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Abstract
Over the last decades, the association between vascular calcification (VC) and all-cause/cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with high atherogenic status, such as those with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease, has been repeatedly highlighted. For over a century, VC has been noted as a passive, degenerative, aging process without any treatment options. However, during the past decades, studies confirmed that mineralization of the arteries is an active, complex process, similar to bone genesis and formation. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update of the existing biomarkers of VC in serum and develop the various pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the calcification process, including the pivotal roles of matrix Gla protein, osteoprotegerin, bone morphogenetic proteins, fetuin-a, fibroblast growth-factor-23, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, sclerostin, pyrophosphate, Smads, fibrillin-1 and carbonic anhydrase II.
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Silaghi CN, Ilyés T, Filip VP, Farcaș M, van Ballegooijen AJ, Crăciun AM. Vitamin K Dependent Proteins in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071571. [PMID: 30934817 PMCID: PMC6479974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of developing vascular calcifications, as well as bone dynamics impairment, leading to a poor quality of life and increased mortality. Certain vitamin K dependent proteins (VKDPs) act mainly as calcification inhibitors, but their involvement in the onset and progression of CKD are not completely elucidated. This review is an update of the current state of knowledge about the relationship between CKD and four extrahepatic VKDPs: matrix Gla protein, osteocalcin, growth-arrest specific protein 6 and Gla-rich protein. Based on published literature in the last ten years, the purpose of this review is to address fundamental aspects about the link between CKD and circulating VKDPs levels as well as to raise new topics about how the interplay between molecular weight and charge could influence the modifications of circulating VKDPs at the glomerular level, or whether distinct renal etiologies have effect on VKDPs. This review is the output of a systematic literature search and may open future research avenues in this niche domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian N Silaghi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Tamás Ilyés
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Vladimir P Filip
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Marius Farcaș
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Adriana J van Ballegooijen
- Department of Nephrology & Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUmc, 1117 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandra M Crăciun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Fu X, Qiu R, Tang C, Wang X, Cheng X, Yin M. Effects of GGCX overexpression on anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced osteoarthritis in rabbits. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3821-3828. [PMID: 29257344 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutic methods for osteoarthritis (OA) are lacking. γ‑glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) is a key enzyme that regulates carboxylation of cartilage matrix Gla protein (MGP). Whether GGCX overexpression protects against OA remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of GGCX overexpression on anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)‑induced OA and its mechanisms in Japanese white rabbits. ACLT surgery was used to establish an OA model in rabbits. A total of 48 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham, OA model + GGCX overexpression plasmid, OA model + saline and OA model + empty vector. The expression of uncarboxylated MGP (ucMGP), carboxylated MGP (cMGP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑13, collagen type X, collagen type II, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL)‑1β were detected by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Morphological changes to tibial cartilage were assessed by Giemsa and safranin O‑fast green staining, respectively. Compared with the Sham control, GGCX expression was significantly decreased in the OA Model group. GGCX expression was increased by injection of a lentivirus‑carried overexpression plasmid that encoded GGCX. GGCX overexpression ameliorated ATLC‑induced damage in articular cartilage. OA Model rabbits exhibited significantly decreased expression levels of cMGP and collagen type II, and increased expression of ucMGP, collagen type X, MMP‑13, IL‑1β and TNF‑α. Notably, these expression levels were reversed by GGCX overexpression in OA Model rabbits. Results from the present study indicated that GGCX expression was decreased in OA Model rabbits, whereas overexpression of GGCX was able to promote carboxylation of MGP, reduce inflammation, decrease MMP‑13 expression and regulate collagen expression. The results also indicated that GGCX may serve as a therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyun Qiu
- College of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Chunfang Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 341099, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Glazunova AM, Arutyunova MS, Tarasov EV, Nikankina LV, Ilyin AV, Shamkhalova MS, Shestakova MV, Moysyuk YG. [Evaluation of markers for renal graft dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 88:25-34. [PMID: 27801416 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016881025-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the markers of renal graft dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) after kidney transplantation (KT) and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The investigation enrolled 20 patients after successful SPKT and 41 patients after KT (of them 21 received continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with an insulin doser; 20 had multiple insulin injections). The periods after KT and SPKT at patient inclusion were 8 (7; 8) and 11 (8; 18) months, respectively. A control group comprised 15 patients with T1DM without diabetic nephropathy. The patients were matched for gender, age, and T1DM duration. At a 9-month follow-up, the main biomarkers of kidney graft dysfunction were identified using the standard kits: Cystatin C (Cys C; serum; urine), NGAL, KIM-1, Podocin, Nephrin, IL-18, MMP-9 (urine), TGF-β1, VEGF-A, and Osteopontin (OPN; serum). Fasting blood was taken; a morning urinary portion was examined. RESULTS The posttransplantation glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the patients corresponded to Stage C2; albuminuria did to Category A1 chronic kidney disease. Despite successful SPKT in the group of patients with T1DM, as in that of patients after isolated KT, there was a statistically significant increase in the level of kidney dysfunction markers (Cys C, NGAL, Podocin, and OPN) versus the control group regardless of the compensation for glucose metabolism. compensation. It was found that the level of Cys C was high and correlated negatively with GFR (r=-0.36; p<0.05) and positively with the level of albuminuria (r=0.40; p<0.05). There was also a direct correlation of urinary podocin concentrations with blood creatinine levels (r=0.35; p<0.05) and that of NGAL with albuminuria (r=0.35; p<0.05) in recipients after transplantation. CONCLUSION The high levels of biomarkers for kidney graft dysfunction in the examinees (including subjects after SPKT) reflect the persistence of graft microstructural injuries in clinically stable function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Glazunova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Arutyunova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Tarasov
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Nikankina
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Ilyin
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Sh Shamkhalova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Shestakova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ya G Moysyuk
- Acad. V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Roshdy A, Okash H, Soliman A, Maamoun H, Shaker O, Soliman MA, Hamdy A. Serum Fetuin A Levels: Are They a Reliable Marker for Hepatic Steatosis and Regional Adiposity in Renal Transplant Recipients? Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2703-6. [PMID: 26680076 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetuin A is a protein expressed in the liver and it is an important inhibitor of ectopic calcification. High levels of fetuin A correlate with insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and regional adiposity in the general population. The association between hepatic steatosis and fetuin A level in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) remains unclear. AIM The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between fetuin A, hepatic steatosis, and regional adiposity in RTRs. METHODS Data from 44 patients with normal renal functions were included, all subjected to history taking for clinical data, assessment of central obesity and regional adiposity, assessment of hepatic steatosis using abdominal ultrasound (US), and measurements of serum fetuin A concentration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS Our study included 20 females (45.4%) and 24 males (54.6%) with mean age of 41.26 ± 11.2 years. Twenty-four subjects had hepatic steatosis. Fetuin A level in RTRs with hepatic steatosis with a mean of 1642.92 ± 358.91 is significantly higher (P < .001) than those without hepatic steatosis with a mean of 711.74 ± 57.85. Serum fetuin A level was positively correlated with regional adiposity (P = .021) and hepatic steatosis grade (P = .017). Fetuin A level increased with increased duration after renal transplantation (P < .001). The best cutoff value for detecting entrance into phase 3 or 4 steatosis is fetuin of 1862 with sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 87.7%. CONCLUSIONS Fetuin A is positively correlated with hepatic steatosis and regional adiposity in RTRs. Fetuin increases with increased duration after renal transplantation. Accordingly it may be used as a marker for hepatic steatosis and regional adiposity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roshdy
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Okash
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Soliman
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Maamoun
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - O Shaker
- Chemical Pathology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Soliman
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Hamdy
- Internal Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Relationship Between Echocardiographically Evaluated Aortic Stiffness and Prolidase Activity in Aortic Tissue of Patients with Critical Coronary Artery Disease. Arch Med Res 2016; 47:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Clinical Significance of Preexisting Microcalcification in the Iliac Artery in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2015; 99:811-7. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Osteopontin is expressed in the oviduct and promotes fertilization and preimplantation embryo development of mouse. ZYGOTE 2014; 23:622-30. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199414000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SummaryOsteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional phosphoprotein that is detected in various tissues, including male and female reproductive tracts. In this study, we evaluated OPN expression in mouse oviducts during the estrus cycle, and at days 1–5 of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The mice oocytes, sperm and embryos were treated with different concentrations of anti-OPN antibody in vitro to detect the function of OPN in fertilization and preimplantation embryo development. OPN mRNA and protein expression in mouse oviducts were cyclic dependent throughout the estrous cycle, which was highest at estrous and lowest at diestrous. Such a phenomenon was consistent with the change in estrogen level in mice. The expression levels of OPN in mice oviduct of normal pregnancy and pseudopregnancy were significantly different, which indicated that OPN expression in mouse oviducts was depend on estrogen and preimplantation embryo. Furthermore, anti-OPN antibody treatment could reduce the rates of fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst formation in vitro in a dose-dependent way. Overall, our results indicated that the expression of OPN in mouse oviducts during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy is likely regulated by estrogen and the embryo, and OPN may play a vital role in oocyte fertilization and preimplantation embryo development.
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Kläning E, Christensen B, Sørensen ES, Vorup-Jensen T, Jensen JK. Osteopontin binds multiple calcium ions with high affinity and independently of phosphorylation status. Bone 2014; 66:90-5. [PMID: 24928493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is an acidic, intrinsically disordered extracellular matrix protein with a capacity to modulate biomineralization in vitro and in vivo. The role of posttranslational modification of osteopontin has been intensively studied. Phosphorylation of OPN has been demonstrated to play a role in inhibition of biomineral formation and growth in vitro. Here, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to investigate the ability of OPN to bind the divalent cations Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), both essential components of inorganic minerals in vivo. We found, that bovine OPN binds ~10 Ca(2+) ions with an apparent affinity ~50-fold tighter than Mg(2+), both regardless of OPN phosphorylation, and with affinities significantly stronger than previously reported. These results were confirmed using human derived OPN. This implies that a majority of the acidic residues within OPN must be engaged in calcium interaction under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kläning
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Jan K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark; Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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