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An HH, Li M, Liu RL, Wu J, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Qian SS, Shen S. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity and efficacy of a coxsackievirus A10 vaccine in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2147022. [PMID: 36373411 PMCID: PMC9848378 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2147022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) has become one of the major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and studies on the vaccine and animal model of CV-A10 are still far from complete. Our study used a mouse-adapted CV-A10 strain, which was lethal for 14-day-old mice, to develop an infected mouse model. Then this model was employed to establish an actively immunized-challenged mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of a formaldehyde-inactivated CV-A10 vaccine, which was prepared from a Vero cell-adapted strain. CV-A10 vaccine at a dose of 0.5 or 2.0 μg was inoculated intraperitoneally in neonatal Kunming mice on the third and ninth day. Then the mice were challenged on day 14. The survival rate of mice immunized with 0.5 or 2.0 μg vaccine were 90% and 100%, respectively, while all Alum-inoculated mice died. Compared to those in the two vaccinated groups, the Alum-inoculated mice showed severe pathological damage, strong viral protein expression and high viral loads. The antisera from vaccinated mice showed high level of neutralizing antibodies against CV-A10. Meanwhile, three potential T cell epitopes located at the carboxyl-terminal regions of the VP1 and VP3 were identified and exhibited CV-A10 serotype-specific. The humoral and cellular immunogenicity analysis showed that immunization with two doses of the vaccine elicited CV-A10 specific neutralizing antibody and T cell response in BALB/c mice. Collectively, these findings indicated that this actively immunized-challenged mouse model will be invaluable in future studies on CV-A10 pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan An
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Lun Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, Sha-Sha Qian Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan430207, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Shuo Shen Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan430207, People’s Republic of China
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Regulation of RDN on Th1/ILC1 cell imbalance in HFMD patients caused by EV71 infection. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:205-211. [PMID: 33781454 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is more likely to cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, which can lead to neurogenic complications and higher mortality. As a commonly used clinical medicine, Reduning injection (RDN) helps to shorten the symptoms of patients with HFMD and facilitate the early recovery of children. However, the regulatory mechanism of RDN on the HFMD immune system disorder caused by EV71 remains to be discussed. This study collected detailed treatment data of 56 children with HFMD who entered the affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during 2019. Retrospective analysis of clinical data showed that the symptoms of the RDN treatment group were improved compared with the untreated group. To explore its mechanism, the relevant detection indicators were detected by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that the number and function of innate immune (ILCs) and adaptive immunity (Th1, Th2 and secreted cytokines) were reduced, suggesting that RDN plays a role by regulating cellular immunity. The in vitro differentiation inhibition test further confirmed that RDN affected Th1 differentiation by inhibiting the expression of transcription factors on the basis of Th1 cell differentiation in vitro.
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Balz K, Trassl L, Härtel V, Nelson PP, Skevaki C. Virus-Induced T Cell-Mediated Heterologous Immunity and Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:513. [PMID: 32296430 PMCID: PMC7137989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous immunity (H.I.) is a consequence of an encounter with a specific antigen, which can alter the subsequent immune response to a different antigen. This can happen at the innate immune system level—often called trained immunity or innate immune memory—and/or at the adaptive immune system level involving T memory cells and antibodies. Viruses may also induce T cell-mediated H.I., which can confer protection or drive immunopathology against other virus subtypes, related or unrelated viruses, other pathogens, auto- or allo-antigens. It is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for the development of antiviral “universal” vaccines and broader T cell responses rather than just subtype-specific antibody responses as in the case of influenza. Furthermore, knowledge about determinants of vaccine-mediated H.I. may inform public health policies and provide suggestions for repurposing existing vaccines. Here, we introduce H.I. and provide an overview of evidence on virus- and antiviral vaccine-induced T cell-mediated cross-reactive responses. We also discuss the factors influencing final clinical outcome of virus-mediated H.I. as well as non-specific beneficial effects of live attenuated antiviral vaccines such as measles and vaccinia. Available epidemiological and mechanistic data have implications both for the development of new vaccines and for personalized vaccinology, which are presented. Finally, we formulate future research priorities and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Balz
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lilith Trassl
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Härtel
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp P Nelson
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Yee PTI, Tan SH, Ong KC, Tan KO, Wong KT, Hassan SS, Poh CL. Development of live attenuated Enterovirus 71 vaccine strains that confer protection against lethal challenge in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4805. [PMID: 30886246 PMCID: PMC6423319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides causing mild hand, foot and mouth infections, Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is associated with neurological complications and fatality. With concerns about rising EV-A71 virulence, there is an urgency for more effective vaccines. The live attenuated vaccine (LAV) is a more valuable vaccine as it can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. A miRNA-based vaccine strain (pIY) carrying let-7a and miR-124a target genes in the EV-A71 genome which has a partial deletion in the 5′NTR (∆11 bp) and G64R mutation (3Dp°l) was designed. The viral RNA copy number and viral titers of the pIY strain were significantly lower in SHSY-5Y cells that expressed both let-7a and miR-124a. Inhibition of the cognate miRNAs expressed in RD and SHSY-5Y cells demonstrated de-repression of viral mRNA translation. A previously constructed multiply mutated strain, MMS and the pIY vaccine strain were assessed in their ability to protect 4-week old mice from hind limb paralysis. The MMS showed higher amounts of IFN-γ ex vivo than the pIY vaccine strain. There was absence of EV-A71 antigen in the skeletal muscles and spinal cord micrographs of mice vaccinated with the MMS and pIY strains. The MMS and pIY strains are promising LAV candidates developed against severe EV-A71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Soon Hao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan University, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan University, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan University, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
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Yuan J, Shen L, Wu J, Zou X, Gu J, Chen J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29515559 PMCID: PMC5826392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has grown to become a serious threat to global public health. It is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. EV-A71 can also infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce diverse neurological complications, such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, or even death. Viral proteins play a crucial role in EV-A71 infection. Many recent studies have discussed the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins, and the findings reported will definitely aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the progress in the research on the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins. Available literature can provide a basis for studying the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Yee PTI, Poh CL. T Cell Immunity To Enterovirus 71 Infection In Humans And Implications For Vaccine Development. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1143-1152. [PMID: 30123051 PMCID: PMC6097258 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Some strains can lead to neurological disease and fatality in children. Up to date, there is no FDA-approved vaccine to prevent severe HFMD and mortality. Although the inactivated vaccine has advanced to production in China, lack of long-term protection and the requirement of multiple boosters have necessitated the development of other types of vaccines. Recent studies indicate that cellular and not humoral immunity determines the clinical outcome of EV-A71 infections. High levels of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ tend to correlate with clinical severity in patients with pulmonary edema and encephalitis. The live attenuated vaccine may serve as the preferred choice as it can induce excellent humoral and cellular immunity as well as live-long immunity. Expression of certain HLA alleles such as TNF-α promoter type II (-308 allele), HLA-A33 and HLA-DR17 responses have been linked to severe HFMD. However, the high variability of MHC genes could restrict T cell recognition and be a major obstacle in the design of peptide vaccines. Hence, the development of a T cell universal vaccine (incorporating both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes) that induces broad, multifunctional and cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses maybe desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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Hepatitis B virus core particles containing multiple epitopes confer protection against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infection in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:7322-7330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zhu L, Li W, Qi G, Liu N, Sheng L, Shang L, Qi B. The immune mechanism of intestinal tract Toll-like receptor in mediating EV71 virus type severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease and the MAPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2263-2266. [PMID: 28565836 PMCID: PMC5443248 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological response is thought to play a crucial role in the development of a severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) infection in children, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study was designed to help in elucidating the immunopathological pathways involved in the disease by quantifying Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs, MAPK factors and cytokine levels in children experiencing the disease. A total of 86 enterovirus 71 (EV71)-infected HFMD children (49 with mild and 27 with severe disease), along with 30 healthy children were involved in the study. Peripheral vein blood samples were collected from each individual, and used to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for mRNA extraction and sera for measuring levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. The average expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA in PBMCs of children with severe HFMD were significantly higher than those in the other children, the lowest values were found in the healthy control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the groups. Additionally, the expression levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum of the children in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, and the lowest values were again found in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with the TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the serum (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of the ERK, JNK and p38 mRNA in PBMCs of children in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, with the lowest values being in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with ERK, JNK and p38 mRNA levels (P<0.05). The results of our study seem to indicate that the high expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 induced in severe EV71 HFMD regulate the expression of cytokines by MAPK signaling pathway and negatively affect the ability of the organism to resolve the infection. Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that immuno-modulation would be an effective treatment approach in pediatric cases of severe HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Gongjian Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Liping Sheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Boxiang Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
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Novel recombinant chimeric virus-like particle is immunogenic and protective against both enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7878. [PMID: 25597595 PMCID: PMC4297979 DOI: 10.1038/srep07878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) has been recognized as an important global public health issue, which is predominantly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). There is no available vaccine against HFMD. An ideal HFMD vaccine should be bivalent against both EV-A71 and CVA16. Here, a novel strategy to produce bivalent HFMD vaccine based on chimeric EV-A71 virus-like particles (ChiEV-A71 VLPs) was proposed and illustrated. The neutralizing epitope SP70 within the capsid protein VP1 of EV-A71 was replaced with that of CVA16 in ChiEV-A71 VLPs. Structural modeling revealed that the replaced CVA16-SP70 epitope is well exposed on the surface of ChiEV-A71 VLPs. These VLPs produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited similarity in both protein composition and morphology as naive EV-A71 VLPs. Immunization with ChiEV-A71 VLPs in mice elicited robust Th1/Th2 dependent immune responses against EV-A71 and CVA16. Furthermore, passive immunization with anti-ChiEV-A71 VLPs sera conferred full protection against lethal challenge of both EV-A71 and CVA16 infection in neonatal mice. These results suggested that this chimeric vaccine, ChiEV-A71 might have the potential to be further developed as a bivalent HFMD vaccine in the near future. Such chimeric enterovirus VLPs provide an alternative platform for bivalent HFMD vaccine development.
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He L, De Groot AS, Gutierrez AH, Martin WD, Moise L, Bailey-Kellogg C. Integrated assessment of predicted MHC binding and cross-conservation with self reveals patterns of viral camouflage. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 4:S1. [PMID: 25104221 PMCID: PMC4094998 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s4-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune recognition of foreign proteins by T cells hinges on the formation of a ternary complex sandwiching a constituent peptide of the protein between a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule and a T cell receptor (TCR). Viruses have evolved means of "camouflaging" themselves, avoiding immune recognition by reducing the MHC and/or TCR binding of their constituent peptides. Computer-driven T cell epitope mapping tools have been used to evaluate the degree to which particular viruses have used this means of avoiding immune response, but most such analyses focus on MHC-facing 'agretopes'. Here we set out a new means of evaluating the TCR faces of viral peptides in addition to their agretopes, integrating evaluations of both sides of the ternary complex in a single analysis. Methods This paper develops what we call the Janus Immunogenicity Score (JIS), bringing together a well-established method for predicting MHC binding, with a novel assessment of the potential for TCR binding based on similarity with self. Intuitively, both good MHC binding and poor self-similarity are required for high immunogenicity (i.e., a robust T effector response). Results Focusing on the class II antigen-processing pathway, we show that the JIS of T effector epitopes and null or regulatory epitopes deposited in a large database of epitopes (Immune Epitope Database) are significantly different. We then show that different types of viruses display significantly different patterns of scores over their constituent peptides, with viruses causing chronic infection (Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus) strongly shifted to lower scores relative to those causing acute infection (Ebola and Marburg). Similarly we find distinct patterns among influenza proteins in H1N1 (a strain against which human populations rapidly developed immunity) and H5N1 and H7N9 (highly pathogenic avian flu strains, with significantly greater case mortality rates). Conclusion The Janus Immunogenicity Score, which integrates MHC binding and TCR cross-reactivity, provides a new tool for studying immunogenicity of pathogens and may improve the selection and optimization of antigenic elements for vaccine design.
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Wei R, Xu L, Zhang N, Zhu K, Yang J, Yang C, Deng C, Zhu Z, De Groot AS, Altmeyer R, Zeng M, Leng Q. Elevated antigen-specific Th2 type response is associated with the poor prognosis of hand, foot and mouth disease. Virus Res 2013; 177:62-5. [PMID: 23886670 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) remains elusive. This study revealed that enterovirus 71 (EV71) epitope-specific CD4+ T cell responses of HFMD patients were skewed toward a Th2 cytokine profile. Patients that demonstrated higher levels of IL-4 expression in their CD4 T cells following antigen stimulation in vitro tended to have a more prolonged period of high fevers and a longer duration of illness. Thus, an increase of EV71 epitope-specific Th2 type response may portend the poor prognosis for some HFMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Tan S, Tan X, Sun X, Lu G, Chen CC, Yan J, Liu J, Xu W, Gao GF. VP2 dominated CD4+ T cell responses against enterovirus 71 and cross-reactivity against coxsackievirus A16 and polioviruses in a healthy population. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1637-47. [PMID: 23863902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand-foot-mouth disease has become a major threat to public health in the Asia-Pacific region. Although T cell immunity is closely correlated with clinical outcomes of EV71 infection, little is known about T cell immunity baseline against EV71 and T cell immunogenecity of EV71 Ags in the population, which has restricted our understanding of immunoprotection mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the cellular immune responses against the four structural Ags of EV71 and determined the immunohierarchy of these Ags in healthy adults. A low frequency of EV71-responsive T cells was detected circulating in peripheral blood, and broad T cell immune responses could be identified in most of the subjects after in vitro expansion. We demonstrated that the VP2 Ag with broad distribution of immunogenic peptides dominates T cell responses against EV71 compared with VP1, VP3, and VP4. Furthermore, the responses were illuminated to be mainly single IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cell dependent, indicating the previous natural acute viral infection of the adult population. Conservancy analysis of the immunogenic peptides revealed that moderately variant peptides were in the majority in coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) whereas most of the peptides were highly variant in polioviruses. Less efficient cross-reactivity against CV-A16 might broadly exist among individuals, whereas influences derived from poliovirus vaccination would be limited. Our findings suggest that the significance of VP2 Ag should be addressed in the future EV71-responsive immunological investigations. And the findings concerning the less efficient cross-reactivity against CV-A16 and limited influences from poliovirus vaccination in EV71-contacted population would contribute to a better understanding of immunoprotection mechanisms against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Tan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Moise L, Gutierrez AH, Bailey-Kellogg C, Terry F, Leng Q, Abdel Hady KM, VerBerkmoes NC, Sztein MB, Losikoff PT, Martin WD, Rothman AL, De Groot AS. The two-faced T cell epitope: examining the host-microbe interface with JanusMatrix. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1577-86. [PMID: 23584251 PMCID: PMC3974887 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of T cell immunology have contributed to the understanding that cross-reactivity is an intrinsic characteristic of the T cell receptor (TCR), and that each TCR can potentially interact with many different T cell epitopes. To better define the potential for TCR cross-reactivity between epitopes derived from the human genome, the human microbiome, and human pathogens, we developed a new immunoinformatics tool, JanusMatrix, that represents an extension of the validated T cell epitope mapping tool, EpiMatrix. Initial explorations, summarized in this synopsis, have uncovered what appear to be important differences in the TCR cross-reactivity of selected regulatory and effector T cell epitopes with other epitopes in the human genome, human microbiome, and selected human pathogens. In addition to exploring the T cell epitope relationships between human self, commensal and pathogen, JanusMatrix may also be useful to explore some aspects of heterologous immunity and to examine T cell epitope relatedness between pathogens to which humans are exposed (Dengue serotypes, or HCV and Influenza, for example). In Hand-Foot-Mouth disease (HFMD) for example, extensive enterovirus and human microbiome cross-reactivity (and limited cross-reactivity with the human genome) seemingly predicts immunodominance. In contrast, more extensive cross-reactivity with proteins contained in the human genome as compared to the human microbiome was observed for selected Treg epitopes. While it may be impossible to predict all immune response influences, the availability of sequence data from the human genome, the human microbiome, and an array of human pathogens and vaccines has made computationally–driven exploration of the effects of T cell epitope cross-reactivity now possible. This is the first description of JanusMatrix, an algorithm that assesses TCR cross-reactivity that may contribute to a means of predicting the phenotype of T cells responding to selected T cell epitopes. Whether used for explorations of T cell phenotype or for evaluating cross-conservation between related viral strains at the TCR face of viral epitopes, further JanusMatrix studies may contribute to developing safer, more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax Inc.; Providence, RI USA
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He Y, Cao Z, De Groot AS, Brusic V, Schönbach C, Petrovsky N. Computational vaccinology and the ICoVax 2012 workshop. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14 Suppl 4:I1. [PMID: 23514034 PMCID: PMC3599086 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-s4-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational vaccinology or vaccine informatics is an interdisciplinary field that addresses scientific and clinical questions in vaccinology using computational and informatics approaches. Computational vaccinology overlaps with many other fields such as immunoinformatics, reverse vaccinology, postlicensure vaccine research, vaccinomics, literature mining, and systems vaccinology. The second ISV Pre-conference Computational Vaccinology Workshop (ICoVax 2012) was held on October 13, 2013 in Shanghai, China. A number of topics were presented in the workshop, including allergen predictions, prediction of linear T cell epitopes and functional conformational epitopes, prediction of protein-ligand binding regions, vaccine design using reverse vaccinology, and case studies in computational vaccinology. Although a significant progress has been made to date, a number of challenges still exist in the field. This Editorial provides a list of major challenges for the future of computational vaccinology and identifies developing themes that will expand and evolve over the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqun He
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Vladimir Brusic
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christian Schönbach
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
- Biomedical Informatics Research and Development Center (BMIRC), Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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