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Zhang X, Chen S, Yin G, Liang P, Feng Y, Yu W, Meng D, Liu H, Zhang F. The Role of JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway and Its Downstream Influencing Factors in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2024; 29:10742484241248046. [PMID: 38656132 DOI: 10.1177/10742484241248046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is now widely considered to be a chronic inflammatory disease, with increasing evidence suggesting that lipid alone is not the main factor contributing to its development. Rather, atherosclerotic plaques contain a significant amount of inflammatory cells, characterized by the accumulation of monocytes and lymphocytes on the vessel wall. This suggests that inflammation may play a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis. As research deepens, other pathological factors have also been found to influence the development of the disease. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is a recently discovered target of inflammation that has gained attention in recent years. Numerous studies have provided evidence for the causal role of this pathway in atherosclerosis, and its downstream signaling factors play a significant role in this process. This brief review aims to explore the crucial role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its representative downstream signaling factors in the development of atherosclerosis. It provides a new theoretical basis for clinically affecting the development of atherosclerosis by interfering with the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Suwen Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guoliang Yin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pengpeng Liang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Decheng Meng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongshuai Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
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Outstanding prognostic value of novel ferroptosis-related genes in chemoresistance osteosarcoma patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5029. [PMID: 35322804 PMCID: PMC8943205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone-derived tumor, and chemoresistance is a pivotal factor in the poor prognosis of patients with OS. Ferroptosis, as an emerging modality of regulated cell death, has demonstrated potential value in tumor chemoresistance studies. Through the gene expression omnibus database in conjunction with the FerrDb database, we identified novel ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involving chemoresistance in OS patients. Subsequently, enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network analysis and survival analysis were performed sequentially to recognize the hub genes and ultimately to construct a predictive model. The model constructed from the TARGET database was exhibited in a nomogram and assessed by calibration curves. The prognostic value of the model and hub genes was validated separately by an independent cohort. Twenty-two ferroptosis-related DEGs were identified, including 16 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated. Among them, expressions of CBS, COCS1, EGFR, as hub genes, were significantly associated with the prognosis of OS patients and were evidenced as independent prognostic factors. An efficient prognostic model covering hub gene expressions and clinical variables was developed and validated. Combining the results of hub genes in differential analysis, the actions of hub genes in ferroptosis, and the prognostic relevance of hub genes in patients, we revealed that CBS, SOCS1 and EGFR might play essential roles in OS and its chemoresistance with potential research and clinical value.
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Sobah ML, Liongue C, Ward AC. SOCS Proteins in Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, and Immune-Related Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:727987. [PMID: 34604264 PMCID: PMC8481645 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.727987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine signaling represents one of the cornerstones of the immune system, mediating the complex responses required to facilitate appropriate immune cell development and function that supports robust immunity. It is crucial that these signals be tightly regulated, with dysregulation underpinning immune defects, including excessive inflammation, as well as contributing to various immune-related malignancies. A specialized family of proteins called suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) participate in negative feedback regulation of cytokine signaling, ensuring it is appropriately restrained. The eight SOCS proteins identified regulate cytokine and other signaling pathways in unique ways. SOCS1–3 and CISH are most closely involved in the regulation of immune-related signaling, influencing processes such polarization of lymphocytes and the activation of myeloid cells by controlling signaling downstream of essential cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ. SOCS protein perturbation disrupts these processes resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions as well as malignancies. As a consequence, SOCS proteins are garnering increased interest as a unique avenue to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institue of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Bernal S, Lopez-Sanz L, Jimenez-Castilla L, Prieto I, Melgar A, La Manna S, Martin-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Protective effect of suppressor of cytokine signalling 1-based therapy in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:564-581. [PMID: 33227156 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial disease characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and proteolytic activity in the aortic wall. Targeting JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is a promising strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We investigated the vasculo-protective role of suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS1), the negative JAK/STAT regulator, in experimental AAA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A synthetic, cell permeable peptide (S1) mimic of SOCS1 kinase inhibitory domain to suppress STAT activation was evaluated in the well-established mouse model of elastase-induced AAA by monitoring changes in aortic diameter, cellular composition and gene expression in abdominal aorta. S1 function was further evaluated in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and macrophages exposed to elastase or elastin-derived peptides. KEY RESULTS S1 peptide prevented AAA development, evidenced by reduced incidence of AAA, aortic dilation and elastin degradation, partial restoration of medial VSMC and decreased inflammatory cells and oxidative stress in AAA tissue. Mechanistically, S1 suppressed STAT1/3 activation in aorta, down-regulated cytokines, metalloproteinases and altered the expression of cell differentiation markers by favouring anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage and contractile VSMC phenotypes. In vitro, S1 suppressed the expression of inflammatory and oxidative genes, reduced cell migration and reversed the phenotypic switch of macrophages and VSMC. By contrast, SOCS1 silencing promoted inflammatory response. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This preclinical study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of SOCS1-derived peptide to halt AAA progression by suppressing JAK/STAT-mediated inflammation and aortic dilation. S1 peptide may therefore be a valuable option for the treatment of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Bernal
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lopez-Sanz
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luna Jimenez-Castilla
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Prieto
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Melgar
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara La Manna
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Martin-Ventura
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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La Manna S, Lopez-Sanz L, Bernal S, Jimenez-Castilla L, Prieto I, Morelli G, Gomez-Guerrero C, Marasco D. Antioxidant Effects of PS5, a Peptidomimetic of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1, in Experimental Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080754. [PMID: 32824091 PMCID: PMC7465353 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of the transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is linked to oxidative stress, inflammation and cell proliferation. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate the JAK/STAT, and SOCS1 possesses a small kinase inhibitory region (KIR) involved in the inhibition of JAK kinases. Several studies showed that KIR-SOCS1 mimetics can be considered valuable therapeutics in several disorders (e.g., diabetes, neurological disorders and atherosclerosis). Herein, we investigated the antioxidant and atheroprotective effects of PS5, a peptidomimetic of KIR-SOCS1, both in vitro (vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages) and in vivo (atherosclerosis mouse model) by analyzing gene expression, intracellular O2•− production and atheroma plaque progression and composition. PS5 was revealed to be able to attenuate NADPH oxidase (NOX1 and NOX4) and pro-inflammatory gene expression, to upregulate antioxidant genes and to reduce atheroma plaque size, lipid content and monocyte/macrophage accumulation. These findings confirm that KIR-SOCS1-based drugs could be excellent antioxidant agents to contrast atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPEB: Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi- University of Naples “Federico II”, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.L.M.); (G.M.)
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (S.B.); (L.J.-C.); (I.P.)
| | - Laura Lopez-Sanz
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (S.B.); (L.J.-C.); (I.P.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Bernal
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (S.B.); (L.J.-C.); (I.P.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luna Jimenez-Castilla
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (S.B.); (L.J.-C.); (I.P.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Prieto
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (S.B.); (L.J.-C.); (I.P.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPEB: Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi- University of Naples “Federico II”, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-G.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPEB: Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi- University of Naples “Federico II”, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.L.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.-G.); (D.M.)
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SOCS1-targeted therapy ameliorates renal and vascular oxidative stress in diabetes via STAT1 and PI3K inhibition. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1276-1290. [PMID: 29540859 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or impaired antioxidant defenses is closely related to the development of diabetic vascular complications, including nephropathy and atherosclerosis. Chronic activation of Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway contributes to diabetic complications by inducing expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of endogenous JAK/STAT regulators is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We investigated the beneficial effect of two different SOCS1-targeted therapies (adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and kinase-inhibitory region peptidomimetic) to combat oxidative stress injury in an experimental diabetes model of concomitant renal and macrovascular disease (streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse). Diabetes resulted in progressive alteration of redox balance in mice, as demonstrated by increased ROS levels and decreased antioxidant activity, which ultimately led to renal dysfunction and vascular injury. The molecular and pathological alterations in early diabetes were partially reversed by preventive intervention with SOCS1-targeted therapies. Importantly, SOCS1 peptidomimetic provided reno- and atheroprotection in diabetic mice even in a setting of established disease. Compared with untreated controls, kidney and aorta from SOCS1-treated mice exhibited significantly lower levels of superoxide anion, DNA oxidation marker and NADPH oxidase (Nox) subunits, along with higher expression of antioxidant enzymes. These trends correlated with a reduction in parameters of renal damage (albuminuria, creatinine and tubular injury), atherosclerosis (lesion size) and inflammation (leukocytes and chemokines). Mechanistic studies in renal, vascular and phagocytic cells exposed to cytokines and high-glucose showed that SOCS1 blocked ROS generation by inhibiting both Nox complex assembly and Nox subunit expression, an effect mediated by inactivation of JAK2, STAT1, and PI3K signaling pathways. This study provides evidence for SOCS1-targeted therapies, especially SOCS1 peptidomimetic, as an alternative antioxidant strategy to limit the progression of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications.
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Recio C, Oguiza A, Mallavia B, Lazaro I, Ortiz-Muñoz G, Lopez-Franco O, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Gene delivery of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) inhibits inflammation and atherosclerosis development in mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wilson HM. SOCS Proteins in Macrophage Polarization and Function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:357. [PMID: 25120543 PMCID: PMC4112788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wilson
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Recio C, Oguiza A, Lazaro I, Mallavia B, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-derived peptide inhibits Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway and improves inflammation and atherosclerosis in diabetic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1953-60. [PMID: 25012131 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway by hyperglycemia and dislypidemia contributes to the progression of diabetic complications, including atherosclerosis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate Janus kinase/STAT and have emerged as promising target for anti-inflammatory therapies. We investigated whether a cell-permeable lipopeptide corresponding to the kinase inhibitory region of SOCS1 could reduce atherosclerosis in diabetic mice and identified the mechanisms involved. APPROACH AND RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (aged 8 and 22 weeks) were given intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, SOCS1-derived peptide, or control mutant peptide for 6 to 10 weeks. SOCS1 therapy suppressed STAT1/STAT3 activation in atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic mice and significantly reduced lesion size at both early and advanced stages of lesion development compared with vehicle group. Plaque characterization demonstrated that SOCS1 peptide decreased the accumulation of lipids, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, whereas increasing collagen and smooth muscle cell content. This atheroprotective effect was accompanied by systemic (reduced proinflammatory Ly6C(high) monocytes and splenic cytokine expression) and local (reduced aortic expression of chemokines and cytokines) mechanisms, without impact on metabolic parameters. In vitro, SOCS1 peptide dose dependently inhibited STAT1/STAT3 activation and target gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages and also suppressed cytokine-induced cell migration and adhesion processes. CONCLUSIONS SOCS1-based targeting Janus kinase/STAT restrains key mechanisms of atherogenesis in diabetic mice, thereby preventing plaque formation and increasing plaque stability. Approaches to mimic native SOCS1 functions may have a therapeutic potential to retard the progression of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Recio
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Ainhoa Oguiza
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Iolanda Lazaro
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Beñat Mallavia
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Jesus Egido
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.)
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- From the Renal and Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., I.L., B.M., J.E., C.G.-G.); and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (C.R., A.O., J.E., C.G.-G.).
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