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Rosciano NG, Pütz K, Polito MJ, Raya Rey A. Where’s the best supermarket deal? Female Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) show variable foraging areas during the guard stage at Isla de los Estados, Argentina. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of seabirds contributes to comprehending their ecological requirements and dispersion patterns. We studied the at-sea distribution of female Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781)) at Isla de los Estados colony during the early chick-rearing period. We used a clustering analysis approach to identify different groups according to the foraging trip (tracking and diving data from GPS and temperature and depth data loggers) and diet (δ15N composition on blood samples) characteristics. Foraging trips differed in duration, location, and dive depths explored. Females in clusters 1 and 3 traveled longer distances and in opposite directions (36.3 ± 21.3 and 40.3 ± 14.0 km, respectively). Females in cluster 2 fed closer to the colony (16.8 ± 7.8 km). Dives occurred in pelagic habitats. Higher δ15N values suggested a greater proportion of fish (e.g., the Fuegian sprat, Sprattus fuegensis (Jenyns, 1842)) consumption in the northern foraging areas (cluster 1). The variability observed in the spatial distribution suggests flexibility in the foraging behavior of Southern Rockhopper Penguins and availability of adequate foraging areas within the colony range during the early chick-rearing period, both important features for Southern Rockhopper Penguin population. These results contribute to understanding the use of the Southern Ocean by marine mesopredators and top predators and to the marine spatial planning in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Rosciano
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bernardo A. Houssay 200 (V9410CAB), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Am Oste-Hamme-Kanal 10, D-27432 Bremervörde, Germany
| | - Michael J. Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bernardo A. Houssay 200 (V9410CAB), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Amenábar 1595, Office 19, C1426AKC CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Masello JF, Barbosa A, Kato A, Mattern T, Medeiros R, Stockdale JE, Kümmel MN, Bustamante P, Belliure J, Benzal J, Colominas-Ciuró R, Menéndez-Blázquez J, Griep S, Goesmann A, Symondson WOC, Quillfeldt P. How animals distribute themselves in space: energy landscapes of Antarctic avian predators. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:24. [PMID: 34001240 PMCID: PMC8127181 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy landscapes provide an approach to the mechanistic basis of spatial ecology and decision-making in animals. This is based on the quantification of the variation in the energy costs of movements through a given environment, as well as how these costs vary in time and for different animal populations. Organisms as diverse as fish, mammals, and birds will move in areas of the energy landscape that result in minimised costs and maximised energy gain. Recently, energy landscapes have been used to link energy gain and variable energy costs of foraging to breeding success, revealing their potential use for understanding demographic changes. METHODS Using GPS-temperature-depth and tri-axial accelerometer loggers, stable isotope and molecular analyses of the diet, and leucocyte counts, we studied the response of gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) penguins to different energy landscapes and resources. We compared species and gentoo penguin populations with contrasting population trends. RESULTS Between populations, gentoo penguins from Livingston Island (Antarctica), a site with positive population trends, foraged in energy landscape sectors that implied lower foraging costs per energy gained compared with those around New Island (Falkland/Malvinas Islands; sub-Antarctic), a breeding site with fluctuating energy costs of foraging, breeding success and populations. Between species, chinstrap penguins foraged in sectors of the energy landscape with lower foraging costs per bottom time, a proxy for energy gain. They also showed lower physiological stress, as revealed by leucocyte counts, and higher breeding success than gentoo penguins. In terms of diet, we found a flexible foraging ecology in gentoo penguins but a narrow foraging niche for chinstraps. CONCLUSIONS The lower foraging costs incurred by the gentoo penguins from Livingston, may favour a higher breeding success that would explain the species' positive population trend in the Antarctic Peninsula. The lower foraging costs in chinstrap penguins may also explain their higher breeding success, compared to gentoos from Antarctica but not their negative population trend. Altogether, our results suggest a link between energy landscapes and breeding success mediated by the physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Andres Barbosa
- Department Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Thomas Mattern
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
- New Zealand Penguin Initiative, PO Box 6319, Dunedin, 9022, New Zealand
| | - Renata Medeiros
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Av, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Cardiff School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Jennifer E Stockdale
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Av, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Marc N Kümmel
- Institute for Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 17000, La Rochelle, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Josabel Belliure
- GLOCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Benzal
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
| | - Roger Colominas-Ciuró
- Department Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Menéndez-Blázquez
- Department Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sven Griep
- Institute for Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Institute for Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - William O C Symondson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Av, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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Steinfurth A, Oppel S, Dias MP, Starnes T, Pearmain EJ, Dilley BJ, Davies D, Nydegger M, Bell C, Le Bouard F, Bond AL, Cuthbert RJ, Glass T, Makhado AB, Crawford RJM, Ryan PG, Wanless RM, Ratcliffe N. Important marine areas for the conservation of northern rockhopper penguins within the Tristan da Cunha Exclusive Economic Zone. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The designation of Marine Protected Areas has become an important approach to conserving marine ecosystems that relies on robust information on the spatial distribution of biodiversity. We used GPS tracking data to identify marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) for the Endangered northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic. Penguins were tracked throughout their breeding season from 3 of the 4 main islands in the Tristan da Cunha group. Foraging trips remained largely within the EEZ, with the exception of those from Gough Island during the incubation stage. We found substantial variability in trip duration and foraging range among breeding stages and islands, consistent use of areas among years and spatial segregation of the areas used by neighbouring islands. For colonies with no or insufficient tracking data, we defined marine IBAs based on the mean maximum foraging range and merged the areas identified to propose IBAs around the Tristan da Cunha archipelago and Gough Island. The 2 proposed marine IBAs encompass 2% of Tristan da Cunha’s EEZ, and are used by all northern rockhopper penguins breeding in the Tristan da Cunha group, representing ~90% of the global population. Currently, one of the main threats to northern rockhopper penguins within the Tristan da Cunha EEZ is marine pollution from shipping, and the risk of this would be reduced by declaring waters within 50 nautical miles of the coast as ‘areas to be avoided’.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steinfurth
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - S Oppel
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - MP Dias
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 1100-304 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Starnes
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - EJ Pearmain
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - BJ Dilley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - D Davies
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - M Nydegger
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - C Bell
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - F Le Bouard
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - AL Bond
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, HP23 6AP, UK
| | - RJ Cuthbert
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- World Land Trust, Blyth House, Bridge Street, Halesworth, IP19 8AB, UK
| | - T Glass
- Tristan Conservation Department, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, Tristan da Cunha, TDCU 1ZZ, South Atlantic
| | - AB Makhado
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, PO Box 52126, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - RJM Crawford
- Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, PO Box 52126, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - PG Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - RM Wanless
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
- Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - N Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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Fuller G, Heintz MR, Allard S. Validation and welfare assessment of flipper-mounted time-depth recorders for monitoring penguins in zoos and aquariums. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pickett EP, Fraser WR, Patterson‐Fraser DL, Cimino MA, Torres LG, Friedlaender AS. Spatial niche partitioning may promote coexistence of Pygoscelis penguins as climate-induced sympatry occurs. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9764-9778. [PMID: 30386573 PMCID: PMC6202752 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate-induced range overlap can result in novel interactions between similar species and potentially lead to competitive exclusion. The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth and is experiencing a poleward climate migration from a polar to subpolar environment. This has resulted in a range expansion of the ice-intolerant gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) and a coincident decrease in ice-obligate Adélie penguins (P. adeliae) near Palmer Station, Anvers Island, WAP. Ecologically similar species that share a limited prey resource must occupy disparate foraging niches in order to co-exist. Therefore, we determined the extent of foraging and dietary niche segregation between Adélie and gentoo penguins during the austral breeding season near Palmer Station. This research was conducted across six breeding seasons, from 2009 to 2014, which allowed us to investigate niche overlap in the context of interannual resource variability. Using biotelemetry and diet sampling, we found substantial overlap in the diets of Adélie and gentoo penguins, who primarily consumed Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba); however, our results showed that Adélie and gentoo penguins partitioned this shared prey resource through horizontal segregation of their core foraging areas. We did not find evidence that Antarctic krill were a limiting resource during the breeding season or that climate-induced sympatry of Adélie and gentoo penguins resulted in competition for prey or caused the subsequent differing population trajectories. This apparent absence of resource competition between Adélie and gentoo penguins throughout this study implies that current population trends in this region are governed by other biological and physical factors. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the mechanistic processes that influence top predator populations in the context of climate-driven ecosystem shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Pickett
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMarine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
| | | | | | - Megan A. Cimino
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Leigh G. Torres
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMarine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
| | - Ari S. Friedlaender
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMarine Mammal InstituteOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
- Institute for Marine ScienceUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia
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Mattern T, McPherson MD, Ellenberg U, van Heezik Y, Seddon PJ. High definition video loggers provide new insights into behaviour, physiology, and the oceanic habitat of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5459. [PMID: 30258706 PMCID: PMC6151119 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Camera loggers are increasingly used to examine behavioural aspects of free-ranging animals. However, often video loggers are deployed with a focus on specific behavioural traits utilizing small cameras with a limited field of view, poor light performance and video quality. Yet rapid developments in consumer electronics provide new devices with much improved visual data allowing a wider scope for studies employing this novel methodology. We developed a camera logger that records full HD video through a wide-angle lens, providing high resolution footage with a greater field of view than other camera loggers. The main goal was to assess the suitability of this type of camera for the analysis of various aspects of the foraging ecology of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin in New Zealand. Frame-by-frame analysis allowed accurate timing of prey pursuits and time spent over certain seafloor types. The recorded video footage showed that prey species were associated with certain seafloor types, revealed different predator evasion strategies by benthic fishes, and highlighted varying energetic consequences for penguins pursuing certain types of prey. Other aspects that could be analysed were the timing of breathing intervals between dives and observe exhalation events during prey pursuits, a previously undescribed behaviour. Screen overlays facilitated analysis of flipper angles and beat frequencies throughout various stages of the dive cycle. Flipper movement analysis confirmed decreasing effort during descent phases as the bird gained depth, and that ascent was principally passive. Breathing episodes between dives were short (<1 s) while the majority of the time was devoted to subsurface scanning with a submerged head. Video data recorded on free-ranging animals not only provide a wealth of information recorded from a single deployment but also necessitate new approaches with regards to analysis of visual data. Here, we demonstrate the diversity of information that can be gleaned from video logger data, if devices with high video resolution and wide field of view are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mattern
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.,Global Penguin Society, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | | | - Ursula Ellenberg
- Global Penguin Society, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Philipp J Seddon
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Mattern T, McPherson MD, Ellenberg U, van Heezik Y, Seddon PJ. High definition video loggers provide new insights into behaviour, physiology, and the oceanic habitat of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5459. [PMID: 30258706 DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2765v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Camera loggers are increasingly used to examine behavioural aspects of free-ranging animals. However, often video loggers are deployed with a focus on specific behavioural traits utilizing small cameras with a limited field of view, poor light performance and video quality. Yet rapid developments in consumer electronics provide new devices with much improved visual data allowing a wider scope for studies employing this novel methodology. We developed a camera logger that records full HD video through a wide-angle lens, providing high resolution footage with a greater field of view than other camera loggers. The main goal was to assess the suitability of this type of camera for the analysis of various aspects of the foraging ecology of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin in New Zealand. Frame-by-frame analysis allowed accurate timing of prey pursuits and time spent over certain seafloor types. The recorded video footage showed that prey species were associated with certain seafloor types, revealed different predator evasion strategies by benthic fishes, and highlighted varying energetic consequences for penguins pursuing certain types of prey. Other aspects that could be analysed were the timing of breathing intervals between dives and observe exhalation events during prey pursuits, a previously undescribed behaviour. Screen overlays facilitated analysis of flipper angles and beat frequencies throughout various stages of the dive cycle. Flipper movement analysis confirmed decreasing effort during descent phases as the bird gained depth, and that ascent was principally passive. Breathing episodes between dives were short (<1 s) while the majority of the time was devoted to subsurface scanning with a submerged head. Video data recorded on free-ranging animals not only provide a wealth of information recorded from a single deployment but also necessitate new approaches with regards to analysis of visual data. Here, we demonstrate the diversity of information that can be gleaned from video logger data, if devices with high video resolution and wide field of view are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mattern
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- Global Penguin Society, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | | | - Ursula Ellenberg
- Global Penguin Society, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Philipp J Seddon
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Mattern T, Pütz K, Garcia-Borboroglu P, Ellenberg U, Houston DM, Long R, Lüthi B, Seddon PJ. Marathon penguins - Reasons and consequences of long-range dispersal in Fiordland penguins / Tawaki during the pre-moult period. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198688. [PMID: 30157174 PMCID: PMC6114282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory species often roam vast distances bringing them into contact with diverse conditions and threats that could play significant roles in their population dynamics. This is especially true if long-range travels occur within crucial stages of a species’ annual life-cycle. Crested penguins, for example, usually disperse over several hundreds of kilometres after completing the energetically demanding breeding season and in preparation for the costly annual moult. A basic understanding of crested penguins’ pre-moult dispersal is therefore paramount in order to be able to assess factors affecting individual survival. The Fiordland penguin, or Tawaki, the only crested penguin species breeding on the New Zealand mainland, is currently one of the least studied and rarest penguin species in the world. We successfully satellite tracked the pre-moult dispersal of 17 adult Tawaki from a single colony located in the species’ northern breeding distribution. Over the course of 8–10 weeks the penguins travelled up to 2,500 km away from their breeding colony, covering total swimming distances of up to 6,800 km. During outbound travels all penguins headed south-west within a well-defined corridor before branching out towards two general trip destinations. Birds leaving in late November travelled towards the Subtropical Front some 800 km south of Tasmania, whereas penguins that left in December headed further towards the subantarctic front. Using K-select analysis we examined the influence of oceanographic factors on the penguins’ dispersal. Water depth, surface current velocity and sea level anomalies had the greatest influence on penguin movements at the subantarctic Front, while sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration were key for birds travelling to the subtropical front. We discuss our findings in the light of anthropogenic activities (or lack thereof) in the regions visited by the penguins as well as the potential consequences of Tawaki pre-moult dispersal for the species’ breeding distribution on the New Zealand mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mattern
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Klemens Pütz
- Antarctic Research Trust, Am Oste-Hamme-Kanal 10, Bremervörde, Germany
| | - Pablo Garcia-Borboroglu
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2825, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Ursula Ellenberg
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Houston
- Science and Policy Group, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin Long
- West Coast Penguin Trust, Hokitika, New Zealand
| | - Benno Lüthi
- Antarctic Research Trust, c/o Zoo Zürich, Zürichbergstr, 221, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip J. Seddon
- Global Penguin Society, Marcos Zar 2716, Puerto Madryn (9120), Chubut, Argentina
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Dietary divergence is associated with increased intra-specific competition in a marine predator. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6827. [PMID: 29717229 PMCID: PMC5931528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal foraging theory predicts that when food is plentiful all individuals should take a small range of preferred prey types, but as competition increases less preferred prey will be included in the diet. This dietary switching may not be uniform among individuals, which produces discrete dietary clusters. We tested this hypothesis for gentoo penguins at Bird Island, South Georgia, using stable isotope analysis and biologging. Competition, in the form of the density of foraging dives, increased markedly from incubation to chick-rearing owing to increased foraging effort. Birds responded behaviourally by exploiting a greater portion of the available foraging radius and increasing dive depths. Dietary niche width doubled and two discrete dietary clusters appeared; one comprising birds that consumed mostly krill and another that ate a greater proportion of demersal fish. There were no differences in morphology between the dietary classes, but birds in the fish class had a tendency to dive deeper, which suggests a behavioural basis for specialization. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that intra-specific competition expands the population’s dietary niche width and drives divergence in diets among individuals.
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Plasticity in the foraging behavior of male Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) during incubation in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Masello JF, Kato A, Sommerfeld J, Mattern T, Quillfeldt P. How animals distribute themselves in space: variable energy landscapes. Front Zool 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 28694838 PMCID: PMC5499017 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraging efficiency determines whether animals will be able to raise healthy broods, maintain their own condition, avoid predators and ultimately increase their fitness. Using accelerometers and GPS loggers, features of the habitat and the way animals deal with variable conditions can be translated into energetic costs of movement, which, in turn, can be translated to energy landscapes.We investigated energy landscapes in Gentoo Penguins Pygoscelis papua from two colonies at New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands. RESULTS In our study, the marine areas used by the penguins, parameters of dive depth and the proportion of pelagic and benthic dives varied both between years and colonies. As a consequence, the energy landscapes also varied between the years, and we discuss how this was related to differences in food availability, which were also reflected in differences in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values and isotopic niche metrics. In the second year, the energy landscape was characterized by lower foraging costs per energy gain, and breeding success was also higher in this year. Additionally, an area around three South American Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis colonies was never used. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that energy landscapes vary in time and that the seabirds forage in areas of the energy landscapes that result in minimized energetic costs. Thus, our results support the view of energy landscapes and fear of predation as mechanisms underlying animal foraging behaviour. Furthermore, we show that energy landscapes are useful in linking energy gain and variable energy costs of foraging to breeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS-Université La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Julia Sommerfeld
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mattern
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Gill LF, D'Amelio PB, Adreani NM, Sagunsky H, Gahr MC, Maat A. A minimum‐impact, flexible tool to study vocal communication of small animals with precise individual‐level resolution. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F. Gill
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str. 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Pietro B. D'Amelio
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str. 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Nicolas M. Adreani
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str. 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Hannes Sagunsky
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str. 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Manfred C. Gahr
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str. 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Andries Maat
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str. 82319 Seewiesen Germany
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Dehnhard N, Eens M, Sturaro N, Lepoint G, Demongin L, Quillfeldt P, Poisbleau M. Is individual consistency in body mass and reproductive decisions linked to individual specialization in foraging behavior in a long-lived seabird? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4488-501. [PMID: 27386091 PMCID: PMC4930996 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual specialization in diet or foraging behavior within apparently generalist populations has been described for many species, especially in polar and temperate marine environments, where resource distribution is relatively predictable. It is unclear, however, whether and how increased environmental variability – and thus reduced predictability of resources – due to global climate change will affect individual specialization. We determined the within‐ and among‐individual components of the trophic niche and the within‐individual repeatability of δ13C and δ15N in feathers and red blood cells of individual female southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) across 7 years. We also investigated the effect of environmental variables (Southern Annular Mode, Southern Oscillation Index, and local sea surface temperature anomaly) on the isotopic values, as well as the link between stable isotopes and female body mass, clutch initiation dates, and total clutch mass. We observed consistent red blood cell δ13C and δ15N values within individuals among years, suggesting a moderate degree of within‐individual specialization in C and N during the prebreeding period. However, the total niche width was reduced and individual specialization not present during the premolt period. Despite significant interannual differences in isotope values of C and N and environmental conditions, none of the environmental variables were linked to stable isotope values and thus able to explain phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, neither the within‐individual nor among‐individual effects of stable isotopes were found to be related to female body mass, clutch initiation date, or total clutch mass. In conclusion, our results emphasize that the degree of specialization within generalist populations can vary over the course of 1 year, even when being consistent within the same season across years. We were unable to confirm that environmental variability counteracts individual specialization in foraging behavior, as phenotypic plasticity in δ13C and δ15N was not linked to any of the environmental variables studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dehnhard
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 12610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium
| | - Nicolas Sturaro
- Laboratory of Oceanology MARE Centre University of Liège B6C, Sart Tilman 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Laboratory of Oceanology MARE Centre University of Liège B6C, Sart Tilman 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Demongin
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 12610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany; Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics Justus-Liebig University Gießen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38D-35392 Gießen Germany
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- Department Biology - Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group University of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 12610 Antwerp (Wilrijk) Belgium; Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Am Obstberg 178315 Radolfzell Germany; Department of Biology University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
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The canalized parental roles of a Eudyptes penguin constrain provisioning and growth of chicks during nutritional stress. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Corman AM, Mendel B, Voigt CC, Garthe S. Varying foraging patterns in response to competition? A multicolony approach in a generalist seabird. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:974-86. [PMID: 26941940 PMCID: PMC4761771 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing resource competition is a crucial requirement for colonial seabirds to ensure adequate self‐ and chick‐provisioning during breeding season. Spatial segregation is a common avoidance strategy among and within species from neighboring breeding colonies. We determined whether the foraging behaviors of incubating lesser black‐backed gulls (Larus fuscus) differed between six colonies varying in size and distance to mainland, and whether any differences could be related to the foraging habitats visited. Seventy‐nine incubating individuals from six study colonies along the German North Sea coast were equipped with GPS data loggers in multiple years. Dietary information was gained by sampling food pellets, and blood samples were taken for stable isotope analyses. Foraging patterns clearly differed among and within colonies. Foraging range increased with increasing colony size and decreased with increasing colony distance from the mainland, although the latter might be due to the inclusion of the only offshore colony. Gulls from larger colonies with consequently greater density‐dependent competition were more likely to forage at land instead of at sea. The diets of the gulls from the colonies furthest from each other differed, while the diets from the other colonies overlapped with each other. The spatial segregation and dietary similarities suggest that lesser black‐backed gulls foraged at different sites and utilized two main habitat types, although these were similar across foraging areas for all colonies except the single offshore island. The avoidance of intraspecific competition results in colony‐specific foraging patterns, potentially causing more intensive utilization of terrestrial foraging sites, which may offer more predictable and easily available foraging compared with the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marie Corman
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ) University of Kiel Hafentörn 1 25761 Büsum Germany
| | - Bettina Mendel
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ) University of Kiel Hafentörn 1 25761 Büsum Germany
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 16 10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Garthe
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ) University of Kiel Hafentörn 1 25761 Büsum Germany
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Dehnhard N, Ludynia K, Masello JF, Voigt CC, McGill RAR, Quillfeldt P. Plasticity in foraging behaviour and diet buffers effects of inter-annual environmental differences on chick growth and survival in southern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Immediate effects of capture on nest visits of breeding blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, are substantial. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dehnhard N, Eens M, Demongin L, Quillfeldt P, Poisbleau M. Individual consistency and phenotypic plasticity in rockhopper penguins: female but not male body mass links environmental conditions to reproductive investment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128776. [PMID: 26030824 PMCID: PMC4452512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In marine habitats, increasing ocean temperatures due to global climate change may distinctly reduce nutrient and consequently food availability for seabirds. Food availability is a known driver of body mass and reproductive investment in birds, but these traits may also depend on individual effects. Penguins show extreme intra-annual body mass variation and rely on accumulated body reserves for successful breeding. However, no study so far has tested individual consistency and phenotypic responses in body mass and reproductive investment in this taxon. Using a unique dataset on individually marked female and male southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) across six years, we investigated 1) the individual consistency in body mass (measured at egg laying), body condition and reproductive investment across years, subsequently 2) identified the best-explanatory temperature-related environmental variables for female and male body mass, and 3) tested the effect of female and male body mass on reproductive investment. Body mass, body condition and reproductive investment were all highly repeatable. As body condition should control for the structural size of the birds, the similarly high repeatability estimates for body mass and body condition suggested that the consistent between-individual body mass differences were independent of structural size. This supported the use of body mass for the subsequent analyses. Body mass was higher under colder environmental conditions (positive Southern Annular Mode), but the overall phenotypic response appeared limited. Reproductive investment increased with female but not male body mass. While environmental effects on body mass in our study period were rather small, one can expect that ongoing global climate change will lead to a deterioration of food availability and we might therefore in the long-term expect a phenotypical decline in body mass and reproductive investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dehnhard
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Eens
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Laurent Demongin
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
- Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- University of Antwerp, Department Biology—Ethology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
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Thaxter CB, Ross-Smith VH, Clark JA, Clark NA, Conway GJ, Marsh M, Leat EH, Burton NH. A trial of three harness attachment methods and their suitability for long-term use on Lesser Black-backed Gulls and Great Skuas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03078698.2014.995546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Morrison KW, Battley PF, Sagar PM, Thompson DR. Population dynamics of Eastern Rockhopper Penguins on Campbell Island in relation to sea surface temperature 1942–2012: current warming hiatus pauses a long-term decline. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Deguchi T, Suryan RM, Ozaki K. Muscle damage and behavioral consequences from prolonged handling of albatross chicks for transmitter attachment. J Wildl Manage 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Deguchi
- Division of Avian Conservation; Yamashina Institute for Ornithology; Konoyama 115 Abiko Chiba 270-1145 Japan
| | - Robert M. Suryan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; Hatfield Marine Science Center; 2030S.E. Marine Science Drive Newport OR 97365 USA
| | - Kiyoaki Ozaki
- Division of Avian Conservation; Yamashina Institute for Ornithology; Konoyama 115 Abiko Chiba 270-1145 Japan
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Dehnhard N, Ludynia K, Poisbleau M, Demongin L, Quillfeldt P. Good days, bad days: wind as a driver of foraging success in a flightless seabird, the southern rockhopper penguin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79487. [PMID: 24236139 PMCID: PMC3827366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their restricted foraging range, flightless seabirds are ideal models to study the short-term variability in foraging success in response to environmentally driven food availability. Wind can be a driver of upwelling and food abundance in marine ecosystems such as the Southern Ocean, where wind regime changes due to global warming may have important ecological consequences. Southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) have undergone a dramatic population decline in the past decades, potentially due to changing environmental conditions. We used a weighbridge system to record daily foraging mass gain (the difference in mean mass of adults leaving the colony in the morning and returning to the colony in the evening) of adult penguins during the chick rearing in two breeding seasons. We related the day-to-day variability in foraging mass gain to ocean wind conditions (wind direction and wind speed) and tested for a relationship between wind speed and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA). Foraging mass gain was highly variable among days, but did not differ between breeding seasons, chick rearing stages (guard and crèche) and sexes. It was strongly correlated between males and females, indicating synchronous changes among days. There was a significant interaction of wind direction and wind speed on daily foraging mass gain. Foraging mass gain was highest under moderate to strong winds from westerly directions and under weak winds from easterly directions, while decreasing under stronger easterly winds and storm conditions. Ocean wind speed showed a negative correlation with daily SSTA, suggesting that winds particularly from westerly directions might enhance upwelling and consequently the prey availability in the penguins' foraging areas. Our data emphasize the importance of small-scale, wind-induced patterns in prey availability on foraging success, a widely neglected aspect in seabird foraging studies, which might become more important with increasing changes in climatic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dehnhard
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Katrin Ludynia
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
- Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology - Ethology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laurent Demongin
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology - Ethology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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Sherley RB, Ludynia K, Lamont T, Roux JP, Crawford RJM, Underhill LG. The initial journey of an Endangered penguin: implications for seabird conservation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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24
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Ludynia K, Dehnhard N, Poisbleau M, Demongin L, Masello JF, Voigt CC, Quillfeldt P. Sexual segregation in rockhopper penguins during incubation. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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