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Song S, De S, Nelson V, Chopra S, LaPan M, Kampta K, Sun S, He M, Thompson CD, Li D, Shih T, Tan N, Al-Abed Y, Capitle E, Aranow C, Mackay M, Clapp WL, Barnes BJ. Inhibition of IRF5 hyperactivation protects from lupus onset and severity. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6700-6717. [PMID: 32897883 PMCID: PMC7685739 DOI: 10.1172/jci120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a central mediator of innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic variations within IRF5 are associated with a risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and mice lacking Irf5 are protected from lupus onset and severity, but how IRF5 functions in the context of SLE disease progression remains unclear. Using the NZB/W F1 model of murine lupus, we show that murine IRF5 becomes hyperactivated before clinical onset. In patients with SLE, IRF5 hyperactivation correlated with dsDNA titers. To test whether IRF5 hyperactivation is a targetable function, we developed inhibitors that are cell permeable, nontoxic, and selectively bind to the inactive IRF5 monomer. Preclinical treatment of NZB/W F1 mice with an inhibitor attenuated lupus pathology by reducing serum antinuclear autoantibodies, dsDNA titers, and the number of circulating plasma cells, which alleviated kidney pathology and improved survival. Clinical treatment of MRL/lpr and pristane-induced lupus mice with an inhibitor led to significant reductions in dsDNA levels and improved survival. In ex vivo human studies, the inhibitor blocked SLE serum-induced IRF5 activation and reversed basal IRF5 hyperactivation in SLE immune cells. We believe this study provides the first in vivo clinical support for treating patients with SLE with an IRF5 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Song
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Saurav De
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Victoria Nelson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Samin Chopra
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Margaret LaPan
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Kyle Kampta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Shan Sun
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Mingzhu He
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Cherrie D Thompson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany Shih
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Natalie Tan
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Eugenio Capitle
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - William L Clapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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2
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Sanghera C, Wong LM, Panahi M, Sintou A, Hasham M, Sattler S. Cardiac phenotype in mouse models of systemic autoimmunity. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm036947. [PMID: 30858306 PMCID: PMC6451423 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from systemic autoimmune diseases are at significant risk of cardiovascular complications. This can be due to systemically increased levels of inflammation leading to accelerated atherosclerosis, or due to direct damage to the tissues and cells of the heart. Cardiac complications include an increased risk of myocardial infarction, myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, valve disease, endothelial dysfunction, excessive fibrosis, and bona fide autoimmune-mediated tissue damage by autoantibodies or auto-reactive cells. There is, however, still a considerable need to better understand how to diagnose and treat cardiac complications in autoimmune patients. A range of inducible and spontaneous mouse models of systemic autoimmune diseases is available for mechanistic and therapeutic studies. For this Review, we systematically collated information on the cardiac phenotype in the most common inducible, spontaneous and engineered mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. We also highlight selected lesser-known models of interest to provide researchers with a decision framework to choose the most suitable model for their study of heart involvement in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Sanghera
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lok Man Wong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mona Panahi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amalia Sintou
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Muneer Hasham
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Susanne Sattler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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3
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Almuttaqi H, Udalova IA. Advances and challenges in targeting IRF5, a key regulator of inflammation. FEBS J 2018; 286:1624-1637. [PMID: 30199605 PMCID: PMC6563445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) belongs to a family of transcription factors, originally implicated in antiviral responses and interferon production. However, studies conducted in different laboratories over the last decade have placed IRF5 as a central regulator of the inflammatory response. It has become clear that IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Given the role of IRF5 in physiology and disease, IRF5 represents a potential therapeutic target. However, despite a significant interest from the pharmaceutical industry, inhibitors that interfere with the IRF5 pathway remain elusive. Here, we review the advances made by various studies in targeting multiple steps of signalling leading to IRF5 activation with their therapeutic potential, and the possible complications of such strategies are discussed.
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4
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Rationale and design of DUAL study: Doxycycline to Upgrade response in light chain (AL) amyloidosis (DUAL): A phase 2 pilot study of a two-pronged approach of prolonged doxycycline with plasma cell-directed therapy in the treatment of AL amyloidosis. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2017; 8:33-38. [PMID: 29696194 PMCID: PMC5898504 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a plasma cell neoplasm associated with insoluble fibril deposition from clonal immunoglobulin chains systemically. The disease is associated with high early mortality and morbidity owing to advanced organ deposition as well as lack of proven de-fibrillogenic therapies. Pre-clinical and retrospective clinical data suggests that doxycycline has benefit in AL amyloidosis. The ongoing DUAL study is a single center, open label, phase 2 study in which patients with AL amyloidosis who are undergoing clone-directed therapy for the underlying neoplasm with oral doxycycline given for 1 year to test the hypothesis that prolonged doxycycline use will be safe, feasible, and lead to reduced early mortality in systemic AL amyloidosis and hasten organ amyloid response. Clinical follow up visits will occur at monthly intervals for systemic AL patients and at 3 monthly intervals for localized AL patients. Blood tests will be collected during these time points for hematologic response assessment. Organ testing will be conducted at 3 monthly intervals and radiologic testing will be conducted at 6 monthly intervals. Research blood samples will be collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Other correlative studies include matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) testing and patient-reported outcomes.
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5
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Xiao Y, Lu W, Li X, Zhao P, Yao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Lin Z, Yu Y, Hua S, Wang L. An oligodeoxynucleotide with AAAG repeats significantly attenuates burn-induced systemic inflammatory responses via inhibiting interferon regulatory factor 5 pathway. Mol Med 2017; 23:166-176. [PMID: 28620671 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that an oligodeoxynucleotide with AAAG repeats (AAAG ODN) rescued mice from fatal acute lung injury (ALI) induced by influenza virus and inhibited production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the injured lungs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Upon the bioinformatic analysis revealing that the AAAG ODN is consensus to interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) binding site in the cis-regulatory elements of proinflammatory cytokines, we tried to explore whether the AAAG ODN could attenuate burn injury induced systemic inflammatory responses via inhibiting IRF5 pathway. Using the mouse model with sterile systemic inflammation induced by burn injury, we found that AAAG ODN prolonged the life span of the mice, decreased the expression of IRF5 at injured skin, reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in blood and injured skin, and attenuated the ALI. Furthermore, AAAG ODN could bind IRF5 and inhibit the nuclear translocation of IRF5 in THP-1 cells. The data suggested that the AAAG ODN could act as a cytoplasmic decoy capable of interfering the function of IRF5, and be developed as a drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yun Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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6
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Weihrauch D, Krolikowski JG, Jones DW, Zaman T, Bamkole O, Struve J, Pagel PS, Lohr NL, Pritchard KA. Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362381 DOI: 10.3791/55036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is crucial for cells to determine if they respond in a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory fashion. IRF5's ability to switch cells from one pathway to another is highly attractive as a therapeutic target. We designed a decoy peptide IRF5D with a molecular modeling software for designing small molecules and peptides. IRF5D inhibited IRF5, reduced alterations in extracellular matrix, and improved endothelial vasodilation in the tight-skin mouse (Tsk/+). The Kd of IRF5D for recombinant IRF5 is 3.72 ± 0.74 x 10-6 M as determined by binding experiments using biolayer interferometry experiments. Endothelial cells (EC) proliferation and apoptosis were unchanged using increasing concentrations of IRF5D (0 to 100 µg/mL, 24 h). Tsk/+ mice were treated with IRF5D (1 mg/kg/d subcutaneously, 21 d). IRF5 and ICAM expressions were decreased after IRF5D treatment. Endothelial function was improved as assessed by vasodilation of facialis arteries from Tsk/+ mice treated with IRF5D compared to Tsk/+ mice without IRF5D treatment. As a transcription factor, IRF5 traffics from the cytosol to the nucleus. Translocation was assessed by immunohistochemistry on cardiac myocytes cultured on the different cardiac extracellular matrices. IRF5D treatment of the Tsk/+ mouse resulted in a reduced number of IRF5 positive nuclei in comparison to the animals without IRF5D treatment (50 µg/mL, 24 h). These findings demonstrate the important role that IRF5 plays in inflammation and fibrosis in Tsk/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G Krolikowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Deron W Jones
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Research Institute
| | - Tahniyath Zaman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Research Institute
| | | | - Janine Struve
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Paul S Pagel
- Deptarment of Anesthesiology, Clement J Zblocki Veteran Affairs Medical Center
| | - Nicole L Lohr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Kirkwood A Pritchard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Research Institute
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7
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Weihrauch D, Krolikowski JG, Jones DW, Zaman T, Bamkole O, Struve J, Pillai S, Pagel PS, Lohr NL, Pritchard KA. An IRF5 Decoy Peptide Reduces Myocardial Inflammation and Fibrosis and Improves Endothelial Cell Function in Tight-Skin Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151999. [PMID: 27050551 PMCID: PMC4822818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) has been called a "master switch" for its ability to determine whether cells mount proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Accordingly, IRF5 should be an attractive target for therapeutic drug development. Here we report on the development of a novel decoy peptide inhibitor of IRF5 that decreases myocardial inflammation and improves vascular endothelial cell (EC) function in tight-skin (Tsk/+) mice. Biolayer interferometry studies showed the Kd of IRF5D for recombinant IRF5 to be 3.72 ± 0.74x10-6M. Increasing concentrations of IRF5D (0-100 μg/mL, 24h) had no significant effect on EC proliferation or apoptosis. Treatment of Tsk/+ mice with IRF5D (1mg/kg/d subcutaneously, 21d) reduced IRF5 and ICAM-1 expression and monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil counts in Tsk/+ hearts compared to expression in hearts from PBS-treated Tsk/+ mice (p<0.05). EC-dependent vasodilatation of facialis arteries isolated from PBS-treated Tsk/+ mice was reduced (~15%). IRF5D treatments (1mg/kg/d, 21d) improved vasodilatation in arteries isolated from Tsk/+ mice nearly 3-fold (~45%, p<0.05), representing nearly 83% of the vasodilatation in arteries isolated from C57Bl/6J mice (~55%). IRF5D (50μg/mL, 24h) reduced nuclear translocation of IRF5 in myocytes cultured on both Tsk/+ cardiac matrix and C57Bl/6J cardiac matrix (p<0.05). These data suggest that IRF5 plays a causal role in inflammation, fibrosis and impaired vascular EC function in Tsk/+ mice and that treatment with IRF5D effectively counters IRF5-dependent mechanisms of inflammation and fibrosis in the myocardium in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Weihrauch
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John G. Krolikowski
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deron W. Jones
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tahniyath Zaman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Omoshalewa Bamkole
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Janine Struve
- Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Savin Pillai
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Pagel
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Lohr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kirkwood A. Pritchard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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8
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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9
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Zhang XJ, Jiang DS, Li H. The interferon regulatory factors as novel potential targets in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5457-76. [PMID: 25131895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) consists of nine members (IRF1-IRF9) in mammals. They act as transcription factors for the interferons and thus exert essential regulatory functions in the immune system and in oncogenesis. Recent clinical and experimental studies have identified critically important roles of the IRFs in cardiovascular diseases, arising from their participation in divergent and overlapping molecular programmes beyond the immune response. Here we review the current knowledge of the regulatory effects and mechanisms of IRFs on the immune system. The role of IRFs and their potential molecular mechanisms as novel stress sensors and mediators of cardiovascular diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Venalis P, Kumánovics G, Schulze‐Koops H, Distler A, Dees C, Zerr P, Palumbo‐Zerr K, Czirják L, Mackevic Z, Lundberg IE, Distler O, Schett G, Distler JHW. Cardiomyopathy in Murine Models of Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:508-16. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Venalis
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- University of Erlangen–NurembergErlangenGermany
| | | | | | | | - Clara Dees
- University of Erlangen–NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - Pawel Zerr
- University of Erlangen–NurembergErlangenGermany
| | | | | | - Zygmunt Mackevic
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative MedicineVilniusLithuania
| | - Ingrid E. Lundberg
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, and Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and University Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent publications in the field of apolipoprotein mimetics. RECENT FINDINGS Apolipoprotein mimetic peptides continue to show efficacy in a number of animal models of disease and demonstrate properties that make them attractive as potential therapeutic agents. A number of new apolipoprotein mimetics have been described recently. A major site of action of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides was found to be in the small intestine in which they decrease the levels of proinflammatory bioactive lipids. A major problem related to the use of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides is their cost, particularly those that need to be generated by solid phase synthesis with chemical addition of end-blocking groups. Novel approaches to apolipoprotein mimetic therapy have emerged recently that show promise in overcoming these barriers. SUMMARY Despite the recent failure of therapies designed to raise HDL-cholesterol in humans, an approach to therapy using mimetics of HDL and its components continues to show promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | | | - Alan M. Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Corresponding Author: Department of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951736, Los Angele, CA 90095-1736, Telephone: 310-825-6058, Fax: 310-206-3489,
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