1
|
The use of herbal treatments as alternatives to control uterine diseases in dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:148. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
2
|
Dose Correlation of Danggui and Chuanxiong Drug Pairs in the Chinese Medicine Prescription Based on the Copula Function. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2372746. [PMID: 33273949 PMCID: PMC7700020 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2372746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dosage is essential for studying the compatibility and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine. Danggui and Chuanxiong are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for ailments and treatment of various disorders. 628 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions containing Danggui and Chuanxiong were extracted from the self-built prescription database and screened for the three groups of prescriptions, i.e., irregular menstruation, sores, and stroke. We processed and tested the dosage of Danggui and Chuanxiong and selected the optimal copula function, Gumbel copula function, from the Archimedes function family and elliptical copula function family to establish the data model. To establish the presence of a correlation between the dose of Danggui and Chuanxiong, a graph of the joint distribution function of rank correlation coefficients, Kendall's rank correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, was used. Our results suggest that the model using the Gumbel copula function better reflects the correlation between the dose of Danggui and Chuanxiong. For irregular menstruation, sores, and strokes, Kendall's rank correlation coefficients were 0.6724, 0.5930, and 0.7757, respectively, and Spearman's correlation coefficients were 0.8536, 0.7812, and 0.9285, respectively. In all three prescription groups, the dose of Danggui and Chuanxiong was positively correlated, implying that, as the dosage of one drug increases, the dosage of the other increases as well. From the perspective of data mining and mathematical statistics, the use of the copula function model to evaluate the correlation between the prescribed dosage of the two drugs was innovative and provided a new model for the scientific interpretation of the compatibility of traditional drugs. This might also serve to guide the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine.
Collapse
|
3
|
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Components of Guizhi Fuling Capsule, an Ancient Chinese Herbal Formula, in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2029134. [PMID: 33149750 PMCID: PMC7603573 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2029134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Guizhi Fuling capsule (GFC), a well-known formula composed of five medicinal herbs, is commonly prescribed to treat primary dysmenorrhea, as well as to achieve good clinical efficacy in China. However, the active components of GFC have not been identified. Here, the anti-inflammatory functions of GFC, as well as its major ingredients, were evaluated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used in HUVECs to imitate the cellular inflammation. Then, GFC-triggered mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 were determined by real-time PCR, while the expression of COX-2 protein was revealed by western blotting. Besides, nine components of GFC were evaluated for their contribution value in the anti-dysmenorrhea effects. Results The application of GFC downregulated the mRNA expressions of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNAs. Nine major components of GFC were tested in the inflammatory system, and three compounds, including paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and amygdalin, exhibited robust activation in HUVECs. The combination of paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and amygdalin showed over 80% of the anti-inflammatory activation. Conclusion Our study supports that GFC plays a promising role in anti-dysmenorrhea function by decreasing COXs' expression. Besides, paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, and amygdalin could be considered as major regulators for the anti-dysmenorrhea effects of GFC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang X, Wang S, Wang L, Wang H, Li X, Cui D. Administration of an herbal powder based on traditional Chinese veterinary medicine enhanced the fertility of Holstein dairy cows affected with retained placenta. Theriogenology 2018; 121:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
5
|
Li X, Hou J, Du J, Feng J, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen S, Feng J, Yang D, Li D, Pei H, Yang Y. Potential Protective Mechanism in the Cardiac Microvascular Injury. Hypertension 2018; 72:116-127. [PMID: 29735636 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchuan Li
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Juanni Hou
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Jin Du
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Sha Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Dachun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - De Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Haifeng Pei
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| | - Yongjian Yang
- From the Graduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., H.P., Y.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, China (X.L., J.H., J.D., J.F., Y.Y., Y.S., S.C., J.F., D.Y., D.L., H.P., Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Systems Pharmacological Approach to the Effect of Bulsu-san Promoting Parturition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7236436. [PMID: 29234425 PMCID: PMC5682096 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7236436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bulsu-san (BSS) has been commonly used in oriental medicine for pregnant women in East Asia. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the effect of BSS on ease of parturition using a systems-level in silico analytic approach. Research results show that BSS is highly connected to the parturition related pathways, biological processes, and organs. There were numerous interactions between most compounds of BSS and multiple target genes, and this was confirmed using herb-compound-target network, target-pathway network, and gene ontology analysis. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of relevant target genes of BSS was elevated significantly in related organ tissues, such as those of the uterus, placenta, fetus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. This study used a network analytical approach to demonstrate that Bulsu-san (BSS) is closely related to the parturition related pathways, biological processes, and organs. It is meaningful that this systems-level network analysis result strengthens the basis of clinical applications of BSS on ease of parturition.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu C, Huang Y. Chinese Herbal Medicine on Cardiovascular Diseases and the Mechanisms of Action. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:469. [PMID: 27990122 PMCID: PMC5130975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of death worldwide. The potentially serious adverse effects of therapeutic drugs lead to growing awareness of the role of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Chinese herbal medicine has been widely used in many countries especially in China from antiquity; however, the mechanisms by which herbal medicine acts in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases are far from clear. In this review, we briefly describe the characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine by comparing with western medicine. Then we summarize the formulae and herbs/natural products applied in the clinic and animal studies being sorted according to the specific cardiovascular diseases. Most importantly, we elaborate the existing investigations into mechanisms by which herbal compounds act at the cellular levels, including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and immune cells. Future research should focus on well-designed clinic trial, in-depth mechanic study, investigations on side effects of herbs and drug interactions. Studies on developing new agents with effectiveness and safety from traditional Chinese medicine is a promising way for prevention and treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lam KYC, Chen J, Lam CTW, Wu Q, Yao P, Dong TTX, Lin H, Tsim KWK. Asarone from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma Potentiates the Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Neuronal Differentiation in Cultured PC12 Cells: A Signaling Mediated by Protein Kinase A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163337. [PMID: 27685847 PMCID: PMC5042514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR), the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, is being used clinically to treat neurological disorders. The volatile oil of ATR is being considered as an active ingredient. Here, α-asarone and β-asarone, accounting about 95% of ATR oil, were evaluated for its function in stimulating neurogenesis. In cultured PC12 cells, application of ATR volatile oil, α-asarone or β-asarone, stimulated the expression of neurofilaments, a bio-marker for neurite outgrowth, in a concentration-dependent manner. The co-treatment of ATR volatile oil, α-asarone or β-asarone, with low concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) potentiated the NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in cultured PC12 cells. In addition, application of protein kinase A inhibitors, H89 and KT5720, in cultures blocked the ATR-induced neurofilament expression, as well as the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). In the potentiation of NGF-induced signaling in cultured PC12 cells, α-asarone and β-asarone showed synergistic effects. These results proposed the neurite-promoting asarone, or ATR volatile oil, could be useful in finding potential drugs for treating various neurodegenerative diseases, in which neurotrophin deficiency is normally involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Y. C. Lam
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hospital Chinese Medicine Preparation, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Candy T. W. Lam
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chemical and biological assessment of Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba )-containing herbal decoctions: Induction of erythropoietin expression in cultures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1026:254-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Jin Y, Qu C, Tang Y, Pang H, Liu L, Zhu Z, Shang E, Huang S, Sun D, Duan JA. Herb pairs containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui): A review of bio-active constituents and compatibility effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 181:158-71. [PMID: 26807913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herb compatibility is one of the most important characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Rather than being used singly, Chinese herbs are often used in formulae to obtain synergistic effects or to diminish possible adverse reactions. Herb pair, the most fundamental and simplest form of multi-herb formulae, is a centralized representative of herb compatibility. Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), a widely used Chinese medicine, is usually combined with another herb to treat women's diseases in the clinic. A series of herb pairs containing Danggui have gradually become a focus of modern research, and they exhibit encouraging prospects for development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search for studies related to herb pairs containing Danggui was performed via a library search (books, theses, reports, newspapers, magazines, and conference proceedings) and an electronic search (Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar). These sources were scrutinized for information on Danggui herb pairs. RESULTS Based on a previous statistical analysis, a database containing 16,529 formulae of Danggui from the "Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae" was reviewed. The results showed a high frequency of compatibility between Danggui and other 22 herbs. The most common ratio among these chosen herb pairs was 1:1, and a majority of the pairs were applied for the treatment of diseases in internal medicine. The present paper reviews ethnopharmacology and advances in variations of the bio-active components and compatibility effects of the herb pairs containing Danggui, especially Danggui-Huangqi, Danggui-Chuanxiong, and Danggui-Shaoyao, which are used at high frequency. It was also observed that there were fewer studies of Danggui-Fuzi, Danggui-Huanglian, Danggui-Gancao, Danggui-Fangfeng and Danggui-Ganjiang, although they have been recorded in classical books as commonly used herb pairs. Moreover, some herb pairs such as Danggui-Niuxi and Danggui-Chaihu have been used at high frequency according to the statistical analysis, however, they were not recognized as herb pairs in many relevant books. CONCLUSIONS Recently, several TCM researchers have become interested in investigating the bio-active constituents and compatibility effects of herb pairs. Thus, some methods for in-depth study of herb pairs are essential to be established. The in vitro or in vivo bio-active constituents of herb pairs may differ from those of the single herbs. Additionally, comparative methods should be applied to study not only the bio-active constituents but also the effects of herb pairs. Study of component compatibility may be considered when the bio-active constituents and effects of an herb pair have been definitively demonstrated. Overall, the goal of our basic study of herb pairs should be their clinical application and the development of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hanqing Pang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liling Liu
- Jiangsu Revolence Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengliang Huang
- Jiangsu Revolence Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dazheng Sun
- Jiangsu Revolence Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li J, Bian Y, Sheng M, Liu B, Fu Z, Zhang Y, Yang B. Jujuboside B Reduces Vascular Tension by Increasing Ca2+ Influx and Activating Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149386. [PMID: 26901291 PMCID: PMC4762982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujuboside B has been reported to have protective effect on many cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of Jujuboside B on vascular tension and endothelial function are unknown. The present study investigated the effects of Jujuboside B on reducing vascular tension, protecting endothelial function and the potential mechanisms. The tension of isolated rat thoracic aorta ring was measured by Wire myograph system. The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were determined by Griess reagent method and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. The protein levels of eNOS and p-eNOS at Serine-1177 were determined by western blot analysis. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration in HAECs was measured by laser confocal imaging microscopy. Results showed that Jujuboside B reduced the tension of rat thoracic aorta rings with intact endothelium in a dose-dependent manner. L-NAME, KN93, EGTA, SKF96365, iberiotoxin and glibenclamide significantly attenuated Jujuboside B-induced vasodilation in endothelium-intact tissues. In contrast, indometacin and 4-DAMP had no such effects. Jujuboside B also promoted NO generation and increased eNOS activity, which were attenuated by L-NAME, EGTA and SKF96365. Moreover, Jujuboside B increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration dose-dependently, which was inhibited by EGTA and SKF96365. Besides, Jujuboside B induced a rapid Ca2+ influx instantaneously after depleting intracellular Ca2+ store, which was significantly inhibited by SKF96365. In conclusion, this study preliminarily confirmed that Jujuboside B reduced vascular tension endothelium-dependently. The underlying mechanisms involved that Jujuboside B increased extracellular Ca2+ influx through endothelial transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channels, phosphorylated eNOS and promoted NO generation in vascular endothelial cells. In addition, Jujuboside B-induced vasodilation involved endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizaiton through endothelial potassium channels. Jujuboside B is a natural compound with new pharmacological effects on improving endothelial dysfunction and treating vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Zidong Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (BFY)
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (BFY)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hügel HM, Jackson N, May B, Zhang AL, Xue CC. Polyphenol protection and treatment of hypertension. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:220-231. [PMID: 26926184 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High blood pressure is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and the rising prevalence of human hypertension precedes the trend toward a global epidemic of unhealthy ageing. A focus on lifestyle and dietary interventions minimizes dependency on pharmacological antihypertensive therapies. REVIEW Observational studies indicate that the intake of dietary flavonoids is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The evidence suggests that the dietary intakes of polyphenol-rich foods, herbs and beverages including flavonols, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones and flavan-3-ols, improves vascular health, thereby significantly reducing the risk of hypertension and CVD. Consumption is associated with an improvement in endothelial function via vascular eNOS and Akt activation. Increased NO bioavailability improves vasodilation and blood circulation, effects protein kinases, ion channels and phosphodiesterases, counteracting vascular inflammation and LDL oxidative stress. Importantly, some polyphenols also inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme activity and thereby improving SBP and DSB. We review the improvement of polyphenol intake on blood pressure and endothelial function for the treatment of hypertension, including not only observational but also RCTs and pre-clinical studies. CONCLUSION The antihypertensive phytotherapy of polyphenol-rich foods for protection and improving endothelial function with vascular relaxation occurs via the NO-cGMP pathway and ACE inhibition. OPCs stimulate endothelium-dependent vasodilation, suppress vasoconstrictor ET-1 synthesis, activate a laminar shear stress response in endothelial cells and also inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases including ACE lowering blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut M Hügel
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia .
| | - Neale Jackson
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Brian May
- School of Health Sciences and China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Anthony L Zhang
- School of Health Sciences and China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Charlie C Xue
- School of Health Sciences and China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miernisha A, Bi CWC, Cheng LKW, Xing JG, Liu J, Maiwulanjiang M, Aisa HA, Dong TTX, Lin H, Huang Y, Tsim KWK. Badiranji Buya Keli, a Traditional Uyghur Medicine, Induces Vasodilation in Rat Artery: Signaling Mediated by Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 30:16-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Miernisha
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
| | - Cathy W. C. Bi
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
| | - Lily K. W. Cheng
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
| | - J. G. Xing
- The Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica; Urumqi China
| | - J. Liu
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - M. Maiwulanjiang
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Natural Products Chemistry; Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi China
| | - H. A. Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Natural Products Chemistry; Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
| | - Y. Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Road Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang M, Chen M, Ding Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Wei P, Wang J, Qiao Y, Li L, Li Y, Wen A. Pretreatment with β-Boswellic Acid Improves Blood Stasis Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Role of eNOS Activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15357. [PMID: 26482008 PMCID: PMC4611516 DOI: 10.1038/srep15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in modulating anti-thrombus and maintaining the natural function of vascular by secreting many active substances. β-boswellic acid (β-BA) is an active triterpenoid compound from the extract of boswellia serrate. In this study, it is demonstrated that β-BA ameliorates plasma coagulation parameters, protects endothelium from blood stasis induced injury and prevents blood stasis induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Moreover, it is found that β-BA significantly increases nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (cGMP) levels in carotid aortas of blood stasis rats. To stimulate blood stasis-like conditions in vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Treatment of β-BA significantly increased intracellular NO level. Western blot and immunofluorescence as well as immunohistochemistry reveal that β-BA increases phosphorylation of enzyme nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at Ser1177. In addition, β-BA mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation can be markedly blocked by eNOS inhibitor L-NAME in blood stasis rats. In OGD treated HUEVCs, the protective effect of β-BA is attenuated by knockdown of eNOS. In conclusion, the above findings provide convincing evidence for the protective effects of β-BA on blood stasis induced endothelial dysfunction by eNOS signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China.,Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, Xian-yang 712046, China
| | - Minchun Chen
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Peifeng Wei
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, Xian-yang 712046, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells on poly(dopamine)-coated electrospun poly(lactic acid) fiber mats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 58:254-63. [PMID: 26478309 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile technique to generate large quantities of micro- or nano-fibers from a wide variety of shapes and sizes of polymer. The aim of this study is to develop functionalized electrospun nano-fibers and use a mussel-inspired surface coating to regulate adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). We prepared poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers coated with polydopamine (PDA). The morphology, chemical composition, and surface properties of PDA/PLA were characterized by SEM and XPS. PDA/PLA modulated hADSCs' responses in several ways. Firstly, adhesion and proliferation of hADSCs cultured on PDA/PLA were significantly enhanced relative to those on PLA. Increased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and collagen I levels and enhanced cell attachment and cell cycle progression were observed upon an increase in PDA content. In addition, the ALP activity and osteocalcin of hADSCs cultured on PDA/PLA were significantly higher than seen in those cultured on a pure PLA mat. Moreover, hADSCs cultured on PDA/PLA showed up-regulation of the ang-1 and vWF proteins associated with angiogenesis differentiation. Our results demonstrate that the bio-inspired coating synthetic degradable PLA polymer can be used as a simple technique to render the surfaces of synthetic biodegradable fibers, thus enabling them to direct the specific responses of hADSCs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yeh CH, Chen YW, Shie MY, Fang HY. Poly(Dopamine)-Assisted Immobilization of Xu Duan on 3D Printed Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds to Up-Regulate Osteogenic and Angiogenic Markers of Bone Marrow Stem Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:4299-4315. [PMID: 28793441 PMCID: PMC5455643 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is a versatile technique to generate large quantities of a wide variety of shapes and sizes of polymer. The aim of this study is to develop functionalized 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds and use a mussel-inspired surface coating and Xu Duan (XD) immobilization to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). We prepared PLA scaffolds and coated with polydopamine (PDA). The chemical composition and surface properties of PLA/PDA/XD were characterized by XPS. PLA/PDA/XD controlled hBMSCs' responses in several ways. Firstly, adhesion and proliferation of hBMSCs cultured on PLA/PDA/XD were significantly enhanced relative to those on PLA. In addition, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression of cells was increased and promoted cell attachment depended on the XD content. In osteogenesis assay, the osteogenesis markers of hBMSCs cultured on PLA/PDA/XD were significantly higher than seen in those cultured on a pure PLA/PDA scaffolds. Moreover, hBMSCs cultured on PLA/PDA/XD showed up-regulation of the ang-1 and vWF proteins associated with angiogenic differentiation. Our results demonstrate that the bio-inspired coating synthetic PLA polymer can be used as a simple technique to render the surfaces of synthetic scaffolds active, thus enabling them to direct the specific responses of hBMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Yeh
- Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-You Shie
- Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yuan Fang
- Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Public Health, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Poly(dopamine) coating of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:165-73. [PMID: 26249577 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is a versatile technique to generate large quantities of a wide variety of shapes and sizes of polymer. The aim of this study is to develop functionalized 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds and use a mussel-inspired surface coating to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). We prepared PLA 3D scaffolds coated with polydopamine (PDA). The chemical composition and surface properties of PDA/PLA were characterized by XPS. PDA/PLA modulated hADSCs' responses in several ways. Firstly, adhesion and proliferation, and cell cycle of hADSCs cultured on PDA/PLA were significantly enhanced relative to those on PLA. In addition, the collagen I secreted from cells was increased and promoted cell attachment and cell cycle progression were depended on the PDA content. In osteogenesis assay, the ALP activity and osteocalcin of hADSCs cultured on PDA/PLA were significantly higher than seen in those cultured on pure PLA scaffolds. Moreover, hADSCs cultured on PDA/PLA showed up-regulation of the ang-1 and vWF proteins associated with angiogenic differentiation. Our results demonstrate that the bio-inspired coating synthetic PLA polymer can be used as a simple technique to render the surfaces of synthetic scaffolds active, thus enabling them to direct the specific responses of hADSCs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan L, Xu SL, Zhu KY, Lam KYC, Xin G, Maiwulanjiang M, Li N, Dong TTX, Lin H, Tsim KWK. Optimizing the compatibility of paired-herb in an ancient Chinese herbal decoction Kai-Xin-San in activating neurofilament expression in cultured PC12 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:155-162. [PMID: 25560671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kai-Xin-San (KXS), a well-known traditional Chinese herbal decoction, has been widely used to treat mental depression and memory loss in China. It has a combination of four herbs: Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (GR; root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), Polygalae Radix (PR; root of Polygala tenuifolia Wild.), Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR; rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott), and Poria (PO; sclerotium of Poriacocos (Schw.) Wolf), from which a pairing of two herbs was considered as paired-herb, such as the pairing of GR-PR and ATR-PO. The depression-induced neural cell loss is one of the major pathogenesis in depression. Here, an optimized KXS by changing the ratio of paired-herbs in KXS was demonstrated aiming at promoting neural cell differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative assessment of chemical markers in each herbal extract was determined by LC-MS. Promoters of neurofilaments, NF68 and NF200, linked with luciferase reporter gene (pNF68-Luc and pNF200-Luc) were applied in cultured pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells to study the transcriptional activation of each herbal extract. The effect of GR-PR and ATR-PO in improving NF promoter activity was analyzed by Compusyn software. The activation of PKA was indicated. RESULTS In PC12 cells, an optimized KXS named KXS1:5 having 1:5 of GR-PR:ATR-PO had greater capability in promoting the expression of neurofilament. The synergistic effect of GR-PR and ATR-PO on the improved efficiency was further determined. Moreover, the treatment of H89, a PKA inhibitor, significantly inhibited the induced NF promoter activity. CONCLUSION These results indicated an optimized KXS by optimizing the compatibility of paired-herb and this compatibility was proven to exert synergistic effect. Moreover, the underlying mechanism was mediated by a PKA signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sherry L Xu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kelly Y C Lam
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guizhong Xin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Li
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maiwulanjiang M, Bi CWC, Lee PSC, Xin G, Miernisha A, Lau KM, Xiong A, Li N, Dong TTX, Aisa HA, Tsim KWK. The volatile oil of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in HUVEC cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116761. [PMID: 25643147 PMCID: PMC4359165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nardostahyos Radix et Rhizoma (NRR; the root and rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi DC.) is a widely used medicinal herb. Historically, NRR is being used for the treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases. To search for active ingredients of NRR, we investigated the vascular benefit of NRR volatile oil in (i) the vasodilation in rat aorta ring, and (ii) the release of nitric oxide (NO) and the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). By measuring the fluorescence signal in cultures, application of NRR volatile oil resulted in a rapid activation of NO release as well as the phosphorylation of eNOS: both inductions were markedly reduced by L-NAME. In parallel, the phosphorylation level of Akt kinase was markedly increased by the oil treatment, which was partially attenuated by PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. This inhibitor also blocked the NRR-induced NO production and eNOS phosphorylation. In HUVECs, application of NRR volatile oil elevated the intracellular Ca(2+) level, and BAPTA-AM, a Ca(2+) chelator, reduced the Ca(2+) surge: the blockage were also applied to NRR-induced eNOS phosphorylation and NO production. These findings suggested the volatile oil of NRR was the major ingredient in triggering the vascular dilatation, and which was mediated via the NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cathy W. C. Bi
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pinky S. C. Lee
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guizhong Xin
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abudureyimu Miernisha
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kei M. Lau
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Li
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haji A. Aisa
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Natural Products Chemistry, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kao CT, Huang TH, Chen YJ, Hung CJ, Lin CC, Shie MY. Using calcium silicate to regulate the physicochemical and biological properties when using β-tricalcium phosphate as bone cement. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
21
|
Li W, Tang Y, Qian Y, Shang E, Wang L, Zhang L, Su S, Duan JA. Comparative analysis of main aromatic acids and phthalides in Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and Fo-Shou-San by a validated UHPLC–TQ-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 99:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
Du CYQ, Choi RCY, Dong TTX, Lau DTW, Tsim KWK. Yu Ping Feng San, an ancient Chinese herbal decoction, regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 and the activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100382. [PMID: 24967898 PMCID: PMC4072625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yu Ping Feng San (YPFS), a Chinese herbal decoction comprising Astragali Radix (AR; Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR; Baizhu), and Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR; Fangfeng), has been used clinically to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Previously, we demonstrated a dual role of YPFS in regulating cytokine release in cultured macrophages. In this study, we elucidated the anti-inflammatory effect of YPFS that is mediated through modulating the expression of three key enzymes involved in IBD: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IALP). In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic-inflammation model of cultured murine macrophages, YPFS treatment suppressed the activation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, application of YPFS in cultured small intestinal enterocytes markedly induced the expression of IALP in a time-dependent manner, which might strengthen the intestinal detoxification system. A duality of YPFS in modulating the expression of iNOS and COX-2 was determined here. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophages was induced by YPFS, and this activation was partially blocked by the NF-κB-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082, indicating a role of NF-κB signaling. These YPFS-induced changes in gene regulation strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of YPFS are mediated through the regulation of inflammatory enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Y. Q. Du
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roy C. Y. Choi
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David T. W. Lau
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang SC, Wu BC, Kao CT, Huang TH, Hung CJ, Shie MY. Role of the p38 pathway in mineral trioxide aggregate-induced cell viability and angiogenesis-related proteins of dental pulp cell in vitro. Int Endod J 2014; 48:236-45. [PMID: 24773073 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on angiogenesis of primary human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) via the MAPK pathway, in particular p38. METHODOLOGY Human dental pulp cells were cultured with MTA to angiogenesis, after which cell viability, ion concentration, osmolality, NO secretion, the von Willebrand factor (vWF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) protein expression were examined. PrestoBlue(®) was used for evaluating the proliferation of hDPCs. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine vWF and Ang-1 protein secretion in hDPCs cultured on MTA and the control. Cells cultured on the tissue culture plate without the cement were used as the control. The t-test was used to evaluate the significance of the differences between the mean values. RESULTS Mineral trioxide aggregate elicited a significant (P < 0.05) increased viability compared with the control (15%, 16% and 13% on days 1, 3 and 5 of cell seeding, respectively). MTA consumed calcium and phosphate ions, and released more Si ions in the medium. MTA significantly (P < 0.05) increased the osmolality of the medium to 313, 328 and 341 mOsm kg(-1) after 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. P38 was activated through phosphorylation, and the phosphorylation kinase was investigated in the cell system after being cultured with MTA. Expression levels for Ang-1 and vWF in hDPCs on MTA were higher than those of the MTA + p38 inhibitor (SB203580) group (P < 0.05) at all of the time-points. CONCLUSIONS Mineral trioxide aggregate was able to activate the p38 pathway in hDPCs cultured in vitro. Moreover, Si increased the osmolality required to facilitate the angiogenic differentiation of hDPCs via the p38 signalling pathway. When the p38 pathway was blocked by SB203580, the angiogenic-dependent protein secretion decreased. These findings verify that the p38 pathway plays a key role in regulating the angiogenic behaviour of hDPCs cultured on MTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-C Huang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Role of the P38 Pathway in Calcium Silicate Cement–induced Cell Viability and Angiogenesis-related Proteins of Human Dental Pulp Cell In Vitro. J Endod 2014; 40:818-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
Su YF, Lin CC, Huang TH, Chou MY, Yang JJ, Shie MY. Osteogenesis and angiogenesis properties of dental pulp cell on novel injectable tricalcium phosphate cement by silica doped. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:672-80. [PMID: 25063168 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is an osteoconductive material in clinical. In this study, we have doped silica (Si) into β-TCP and enhanced its bioactive and osteostimulative properties. To check its effectiveness, a series of Si-doped with different ratios were prepared to make new bioactive and biodegradable biocomposites for bone repair. Formation of the diametral tensile strength, ions released and weight loss of cements was considered after immersion. In addition, we also examined the behavior of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) cultured on Si-doped β-TCP cements. The results showed that setting time and injectability of the Si-doped β-TCP cements were decreased as the Si content was increased. At the end of the immersion point, weight losses of 30.1%, 36.9%, 48.1%, and 55.3% were observed for the cement doping 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% Si into β-TCP cements, respectively. In vitro cell experiments show that the Si-rich cements promote human dental pulp cell (hDPC) proliferation and differentiation. However, when the Si-doped in the cement is more than 20%, the amount of cells and osteogenesis protein of hDPCs was stimulated by Si released from Si-doped β-TCP cements. The degradation of β-TCP and osteogenesis of Si gives a strong reason to believe that these Si-doped β-TCP cements may prove to be promising bone repair materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fang Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsui-Hsien Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-You Shie
- Department of Anatomy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maiwulanjiang M, Chen J, Xin G, Gong AGW, Miernisha A, Du CYQ, Lau KM, Lee PSC, Chen J, Dong TTX, Aisa HA, Tsim KWK. The volatile oil of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma inhibits the oxidative stress-induced cell injury via reactive oxygen species scavenging and Akt activation in H9c2 cardiomyocyte. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:491-498. [PMID: 24632018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma (NRR; the root and rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi DC.) is a well-known medicinal herb widely used in Chinese, Uyghur and Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. The oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte loss is the major pathogenesis of heart disorders. Here, the total volatile oil of NRR was isolated, and its function in preventing the cell death of cardiomyocyte was demonstrated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cyto-protective effect of volatile oil of NRR against tBHP-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury was measured by MTT assay. A promoter-report construct (pARE-Luc) containing four repeats of antioxidant response element (ARE) was applied to study the transcriptional activation of ARE. The amounts of phase ΙΙ antioxidant enzymes were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymer chain reaction (qPCR) upon the volatile oil treatment at 30 μg/mL for 24 h. The activation of Akt pathway was analyzed by western blot. RESULTS In cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes, application of NRR volatile oil exhibited strong potency in preventing tBHP-induced cell death and accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the application of NRR volatile oil in cultures stimulated the gene expressions of self-defense antioxidant enzymes, which was mediated by the transcriptional activation of antioxidant response element (ARE). The induced genes were glutathione S-transferase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic and modulatory subunits. In addition, the volatile oil of NRR activated the phosphorylation of Akt in cultured H9c2 cells. The treatment of LY294002, an Akt inhibitor, significantly inhibited the volatile oil-mediated ARE transcriptional activity, as well as the cell protective effect of NRR oil. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that NRR volatile oil prevented the oxidative stress-induced cell death in H9c2 cells by (i) reducing intracellular ROS production, (ii) inducing antioxidant enzymes and (iii) activating Akt phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guizhong Xin
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy G W Gong
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abudureyimu Miernisha
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Crystal Y Q Du
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kei M Lau
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pinky S C Lee
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jihang Chen
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haji A Aisa
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Natural Products Chemistry, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li W, Tang Y, Guo J, Shang E, Qian Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Liu P, Su S, Qian D, Duan JA. Comparative metabolomics analysis on hematopoietic functions of herb pair Gui-Xiong by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and pattern recognition approach. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1346:49-56. [PMID: 24794940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The compatibility of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui, DG) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuanxiong, CX), a famous herb pair Gui-Xiong (GX), can produce synergistic and complementary hematopoiesis. In present study, global metabolic profiling with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) combined with pattern recognition method was performed to discover the underlying hematopoietic regulation mechanisms of DG, CX and GX on hemolytic and aplastic anemia rats (HAA) induced by acetyl phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CP). Thirteen endogenous metabolites contributing to the separation of model group and control group were tentatively identified. The levels of LPCs including lysoPC (18:0), lysoPC (20:4), lysoPC (16:0) and lysoPC (18:2), sphinganine, nicotinic acid, thiamine pyrophosphate, phytosphingosine, and glycerophosphocholine increased significantly (p<0.05) in HAA, while the levels of oleic acid, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, ceramides (d18:1/14:0), and 17a-hydroxypregnenolone decreased significantly (p<0.05) in comparison with control rats. Those endogenous metabolites were chiefly involved in thiamine metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. The metabolic deviations could be regulated closer to normal level after DG, CX and GX intervention. In term of hematopoietic function, GX was the most effective as shown by the relative distance in PLS-DA score plots and relative intensity of metabolomic strategy, reflecting the synergic action between DG and CX. The relative distance calculation was firstly used in metabolomics for semi-quantization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yefei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linyan Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|