1
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Al Olabi R, Hendy AEA, Alkassab MB, Alnajm K, Elias M, Ibrahim M, Carlyle JR, Makrigiannis AP, Rahim MMA. The inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor regulates NK cell-mediated mammary tumor immunosurveillance in mice. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2168233. [PMID: 36704449 PMCID: PMC9872954 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2168233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of anti-cancer immunity, and their activity is regulated by an array of activating and inhibitory receptors. In mice, the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor is expressed in NK cells and recognizes the C-type lectin-related protein-b (Clr-b) ligand. NKR-P1B:Clr-b interactions represent a 'missing-self' recognition system to monitor cellular levels of Clr-b on healthy and diseased cells. Here, we report an important role for NKR-P1B:Clr-b interactions in tumor immunosurveillance in MMTV-PyVT mice, which develop spontaneous mammary tumors. MMTV-PyVT mice on NKR-P1B-deficient genetic background developed mammary tumors earlier than on wild-type (WT) background. A greater proportion of tumor-infiltrating NK cells downregulate expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (EOMES) in NKR-P1B-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Tumor-infiltrating NK cells also downregulated CD49b expression but gain CD49a expression and exhibit effector functions, such as granzyme B upregulation and proliferation in mammary tumors. However, unlike the EOMES+ NK cells, the EOMES‒ NK cell subset is unable to respond to further in vitro stimulation and exhibits phenotypic alterations associated with immune dysfunction. These alterations included increased expression of PD-1, LAG-3, and TIGIT and decreased expression of NKp46, Ly49C/I, CD11b, and KLRG-1. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating NKR-P1B-deficient NK cells exhibited an elevated dysfunctional immune phenotype compared to WT NK cells. These findings demonstrate that the NKR-P1B receptor plays an important role in mammary tumor surveillance by regulating anti-cancer immune responses and functional homeostasis in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghd Al Olabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abd El Aziz Hendy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Karla Alnajm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manahel Elias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Makrigiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada,CONTACT Mir Munir A Rahim Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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2
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Scur M, Parsons BD, Dey S, Makrigiannis AP. The diverse roles of C-type lectin-like receptors in immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126043. [PMID: 36923398 PMCID: PMC10008955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) and their functions in immunity have continued to expand from their initial roles in pathogen recognition. There are now clear examples of CTLRs acting as scavenger receptors, sensors of cell death and cell transformation, and regulators of immune responses and homeostasis. This range of function reflects an extensive diversity in the expression and signaling activity between individual CTLR members of otherwise highly conserved families. Adding to this diversity is the constant discovery of new receptor binding capabilities and receptor-ligand interactions, distinct cellular expression profiles, and receptor structures and signaling mechanisms which have expanded the defining roles of CTLRs in immunity. The natural killer cell receptors exemplify this functional diversity with growing evidence of their activity in other immune populations and tissues. Here, we broadly review select families of CTLRs encoded in the natural killer cell gene complex (NKC) highlighting key receptors that demonstrate the complex multifunctional capabilities of these proteins. We focus on recent evidence from research on the NKRP1 family of CTLRs and their interaction with the related C-type lectin (CLEC) ligands which together exhibit essential immune functions beyond their defined activity in natural killer (NK) cells. The ever-expanding evidence for the requirement of CTLR in numerous biological processes emphasizes the need to better understand the functional potential of these receptor families in immune defense and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Scur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Brendon D Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sayanti Dey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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3
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Alveolar macrophage metabolic programming via a C-type lectin receptor protects against lipo-toxicity and cell death. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7272. [PMID: 36433992 PMCID: PMC9700784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) hold lung homeostasis intact. In addition to the defense against inhaled pathogens and deleterious inflammation, AM also maintain pulmonary surfactant homeostasis, a vital lung function that prevents pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Signals transmitted between AM and pneumocytes of the pulmonary niche coordinate these specialized functions. However, the mechanisms that guide the metabolic homeostasis of AM remain largely elusive. We show that the NK cell-associated receptor, NKR-P1B, is expressed by AM and is essential for metabolic programming. Nkrp1b-/- mice are vulnerable to pneumococcal infection due to an age-dependent collapse in the number of AM and the formation of lipid-laden AM. The AM of Nkrp1b-/- mice show increased uptake but defective metabolism of surfactant lipids. We identify a physical relay between AM and alveolar type-II pneumocytes that is dependent on pneumocyte Clr-g expression. These findings implicate the NKR-P1B:Clr-g signaling axis in AM-pneumocyte communication as being important for maintaining metabolism in AM.
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Cao M, Ma L, Yan C, Wang H, Ran M, Chen Y, Wang X, Liang X, Chai L, Li X. Mouse Ocilrp2/Clec2i negatively regulates LPS-mediated IL-6 production by blocking Dap12-Syk interaction in macrophage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984520. [PMID: 36300111 PMCID: PMC9589251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin Ocilrp2/Clec2i is widely expressed in dendritic cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells and activated T cells. Previous studies have shown that Ocilrp2 is an important regulator in the activation of T cells and NK cells. However, the role of Ocilrp2 in the inflammatory responses by activated macrophages is currently unknown. This study investigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced macrophages from primary peritoneal macrophages silenced by specific siRNA target Ocilrp2. Ocilrp2 was significantly downregulated in macrophages via NF-κB and pathways upon LPS stimuli or VSV infection. Silencing Ocilrp2 resulted in the increased expression of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and mice. Moreover, IL-6 expression was reduced in LPS-induced Ocilrp2 over-expressing iBMDM cells. Furthermore, we found that Ocilrp2-related Syk activation is responsible for expressing inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Silencing Ocilrp2 significantly promotes the binding of Syk to Dap12. Altogether, we identified the Ocilrp2 as a critical role in the TLR4 signaling pathway and inflammatory macrophages’ immune regulation, and added mechanistic insights into the crosstalk between TLR and Syk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Cao
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chenyang Yan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Han Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengzhe Ran
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lihui Chai
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Xia Li,
| | - Xia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Xia Li,
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5
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Lei X, Ketelut-Carneiro N, Shmuel-Galia L, Xu W, Wilson R, Vierbuchen T, Chen Y, Reboldi A, Kang J, Edelblum KL, Ward D, Fitzgerald KA. Epithelial HNF4A shapes the intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment via direct regulation of immune signaling molecules. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212563. [PMID: 35792863 PMCID: PMC9263552 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4A) is a highly conserved nuclear receptor that has been associated with ulcerative colitis. In mice, HNF4A is indispensable for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of HNF4A in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is required for the proper development and composition of the intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) compartment. HNF4A directly regulates expression of immune signaling molecules including butyrophilin-like (Btnl) 1, Btnl6, H2-T3, and Clec2e that control IEC-IEL crosstalk. HNF4A selectively enhances the expansion of natural IELs that are TCRγδ+ or TCRαβ+CD8αα+ to shape the composition of IEL compartment. In the small intestine, HNF4A cooperates with its paralog HNF4G, to drive expression of immune signaling molecules. Moreover, the HNF4A-BTNL regulatory axis is conserved in human IECs. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of HNF4A as a conserved transcription factor controlling IEC-IEL crosstalk and suggest that HNF4A maintains intestinal homeostasis through regulation of the IEL compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiu Lei
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Natalia Ketelut-Carneiro
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Liraz Shmuel-Galia
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Weili Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Ruth Wilson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Tim Vierbuchen
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Doyle Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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6
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Elucidating Mechanisms of Tolerance to Salmonella Typhimurium across Long-Term Infections Using the Collaborative Cross. mBio 2022; 13:e0112022. [PMID: 35880881 PMCID: PMC9426527 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01120-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and tolerance to pathogen infection may present the opportunity to develop novel interventions. Resistance is the absence of clinical disease with a low pathogen burden, while tolerance is minimal clinical disease with a high pathogen burden. Salmonella is a worldwide health concern. We studied 18 strains of collaborative cross mice that survive acute Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) infections. We infected these strains orally and monitored them for 3 weeks. Five strains cleared STm (resistant), six strains maintained a bacterial load and survived (tolerant), while seven strains survived >7 days but succumbed to infection within the study period and were called “delayed susceptible.” Tolerant strains were colonized in the Peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and liver, while resistant strains had significantly reduced bacterial colonization. Tolerant strains had lower preinfection core body temperatures and had disrupted circadian patterns of body temperature postinfection sooner than other strains. Tolerant strains had higher circulating total white blood cells than resistant strains, driven by increased numbers of neutrophils. Tolerant strains had more severe tissue damage and higher circulating levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but lower levels of epithelial neutrophil-activating protein 78 (ENA-78) than resistant strains. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed one significant association and six suggestive associations. Gene expression analysis identified 22 genes that are differentially regulated in tolerant versus resistant animals that overlapped these QTLs. Fibrinogen genes (Fga, Fgb, and Fgg) were found across the QTL, RNA, and top canonical pathways, making them the best candidate genes for differentiating tolerance and resistance.
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7
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Clr-f expression regulates kidney immune and metabolic homeostasis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4834. [PMID: 35318366 PMCID: PMC8940912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin-related protein, Clr-f, encoded by Clec2h in the mouse NK gene complex (NKC), is a member of a family of immune regulatory lectins that guide immune responses at distinct tissues of the body. Clr-f is highly expressed in the kidney; however, its activity in this organ is unknown. To assess the requirement for Clr-f in kidney health and function, we generated a Clr-f-deficient mouse (Clr-f−/−) by targeted deletions in the Clec2h gene. Mice lacking Clr-f exhibited glomerular and tubular lesions, immunoglobulin and C3 complement protein renal deposits, and significant abdominal and ectopic lipid accumulation. Whole kidney transcriptional profile analysis of Clr-f−/− mice at 7, 13, and 24 weeks of age revealed a dynamic dysregulation in lipid metabolic processes, stress responses, and inflammatory mediators. Examination of the immune contribution to the pathologies of Clr-f−/− mouse kidneys identified elevated IL-12 and IFNγ in cells of the tubulointerstitium, and an infiltrating population of neutrophils and T and B lymphocytes. The presence of these insults in a Rag1−/−Clr-f−/− background reveals that Clr-f−/− mice are susceptible to a T and B lymphocyte-independent renal pathogenesis. Our data reveal a role for Clr-f in the maintenance of kidney immune and metabolic homeostasis.
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8
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Host genetic control of natural killer cell diversity revealed in the Collaborative Cross. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018834118. [PMID: 33649222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018834118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effectors armed with cytotoxic and cytokine-secreting capacities whose spontaneous antitumor activity is key to numerous immunotherapeutic strategies. However, current mouse models fail to mirror the extensive immune system variation that exists in the human population which may impact on NK cell-based therapies. We performed a comprehensive profiling of NK cells in the Collaborative Cross (CC), a collection of novel recombinant inbred mouse strains whose genetic diversity matches that of humans, thereby providing a unique and highly diverse small animal model for the study of immune variation. We demonstrate that NK cells from CC strains displayed a breadth of phenotypic and functional variation reminiscent of that reported for humans with regards to cell numbers, key marker expression, and functional capacities. We took advantage of the vast genetic diversity of the CC and identified nine genomic loci through quantitative trait locus mapping driving these phenotypic variations. SNP haplotype patterns and variant effect analyses identified candidate genes associated with lung NK cell numbers, frequencies of CD94+ NK cells, and expression levels of NKp46. Thus, we demonstrate that the CC represents an outstanding resource to study NK cell diversity and its regulation by host genetics.
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9
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Mathewson ND, Ashenberg O, Tirosh I, Gritsch S, Perez EM, Marx S, Jerby-Arnon L, Chanoch-Myers R, Hara T, Richman AR, Ito Y, Pyrdol J, Friedrich M, Schumann K, Poitras MJ, Gokhale PC, Gonzalez Castro LN, Shore ME, Hebert CM, Shaw B, Cahill HL, Drummond M, Zhang W, Olawoyin O, Wakimoto H, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Brastianos PK, Liu XS, Jones PS, Cahill DP, Frosch MP, Louis DN, Freeman GJ, Ligon KL, Marson A, Chiocca EA, Reardon DA, Regev A, Suvà ML, Wucherpfennig KW. Inhibitory CD161 receptor identified in glioma-infiltrating T cells by single-cell analysis. Cell 2021; 184:1281-1298.e26. [PMID: 33592174 PMCID: PMC7935772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells are critical effectors of cancer immunotherapies, but little is known about their gene expression programs in diffuse gliomas. Here, we leverage single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to chart the gene expression and clonal landscape of tumor-infiltrating T cells across 31 patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma and IDH mutant glioma. We identify potential effectors of anti-tumor immunity in subsets of T cells that co-express cytotoxic programs and several natural killer (NK) cell genes. Analysis of clonally expanded tumor-infiltrating T cells further identifies the NK gene KLRB1 (encoding CD161) as a candidate inhibitory receptor. Accordingly, genetic inactivation of KLRB1 or antibody-mediated CD161 blockade enhances T cell-mediated killing of glioma cells in vitro and their anti-tumor function in vivo. KLRB1 and its associated transcriptional program are also expressed by substantial T cell populations in other human cancers. Our work provides an atlas of T cells in gliomas and highlights CD161 and other NK cell receptors as immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Mathewson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Orr Ashenberg
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Simon Gritsch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Perez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sascha Marx
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Livnat Jerby-Arnon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rony Chanoch-Myers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Toshiro Hara
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa R Richman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mirco Friedrich
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin Schumann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael J Poitras
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Nicolas Gonzalez Castro
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marni E Shore
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine M Hebert
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Shaw
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Oncology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Heather L Cahill
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Drummond
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wubing Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olamide Olawoyin
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Oncology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Identifying the Immunological Gene Signatures of Immune Cell Subtypes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6639698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a complicated defensive system that comprises multiple functional cells and molecules acting against endogenous and exogenous pathogenic factors. Identifying immune cell subtypes and recognizing their unique immunological functions are difficult because of the complicated cellular components and immunological functions of the immune system. With the development of transcriptomics and high-throughput sequencing, the gene expression profiling of immune cells can provide a new strategy to explore the immune cell subtyping. On the basis of the new profiling data of mouse immune cell gene expression from the Immunological Genome Project (ImmGen), a novel computational pipeline was applied to identify different immune cell subtypes, including αβ T cells, B cells, γδ T cells, and innate lymphocytes. First, the profiling data was analyzed by a powerful feature selection method, Monte-Carlo Feature Selection, resulting in a feature list and some informative features. For the list, the two-stage incremental feature selection method, incorporating random forest as the classification algorithm, was applied to extract essential gene signatures and build an efficient classifier. On the other hand, a rule learning scheme was applied on the informative features to construct quantitative expression rules. A group of gene signatures was found as qualitatively related to the biological processes of four immune cell subtypes. The quantitative expression rules can efficiently cluster immune cells. This work provides a novel computational tool for immune cell quantitative subtyping and biomarker recognition.
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Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Delic D, Gerovska D, Wunderlich F. Protective Vaccination Reshapes Hepatic Response to Blood-Stage Malaria of Genes Preferentially Expressed by NK Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040677. [PMID: 33202767 PMCID: PMC7712122 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the liver as first-line post infectionem (p.i.) effectors against blood-stage malaria and their responsiveness to protective vaccination is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of vaccination on NK cell-associated genes induced in the liver by blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi. Female Balb/c mice were vaccinated at weeks 3 and 1 before being infected with 106P. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes. Genes preferentially expressed by NK cells were investigated in livers of vaccination-protected and non-protected mice on days 0, 1, 4, 8, and 11 p.i. using microarrays, qRT-PCR, and chromosome landscape analysis. Blood-stage malaria induces expression of specific genes in the liver at different phases of infection, i.e., Itga1 in expanding liver-resident NK (lrNK) cells, Itga2 in immigrating conventional NK (cNK) cells; Eomes and Tbx21 encoding transcription factors; Ncr1, Tnfsf10, Prf1, Gzma, Gzmb, Gzmc, Gzmm, and Gzmk encoding cytolytic effectors; natural killer gene complex (NKC)-localized genes encoding the NK cell receptors KLRG1, KLRK1, KLRAs1, 2, 5, 7, KLRD1, KLRC1, KLRC3, as well as the three receptors KLRB1A, KLRB1C, KLRB1F and their potential ligands CLEC2D and CLEC2I. Vaccination enhances this malaria-induced expression of genes, but impairs Gzmm expression, accelerates decline of Tnfsf10 and Clec2d expression, whereas it accelerates increased expression of Clec2i, taking a very similar time course as that of genes encoding plasma membrane proteins of erythroblasts, whose malaria-induced extramedullary generation in the liver is known to be accelerated by vaccination. Collectively, vaccination reshapes the response of the liver NK cell compartment to blood-stage malaria. Particularly, the malaria-induced expansion of lrNK cells peaking on day 4 p.i. is highly significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced by enhanced immigration of peripheral cNK cells, and KLRB1F:CLEC2I interactions between NK cells and erythroid cells facilitate extramedullary erythroblastosis in the liver, thus critically contributing to vaccination-induced survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage malaria of P. chabaudi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- TransBioNet Thematic Network of Excellence for Transitional Bioinformatics, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Denis Delic
- Boeringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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12
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Mechanisms of activation of innate-like intraepithelial T lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:721-731. [PMID: 32415229 PMCID: PMC7434593 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IEL) contain subsets of innate-like T cells that evoke innate and adaptive immune responses to provide rapid protection at epithelial barrier sites. In the intestine, T-IEL express variable T cell antigen receptors (TCR), with unknown antigen specificities. Intriguingly, they also express multiple inhibitory receptors, many of which are normally found on exhausted or antigen-experienced T cells. This pattern suggests that T-IEL are antigen-experienced, yet it is not clear where, and in what context, T-IEL encounter TCR ligands. We review recent evidence indicating TCR antigens for intestinal innate-like T-IEL are found on thymic or intestinal epithelium, driving agonist selection of T-IEL. We explore the contributions of the TCR and various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in activating T-IEL effector functions. The balance between inhibitory and activating signals may be key to keeping these highly cytotoxic, rapidly activated cells in check, and key to harnessing their immune surveillance potential.
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13
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Woo V, Eshleman EM, Rice T, Whitt J, Vallance BA, Alenghat T. Microbiota Inhibit Epithelial Pathogen Adherence by Epigenetically Regulating C-Type Lectin Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:928. [PMID: 31134059 PMCID: PMC6514056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous bacterial pathogens infect the mammalian host by initially associating with epithelial cells that line the intestinal lumen. Recent work has revealed that commensal bacteria that reside in the intestine promote defense against pathogenic infection, however whether the microbiota direct host pathways that alter pathogen adherence is not well-understood. Here, by comparing germ-free mice, we identify that the microbiota decrease bacterial pathogen adherence and dampen epithelial expression of the cell surface glycoprotein C-type lectin 2e (Clec2e). Functional studies revealed that overexpression of this lectin promotes adherence of intestinal bacterial pathogens to mammalian cells. Interestingly, microbiota-sensitive downregulation of Clec2e corresponds with decreased histone acetylation of the Clec2e gene in intestinal epithelial cells. Histone deacetylation and transcriptional regulation of Clec2e depends on expression and recruitment of the histone deacetylase HDAC3. Thus, commensal bacteria epigenetically instruct epithelial cells to decrease expression of a C-type lectin that promotes pathogen adherence, revealing a novel mechanism for how the microbiota promote innate defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Woo
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Emily M Eshleman
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Taylor Rice
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jordan Whitt
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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14
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Hernychová L, Rosůlek M, Kádek A, Mareška V, Chmelík J, Adámková L, Grobárová V, Šebesta O, Kukačka Z, Skála K, Spiwok V, Černý J, Novák P. The C-type lectin-like receptor Nkrp1b: Structural proteomics reveals features affecting protein conformation and interactions. J Proteomics 2019; 196:162-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Abou-Samra E, Hickey Z, Aguilar OA, Scur M, Mahmoud AB, Pyatibrat S, Tu MM, Francispillai J, Mortha A, Carlyle JR, Rahim MMA, Makrigiannis AP. NKR-P1B expression in gut-associated innate lymphoid cells is required for the control of gastrointestinal tract infections. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:868-877. [PMID: 30275537 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-type innate lymphoid cells (ILC) play an important role in intestinal homeostasis. Members of the NKR-P1 gene family are expressed in various innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, and their cognate Clr ligand family members are expressed in various specialized tissues, including the intestinal epithelium, where they may play an important role in mucosal-associated innate immune responses. In this study, we show that the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor, but not the Ly49 receptor, is expressed in gut-resident NK cells, ILC, and a subset of γδT cells in a tissue-specific manner. ILC3 cells constitute the predominant cell subset expressing NKR-P1B in the gut lamina propria. The known NKR-P1B ligand Clr-b is broadly expressed in gut-associated cells of hematopoietic origin. The genetic deletion of NKR-P1B results in a higher frequency and number of ILC3 and γδT cells in the gut lamina propria. However, the function of gut-resident ILC3, NK, and γδT cells in NKR-P1B-deficient mice is impaired during gastrointestinal tract infection by Citrobacter rodentium or Salmonella typhimurium, resulting in increased systemic bacterial dissemination in NKR-P1B-deficient mice. Our findings highlight the role of the NKR-P1B:Clr-b recognition system in the modulation of intestinal innate immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Abou-Samra
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zachary Hickey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Oscar A Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Michal Scur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergey Pyatibrat
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Megan M Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Francispillai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James R Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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16
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Friede ME, Leibelt S, Dudziak D, Steinle A. Select Clr-g Expression on Activated Dendritic Cells Facilitates Cognate Interaction with a Minor Subset of Splenic NK Cells Expressing the Inhibitory Nkrp1g Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:983-996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Kirkham CL, Aguilar OA, Yu T, Tanaka M, Mesci A, Chu KL, Fine JH, Mossman KL, Bremner R, Allan DSJ, Carlyle JR. Interferon-Dependent Induction of Clr-b during Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection Protects Bystander Cells from Natural Killer Cells via NKR-P1B-Mediated Inhibition. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:343-358. [PMID: 28288457 DOI: 10.1159/000454926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that aid in self-nonself discrimination by recognizing cells undergoing pathological alterations. The NKR-P1B inhibitory receptor recognizes Clr-b, a self-encoded marker of cell health downregulated during viral infection. Here, we show that Clr-b loss during mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection is predicated by a loss of Clr-b (Clec2d) promoter activity and nascent transcripts, driven in part by MCMV ie3 (M122) activity. In contrast, uninfected bystander cells near MCMV-infected fibroblasts reciprocally upregulate Clr-b expression due to paracrine type-I interferon (IFN) signaling. Exposure of fibroblasts to type-I IFN augments Clec2d promoter activity and nascent Clr-b transcripts, dependent upon a cluster of IRF3/7/9 motifs located ∼200 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Cells deficient in type-I IFN signaling components revealed IRF9 and STAT1 as key transcription factors involved in Clr-b upregulation. In chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, the Clec2d IRF cluster recruited STAT2 upon IFN-α exposure, confirming the involvement of ISGF3 (IRF9/STAT1/STAT2) in positively regulating the Clec2d promoter. These findings demonstrate that Clr-b is an IFN-stimulated gene on healthy bystander cells, in addition to a missing-self marker on MCMV-infected cells, and thereby enhances the dynamic range of innate self-nonself discrimination by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Kirkham
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Llibre A, Garner L, Partridge A, Freeman GJ, Klenerman P, Willberg CB. Expression of lectin-like transcript-1 in human tissues. F1000Res 2016; 5:2929. [PMID: 28413611 PMCID: PMC5365220 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Receptor-ligand pairs of C-type lectin-like proteins have been shown to play an important role in cross talk between lymphocytes, as well as in immune responses within concrete tissues and structures, such as the skin or the germinal centres. The CD161-Lectin-like Transcript 1 (LLT1) pair has gained particular attention in recent years, yet a detailed analysis of LLT1 distribution in human tissue is lacking. One reason for this is the limited availability and poor characterisation of anti-LLT1 antibodies.
Methods: We assessed the staining capabilities of a novel anti-LLT1 antibody clone (2H7), both by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, showing its efficiency at LLT1 recognition in both settings. We then analysed LLT1 expression in a wide variety of human tissues.
Results: We found LLT1 expression in circulating B cells and monocytes, but not in lung and liver-resident macrophages. We found strikingly high LLT1 expression in immune-privileged sites, such as the brain, placenta and testes, and confirmed the ability of LLT1 to inhibit NK cell function.
Conclusions: Overall, this study contributes to the development of efficient tools for the study of LLT1. Moreover, its expression in different healthy human tissues and, particularly, in immune-privileged sites, establishes LLT1 as a good candidate as a regulator of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Llibre
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Garner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Partridge
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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19
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Rutkowski E, Leibelt S, Born C, Friede ME, Bauer S, Weil S, Koch J, Steinle A. Clr-a: A Novel Immune-Related C-Type Lectin-like Molecule Exclusively Expressed by Mouse Gut Epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:916-926. [PMID: 27956531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse gut epithelium represents a constitutively challenged environment keeping intestinal commensal microbiota at bay and defending against invading enteric pathogens. The complex immunoregulatory network of the epithelial barrier surveillance also involves NK gene complex (NKC)-encoded C-type lectin-like molecules such as NKG2D and Nkrp1 receptors. To our knowledge, in this study, we report the first characterization of the orphan C-type lectin-like molecule Clr-a encoded by the Clec2e gene in the mouse NKC. Screening of a panel of mouse tissues revealed that Clec2e transcripts are restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Using Clr-a-specific mAb, we characterize Clr-a as a disulfide-linked homodimeric cell surface glycoprotein. Of note, a substantial fraction of Clr-a molecules are retained intracellularly, and analyses of Clr-a/Clr-f hybrids attribute intracellular retention to both the stalk region and parts of the cytoplasmic domain. Combining quantitative PCR analyses with immunofluorescence studies revealed exclusive expression of Clr-a by intestinal epithelial cells and crypt cells throughout the gut. Challenge with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid results in a rapid and strong downregulation of intestinal Clr-a expression in contrast to the upregulation of Clr-f, a close relative of Clr-a, that also is specifically expressed by the intestinal epithelium and acts as a ligand of the inhibitory Nkrp1g receptor. Collectively, we characterize expression of the mouse NKC-encoded glycoprotein Clr-a as strictly associated with mouse intestinal epithelium. Downregulation upon polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid challenge and expression by crypt cells clearly distinguish Clr-a from the likewise intestinal epithelium-restricted Clr-f, pointing to a nonredundant function of these highly related C-type lectin-like molecules in the context of intestinal immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rutkowski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Leibelt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Born
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam E Friede
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and.,Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and.,Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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20
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Multi-functional lectin-like transcript-1: A new player in human immune regulation. Immunol Lett 2016; 177:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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HERNYCHOVÁ L, MRÁZEK H, IVANOVA L, KUKAČKA Z, CHMELÍK J, NOVÁK P. Recombinant Expression, In Vitro Refolding and Characterizing Disulfide Bonds of a Mouse Inhibitory C-Type Lectin-Like Receptor Nkrp1b. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S85-93. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the innate immunity, NK (Natural Killer) cells provide an early immune response to different stimuli, e.g. viral infections and tumor growths. However, their functions are more complex; they play an important role in reproduction, alloimmunity, autoimmunity and allergic diseases. NK cell activities require an intricate system of regulation that is ensured by many different receptors on a cell surface which integrate signals from interacting cells and soluble factors. One way to understand NK cell biology is through the structure of NK receptors, which can reveal ligand binding conditions. We present a modified protocol for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and in vitro refolding of the ligand-binding domain of the inhibitory Nkrp1b (SJL/J) protein. Nkrp1b identity and folding was confirmed using mass spectrometry (accurate mass of the intact protein and evaluation of disulfide bonds) and one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The intention is to provide the basis for conducting structural studies of the inhibitory Nkrp1b protein, since only the activating Nkrp1a receptor structure is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. HERNYCHOVÁ
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - P. NOVÁK
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Leibelt S, Friede ME, Rohe C, Gütle D, Rutkowski E, Weigert A, Kveberg L, Vaage JT, Hornef MW, Steinle A. Dedicated immunosensing of the mouse intestinal epithelium facilitated by a pair of genetically coupled lectin-like receptors. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:232-42. [PMID: 24985083 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal epithelium is constantly surveyed by a peculiar subset of innate-like T lymphocytes embedded in the epithelial cell layer, hence called intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). IELs are thought to act as "first-line" sentinels sensing the state of adjacent epithelial cells via both T-cell receptors and auxiliary receptors. Auxiliary receptors modulating IEL activity include C-type lectin-like receptors encoded in the natural killer gene complex such as NKG2D. Here, we report that the CTLR Nkrp1g is expressed by a subpopulation of mouse CD103(+) IELs allowing immunosensing of the intestinal epithelium through ligation of the genetically coupled CTLR Clr-f that is almost exclusively expressed on differentiated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Most of these Nkrp1g-expressing IELs exhibit a γδTCR(bright)Nkg2a(-) phenotype and are intimately associated with the intestinal epithelium. As Clr-f expression strongly inhibits effector functions of Nkrp1g-expressing cells and is upregulated upon poly(I:C) challenge, Clr-f molecules may quench reactivity of these IELs towards the epithelial barrier that is constantly provoked by microbial and antigenic stimuli. Altogether, we here newly characterize a genetically linked C-type lectin-like receptor/ligand pair with a highly restricted tissue expression that apparently evolved to allow for a dedicated immunosurveillance of the mouse intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leibelt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M E Friede
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Rohe
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Gütle
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Rutkowski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Weigert
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Kveberg
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J T Vaage
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M W Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Rozbeský D, Ivanova L, Hernychová L, Grobárová V, Novák P, Černý J. Nkrp1 family, from lectins to protein interacting molecules. Molecules 2015; 20:3463-78. [PMID: 25690298 PMCID: PMC6272133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20023463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptors include the Nkrp1 protein family that regulates the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Rat Nkrp1a was reported to bind monosaccharide moieties in a Ca2+-dependent manner in preference order of GalNac > GlcNAc >> Fuc >> Gal > Man. These findings established for rat Nkrp1a have been extrapolated to all additional Nkrp1 receptors and have been supported by numerous studies over the past two decades. However, since 1996 there has been controversy and another article showed lack of interactions with saccharides in 1999. Nevertheless, several high affinity saccharide ligands were synthesized in order to utilize their potential in antitumor therapy. Subsequently, protein ligands were introduced as specific binders for Nkrp1 proteins and three dimensional models of receptor/protein ligand interaction were derived from crystallographic data. Finally, for at least some members of the NK cell C-type lectin-like proteins, the “sweet story” was impaired by two reports in recent years. It has been shown that the rat Nkrp1a and CD69 do not bind saccharide ligands such as GlcNAc, GalNAc, chitotetraose and saccharide derivatives (GlcNAc-PAMAM) do not directly and specifically influence cytotoxic activity of NK cells as it was previously described.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/chemistry
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/metabolism
- Oligosaccharides/chemistry
- Oligosaccharides/immunology
- Oligosaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbeský
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Ljubina Ivanova
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Hernychová
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Valéria Grobárová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 414220, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Černý
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 212843, Czech Republic.
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24
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The mouse NKR-P1B:Clr-b recognition system is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. Blood 2015; 125:2217-27. [PMID: 25612621 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-556142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NKR-P1B is a homodimeric type II transmembrane C-type lectinlike receptor that inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function upon interaction with its cognate C-type lectin-related ligand, Clr-b. The NKR-P1B:Clr-b interaction represents a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-independent missing-self recognition system that monitors cellular Clr-b levels. We have generated NKR-P1B(B6)-deficient (Nkrp1b(-/-)) mice to study the role of NKR-P1B in NK cell development and function in vivo. NK cell inhibition by Clr-b is abolished in Nkrp1b(-/-) mice, confirming the inhibitory nature of NKR-P1B(B6). Inhibitory receptors also promote NK cell tolerance and responsiveness to stimulation; hence, NK cells expressing NKR-P1B(B6) and Ly49C/I display augmented responsiveness to activating signals vs NK cells expressing either or none of the receptors. In addition, Nkrp1b(-/-) mice are defective in rejecting cells lacking Clr-b, supporting a role for NKR-P1B(B6) in MHC-I-independent missing-self recognition of Clr-b in vivo. In contrast, MHC-I-dependent missing-self recognition is preserved in Nkrp1b(-/-) mice. Interestingly, spontaneous myc-induced B lymphoma cells may selectively use NKR-P1B:Clr-b interactions to escape immune surveillance by wild-type, but not Nkrp1b(-/-), NK cells. These data provide direct genetic evidence of a role for NKR-P1B in NK cell tolerance and MHC-I-independent missing-self recognition.
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25
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Kveberg L, Sudworth A, Todros-Dawda I, Inngjerdingen M, Vaage JT. Functional characterization of a conserved pair of NKR-P1 receptors expressed by NK cells and T lymphocytes in liver and gut. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:501-12. [PMID: 25382546 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cell receptor protein 1 (NKR-P1) molecules are C-type lectin-like receptors modulating cellular responses toward target cells expressing C-type lectin-like related (Clr) molecules. Although the function of the prototypic rat NKR-P1A receptor and its inhibitory counterpart NKR-P1B are known, little is known about NKR-P1F and NKR-P1G apart from their promiscuity for Clr ligands. Here we generated mAbs against both receptors for phenotypic and functional analyses in rat tissues. NKR-P1F induced redirected lysis and robust Ca(2+) signaling in NK cells, which were prevented by simultaneous engagement of NKR-P1G. NKR-P1G also inhibited NK-cell lysis of Clr transfectants. NKR-P1F was expressed by most NK cells and NKR-P1A(+) T cells in all tissues analyzed, and by many NKR-P1A(-) intestinal T cells, while NKR-P1G was expressed by subsets of these cells with highest prevalence in gut and liver. In the intraepithelial compartment, the proportion of NKR-P1A(+) and NKR-P1F(+) cells was high at birth and thereafter declined, while NKR-P1B(+) and NKR-P1G(+) cells increased with age. Expression levels were also modulated by cytokines, with an increase of NKR-P1B and NKR-P1G induced by inflammatory cytokines, and a reduction of NKR-P1A by TGF-β. The physiological impact of NKR-P1 receptors might thus be dependent on age, tissue, and inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Kveberg
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Kirkham CL, Carlyle JR. Complexity and Diversity of the NKR-P1:Clr (Klrb1:Clec2) Recognition Systems. Front Immunol 2014; 5:214. [PMID: 24917862 PMCID: PMC4041007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The NKR-P1 receptors were identified as prototypical natural killer (NK) cell surface antigens and later shown to be conserved from rodents to humans on NK cells and subsets of T cells. C-type lectin-like in nature, they were originally shown to be capable of activating NK cell function and to recognize ligands on tumor cells. However, certain family members have subsequently been shown to be capable of inhibiting NK cell activity, and to recognize proteins encoded by a family of genetically linked C-type lectin-related ligands. Some of these ligands are expressed by normal, healthy cells, and modulated during transformation, infection, and cellular stress, while other ligands are upregulated during the immune response and during pathological circumstances. Here, we discuss historical and recent developments in NKR-P1 biology that demonstrate this NK receptor–ligand system to be far more complex and diverse than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Kirkham
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - James R Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
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27
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Bartel Y, Bauer B, Steinle A. Modulation of NK cell function by genetically coupled C-type lectin-like receptor/ligand pairs encoded in the human natural killer gene complex. Front Immunol 2013; 4:362. [PMID: 24223577 PMCID: PMC3819593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional responses of natural killer (NK) cells including eradication of “harmful” cells and modulation of immune responses are regulated by a broad variety of activating and inhibitory NK receptors. Whereas the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) encodes for NK receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily, genes of C-type lectin-like NK receptors are clustered in the mammalian natural killer gene complex (NKC). Besides the thoroughly studied C-type lectin-like receptors NKG2D, CD94/NKG2x, and members of the murine Ly49 subfamily, the NKC also encodes for NK receptors of the less characterized NKRP1 subfamily. The prototypic mouse NKRP1 receptor is Nkrp1c (also known as NK1.1), while human members of the NKRP1 subfamily are NKRP1A, NKp80, and NKp65. The latter are not straight homologs of mouse NKRP1 receptors, but share distinct subfamily-specific traits classifying them as members of the NKRP1 subfamily. Ligands of the human NKPR1 receptors are likewise C-type lectin-like glycoproteins belonging to the CLEC2 subfamily (i.e., LLT1, AICL, and KACL), and are encoded in the NKC in tight genetic linkage to their respective receptors. Similarly, certain members of the mouse NKRP1 subfamily interact with genetically coupled CLEC2 glycoproteins, while the reasons for this intriguing tight genetic linkage remain unknown. Recent studies provided new and unique insights into the expression, interaction, and signaling of NKRP1 receptors and their ligands, thereby substantially advancing our understanding of their function and biology. Here, we review our current knowledge on NKRP1 receptors and their genetically linked CLEC2 ligands with an emphasis on the human receptor/ligand pairs NKRP1A-LLT1, NKp80-AICL, and NKp65-KACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bartel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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28
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Grobárová V, Benson V, Rozbeský D, Novák P, Cerný J. Re-evaluation of the involvement of NK cells and C-type lectin-like NK receptors in modulation of immune responses by multivalent GlcNAc-terminated oligosaccharides. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:110-7. [PMID: 24076118 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of glycosylation patterns is one of the basic features of innate immunity. Ability of C-type lectin-like receptors such as NKR-P1 to bind saccharide moieties has become recently a controversial issue. In the present study, binding assay with soluble fluorescently labeled recombinant rat NKR-P1A and mouse NKR-P1C proteins revealed apparently no affinity to the various neoglycoproteins. Lack of functional linkage between NKR-P1 and previously described saccharide binder was supported by the fact, that synthetic N-acetyl-D-glucosamine octabranched dendrimer on polyamidoamine scaffold (GN8P) did not change gene expression of NKR-P1 isoforms in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice divergent in the NK gene complex (both in vitro and in vivo). Surprisingly, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated tetrabranched polyamido-amine dendrimer specifically binds to NKT cells and macrophages but not to NK cells (consistently with changes in cytokine patterns). Despite the fact that GN8P has been tested as an immunomodulator in anti-cancer treatment animal models for many years, surprisingly no changes in cytokine profiles in serum relevant to anti-cancer responses using B16F10 and CT26 harboring mouse strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c are observed. Our results indicate possible indirect involvement of NK cells in GN8P mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Grobárová
- Institute of Microbiology, ASCR v.v.i., Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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29
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Lysenko O, Schulte D, Mittelbronn M, Steinle A. BACL is a novel brain-associated, non-NKC-encoded mammalian C-type lectin-like receptor of the CLEC2 family. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65345. [PMID: 23776472 PMCID: PMC3679072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer Gene Complex (NKC)–encoded C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) are expressed on various immune cells including T cells, NK cells and myeloid cells and thereby contribute to the orchestration of cellular immune responses. Some NKC-encoded CTLRs are grouped into the C-type lectin family 2 (CLEC2 family) and interact with genetically linked CTLRs of the NKRP1 family. While many CLEC2 family members are expressed by hematopoietic cells (e.g. CD69 (CLEC2C)), others such as the keratinocyte-associated KACL (CLEC2A) are specifically expressed by other tissues. Here we provide the first characterization of the orphan gene CLEC2L. In contrast to other CLEC2 family members, CLEC2L is conserved among mammals and located outside of the NKC. We show that CLEC2L-encoded CTLRs are expressed as non-glycosylated, disulfide-linked homodimers at the cell surface. CLEC2L expression is fairly tissue-restricted with a predominant expression in the brain. Thus CLEC2L-encoded CTLRs were designated BACL (brain-associated C-type lectin). Combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we show that BACL is expressed by neurons in the CNS, with a pronounced expression by Purkinje cells. Notably, the CLEC2L locus is adjacent to another orphan CTLR gene (KLRG2), but reporter cell assays did neither indicate interaction of BACL with the KLRG2 ectodomain nor with human NK cell lines or lymphocytes. Along these lines, growth of BACL-expressing tumor cell lines in immunocompetent mice did not provide evidence for an immune-related function of BACL. Altogether, the CLEC2L gene encodes a homodimeric cell surface CTLR that stands out among CLEC2 family members by its conservation in mammals, its biochemical properties and the predominant expression in the brain. Future studies will have to reveal insights into the functional relevance of BACL in the context of its neuronal expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lysenko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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