AR target gene network. Finally, ROR-γ antagonists suppressed tumor growth in multiple AR-expressing, but not AR-negative, xenograft PCa models, and they effectively sensitized CRPC tumors to enzalutamide, without overt toxicity, in mice. Taken together, these results establish ROR-γ as a key player in CRPC by acting upstream of AR and as a potential therapeutic target for advanced PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Databases, Factual
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nitriles
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Propanols/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - June X Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Xue
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Qiuping Xiang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Maggie C Louie
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System-Mather, Mather, California, USA
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8
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Farooqi AA, Sarkar FH. Overview on the complexity of androgen receptor-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25705125 PMCID: PMC4336517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the field of prostate cancer (PCa) biology has developed exponentially and paralleled with that has been the growing interest in translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. Based on overwhelming evidence of high impact research findings which support the underlying cause of insufficient drug efficacy in patients progressing on standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is due to persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis. Therefore, newer agents must be discovered especially because newer ADT such as abiraterone and enzalutamide are becoming ineffective due to rapid development of resistance to these agents. High-throughput technologies are generating massive and highly dimensional genetic variation data that has helped in developing a better understanding of the dynamic repertoire of AR and AR variants. Full length AR protein and its variants modulate a sophisticated regulatory system to orchestrate cellular responses. We partition this multicomponent review into subsections addressing the underlying mechanisms of resistance to recent therapeutics, positive and negative regulators of AR signaling cascade, and how SUMOylation modulates AR induced transcriptional activity. Experimentally verified findings obtained from cell culture and preclinical studies focusing on the potential of natural agents in inhibiting mRNA/protein levels of AR, nuclear accumulation and enhanced nuclear export of AR are also discussed. We also provide spotlight on molecular basis of enzalutamide resistance with an overview of the strategies opted to overcome such resistance. AR variants are comprehensively described and different mechanisms that regulate AR variant expression are also discussed. Reconceptualization of phenotype- and genotype-driven studies have convincingly revealed that drug induced resistance is a major stumbling block in standardization of therapy. Therefore, we summarize succinctly the knowledge of drug resistance especially to ADT and potential avenues to overcome such resistance for improving the treatment outcome of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- />Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- />Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 HWCRC, 4100 JohnR Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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9
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Ware KE, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ, Dehm SM. Biologic and clinical significance of androgen receptor variants in castration resistant prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T87-T103. [PMID: 24859991 PMCID: PMC4277180 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As prostate cancer (PCa) progresses to the lethal castration resistant and metastatic form, genetic and epigenetic adaptation, clonal selection, and evolution of the tumor microenvironment contribute to the emergence of unique biological characteristics under the selective pressure of external stresses. These stresses include the therapies applied in the clinic or laboratory and the exposures of cancers to hormonal, paracrine, or autocrine stimuli in the context of the tumor micro- and macro-environment. The androgen receptor (AR) is a key gene involved in PCa etiology and oncogenesis, including disease development, progression, response to initial hormonal therapies, and subsequent resistance to hormonal therapies. Alterations in the AR signaling pathway have been observed in certain selection contexts and contribute to the resistance to agents that target hormonal regulation of the AR, including standard androgen deprivation therapy, antiandrogens such as enzalutamide, and androgen synthesis inhibition with abiraterone acetate. One such resistance mechanism is the synthesis of constitutively active AR variants lacking the canonical ligand-binding domain. This review focuses on the etiology, characterization, biological properties, and emerging data contributing to the clinical characteristics of AR variants, and suggests approaches to full-length AR and AR variant biomarker validation, assessment, and systemic targeting in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Ware
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Chan SC, Dehm SM. Constitutive activity of the androgen receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:327-66. [PMID: 24931201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis is central to all stages of PCa pathophysiology and serves as the main target for endocrine-based therapy. The most advanced stage of the disease, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is presently incurable and accounts for most PCa mortality. In this chapter, we highlight the mechanisms by which the AR signaling axis can bypass endocrine-targeted therapies and drive progression of CRPC. These mechanisms include alterations in growth factor, cytokine, and inflammatory signaling pathways, altered expression or activity of transcriptional coregulators, AR point mutations, and AR gene amplification leading to AR protein overexpression. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the synthesis of constitutively active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the COOH-terminal ligand-binding domain, as well as the role and regulation of AR-Vs in supporting therapeutic resistance in CRPC. Finally, we summarize the ongoing development of inhibitors targeting discrete AR functional domains as well as the status of new biomarkers for monitoring the AR signaling axis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Chiu Chan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Sun F, Chen HG, Li W, Yang X, Wang X, Jiang R, Guo Z, Chen H, Huang J, Borowsky AD, Qiu Y. Androgen receptor splice variant AR3 promotes prostate cancer via modulating expression of autocrine/paracrine factors. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1529-39. [PMID: 24297183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants has been implicated to play a role in prostate cancer development and progression. To understand their functions in prostate, we established a transgenic mouse model (AR3Tg) with targeted expression of the constitutively active and androgen-independent AR splice variant AR3 (a.k.a. AR-V7) in prostate epithelium. We found that overexpression of AR3 modulates expression of a number of tumor-promoting autocrine/paracrine growth factors (including Tgfβ2 and Igf1) and expands prostatic progenitor cell population, leading to development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. In addition, we showed that some epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated genes are up-regulated in AR3Tg prostates, suggesting that AR3 may antagonize AR activity and halt the differentiation process driven by AR and androgen. This notion is supported by our observations that the number of Ck5(+)/Ck8(+) intermediate cells is increased in AR3Tg prostates after castration, and expression of AR3 transgene in these intermediate cells compromises prostate epithelium regeneration upon androgen replacement. Our results demonstrate that AR3 is a driver of prostate cancer, at least in part, through modulating multiple tumor-promoting autocrine/paracrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and The Greenebaum Cancer Center, and
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12
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On the origins of the androgen receptor low molecular weight species. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:259-69. [PMID: 23860689 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP), a commonly diagnosed malignancy, is readily treated by androgen ablation. This treatment temporarily halts the disease, but castration-resistant neoplasms that are refractory to current therapies emerge. While these neoplasms are no longer dependent on physiological levels of androgens, they remain reliant on the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). There are multiple mechanisms by which CaP cells circumvent androgen ablation therapies. These include AR mutations that broaden ligand specificity, AR overexpression, AR activation by growth factors and cytokines, overexpression of AR co-activators, altered steroid metabolism, and a locus-wide histone transcriptional activation of some AR targets. This review focuses on a more recently described mechanism: the expression of low molecular weight AR species that are missing the ligand-binding domain and function independently of ligand to drive proliferation. The etiology, biological activity, unique features, predictive value, and therapeutic implication of these androgen receptor isoforms are discussed in depth.
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