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Zhang S, Fan Y, Cao X, Deng C, Xu J, Zhou Q, Li Y, Yin Y, Chen H. Treadmill exercise improves cerebral ischemia injury by regulating microglia polarization via downregulation of MMP12. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113210. [PMID: 39340990 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Exercise training is the main strategy for stroke rehabilitation, and it has shown that shifting microglia toward M2 phenotype is beneficial for the recovery of neurological function after stroke. The mechanisms governing exercise training and inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia remain largely unexplored. Herein, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of exercise training in immune response after cerebral ischemia. METHODS The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model and primary microglia under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) conditions were used to mimic the ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro respectively. Treadmill exercise with gradually increased intensity was initiated the second day after MCAO for a maximum of 14 days. The beam balance test, forelimb placement test, cornering test, modified adhesive removal test were used to assess the behavioral recovery. The right peri-infarct cortex was taken from 3 rats per group for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and phagocytosis assay was performed after MCAO and/or OGD/R. RESULTS Treadmill exercise could significantly improve behavioral outcomes and reduce the infarct volumes. In addition, treadmill exercise switched microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype (Iba+/CD206+) in the peri-infarct cortex, and significantly increased the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β, IL10, Arg-1, CD206) and decreased a pool of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CD68) in the peri-infarct areas. RNA-seq analysis and further studies demonstrated that exercise training could significantly reduce the expression of MMP12. Through further immunofluorescence co-labeling analysis, we found that treadmill exercise predominantly reduced the expression of MMP-12 in microglia but not in neuron after MCAO. In primary microglia after OGD/R, MMP12 inhibition switched microglia polarization toward to M2 phenotype, increased the expression of M2 markers, and enhanced its phagocytic capacities. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that treadmill exercise could improve the inflammatory microenvironment in the brain after ischemic stroke, which may be caused by inhibition of MMP12 expression. MMP12 suppression in primary microglia could remodel microglia immune functions. In summary, this study may provide novel insights into the immune mechanism of exercise training for stroke and suggests potential targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanteng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchu Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuzhi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yatao Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, China.
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Jiang Z, Sun Y, Wang Z, Liu S. Causal relations between ischemic stroke and epilepsy: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32532. [PMID: 38961935 PMCID: PMC11219486 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although previous studies have reported a bidirectional relationship between ischemic stroke (IS) and epilepsy, the existence of a causal nexus and its directionality remains a topic of controversy. Methods The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with IS were extracted from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) database. Pooled genetic data encompassing all epilepsy cases, as well as generalized and focal epilepsy subtypes, were acquired from the International League Against Epilepsy's GWAS study. In this study, the primary analysis approach utilized the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method as the main analytical technique. To enhance the robustness of the findings against potential pleiotropy, additional sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results In the forward analysis, the IVW method demonstrated that IS was associated with an increased risk of all epilepsy (odds ratio (OR) = 1.127, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.038-1.224, P = 0.004) and generalized epilepsy (IVW: OR = 1.340, 95 % CI = 1.162-1.546, P = 5.70 × 10-5). There was no substantial causal relationship observed between IS and focal epilepsy (P > 0.05). Furthermore, generalized epilepsy, focal epilepsy, and all epilepsy did not show a causal relationship with IS. Conclusion This Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis demonstrates that IS increases the risk of developing epilepsy, especially generalized epilepsy. Conversely, no clear causal association was found between epilepsy and the onset of stroke. Therefore, the possible mechanisms of the effect of epilepsy on the pathogenesis of IS still need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yining Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Yu J, Joo IL, Bazzigaluppi P, Koletar MM, Cherin E, Stanisz AG, Graham JWC, Demore C, Stefanovic B. Micro-ultrasound based characterization of cerebrovasculature following focal ischemic stroke and upon short-term rehabilitation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:461-476. [PMID: 37974304 PMCID: PMC10981404 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding recanalization treatments in the acute stage of stroke, many survivors suffer long-term impairments. Physical rehabilitation is the only widely available strategy for chronic-stage recovery, but its optimization is hindered by limited understanding of its effects on brain structure and function. Using micro-ultrasound, behavioral testing, and electrophysiology, we investigated the impact of skilled reaching rehabilitation on cerebral hemodynamics, motor function, and neuronal activity in a rat model of focal ischemic stroke. A 50 MHz micro-ultrasound transducer and intracortical electrophysiology were utilized to characterize neurovascular changes three weeks following focal ischemia elicited by endothelin-1 injection into the sensorimotor cortex. Sprague-Dawley rats were rehabilitated through tray reaching, and their fine skilled reaching was assessed via the Montoya staircase. Focal ischemia led to a sustained deficit in forelimb reaching; and increased tortuosity of the penetrating vessels in the perilesional cortex; with no lateralization of spontaneous neuronal activity. Rehabilitation improved skilled reaching; decreased cortical vascularity; was associated with elevated peri- vs. contralesional hypercapnia-induced flow homogenization and increased perilesional spontaneous cortical neuronal activity. Our study demonstrated neurovascular plasticity accompanying rehabilitation-elicited functional recovery in the subacute stage following stroke, and multiple micro-ultrasound-based markers of cerebrovascular structure and function modified in recovery from ischemia and upon rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Yu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Illsung L Joo
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MetaCell, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Margaret M Koletar
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Cherin
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew G Stanisz
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James WC Graham
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Demore
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hlauschek G, Nicolo J, Sinclair B, Law M, Yasuda CL, Cendes F, Lossius MI, Kwan P, Vivash L. Role of the glymphatic system and perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker for post-stroke epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:60-76. [PMID: 38041607 PMCID: PMC10839409 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of acquired epilepsy, which can also result in disability and increased mortality rates particularly in elderly patients. No preventive treatment for post-stroke epilepsy is currently available. Development of such treatments has been greatly limited by the lack of biomarkers to reliably identify high-risk patients. The glymphatic system, including perivascular spaces (PVS), is the brain's waste clearance system, and enlargement or asymmetry of PVS (ePVS) is hypothesized to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of several neurological conditions. In this article, we discuss potential mechanisms for the role of perivascular spaces in the development of post-stroke epilepsy. Using advanced MR-imaging techniques, it has been shown that there is asymmetry and impairment of glymphatic function in the setting of ischemic stroke. Furthermore, studies have described a dysfunction of PVS in patients with different focal and generalized epilepsy syndromes. It is thought that inflammatory processes involving PVS and the blood-brain barrier, impairment of waste clearance, and sustained hypertension affecting the glymphatic system during a seizure may play a crucial role in epileptogenesis post-stroke. We hypothesize that impairment of the glymphatic system and asymmetry and dynamics of ePVS in the course of a stroke contribute to the development of PSE. Automated ePVS detection in stroke patients might thus assist in the identification of high-risk patients for post-stroke epilepsy trials. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Stroke often leads to epilepsy and is one of the main causes of epilepsy in elderly patients, with no preventative treatment available. The brain's waste removal system, called the glymphatic system which consists of perivascular spaces, may be involved. Enlargement or asymmetry of perivascular spaces could play a role in this and can be visualised with advanced brain imaging after a stroke. Detecting enlarged perivascular spaces in stroke patients could help identify those at risk for post-stroke epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Hlauschek
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, National Centre for Epilepsy, member of ERN EpicareOslo University HospitalNorway
- The University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - John‐Paul Nicolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyThe AlfredMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Departments of Medicine and NeurologyThe University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Benjamin Sinclair
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyThe AlfredMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Meng Law
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of RadiologyThe AlfredMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | - Morten Ingvar Lossius
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, National Centre for Epilepsy, member of ERN EpicareOslo University HospitalNorway
- The University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyThe AlfredMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Departments of Medicine and NeurologyThe University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lucy Vivash
- Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyThe AlfredMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Departments of Medicine and NeurologyThe University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Ghinea FS, Ionică MV, Liliac IM, Pătru S, Olaru DG, Popa-Wagner A. The Impact of Juvenile Microglia Transcriptomics on the Adult Brain Regeneration after Cerebral Ischemia. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2024; 50:133-150. [PMID: 38846476 PMCID: PMC11151955 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.50.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells play a pivotal role in the brain's health and operation through all stages of life and in the face of illness. The contributions of microglia during the developmental phase of the brain markedly contrast with their contributions in the brain of adults after injury. Enhancing our understanding of the pathological mechanisms that involve microglial activity in brains as they age and in cerebrovascular conditions is crucial for informing the creation of novel therapeutic approaches. In this work we provide results on microglia transcriptomics in the juvenile vs injured adult brain and its impact on adult brain regeneration after cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, microglia cells are involved in gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis and synaptic reorganization by engulfing neuronal extensions. Within the mature, intact brain, microglial cells exhibit reduced movement of their processes in response to minimal neuronal activity, while they continuously monitor their surroundings and clear away cellular debris. Following a stroke in the adult brain, inflammation, neurodegeneration, or disruptions in neural equilibrium trigger alterations in both the genetic blueprint and the structure and roles of microglia, a state often described as "activated" microglia. Such genetic shifts include a notable increase in the pathways related to phagosomes, lysosomes, and the presentation of antigens, coupled with a rise in the expression of genes linked to cell surface receptors. We conclude that a comparison of microglia transcriptomic activity during brain development and post-stroke adult brain might provide us with new clues about how neurodegeneration occurs in the adult brain. This information could very useful to develop drugs to slow down or limit the post-stroke pathology and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Semida Ghinea
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | - Marius Viorel Ionică
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Simion Pătru
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Greta Olaru
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
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6
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Pinosanu LR, Capitanescu B, Glavan D, Godeanu S, Cadenas IF, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Balseanu AT, Bogdan C, Popa-Wagner A. Neuroglia Cells Transcriptomic in Brain Development, Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:63-83. [PMID: 36818562 PMCID: PMC9937697 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are essential for brain functioning during development, aging and disease. However, the role of astroglia plays during brain development is quite different from the role played in the adult lesioned brain. Therefore, a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying astroglia activity in the aging brain and cerebrovascular diseases is essential to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. To this end, this review provides a comparison between the transcriptomic activity of astroglia cells during development, aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, astrocytes and microglia often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning. In the adult brain astrocytes are a critical player in the synapse remodeling by mediating synapse elimination while microglia activity has been associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and remove cell debris by constantly sensing the environment. However, in the lesioned brain astrocytes proliferate and play essential functions with regard to energy supply to the neurons, neurotransmission and buildup of a protective scar isolating the lesion site from the surroundings. Inflammation, neurodegeneration, or loss of brain homeostasis induce changes in microglia gene expression, morphology, and function, generally referred to as "primed" microglia. These changes in gene expression are characterized by an enrichment of phagosome, lysosome, and antigen presentation signaling pathways and is associated with an up-regulation of genes encoding cell surface receptors. In addition, primed microglia are characterized by upregulation of a network of genes in response to interferon gamma. Conclusion. A comparison of astroglia cells transcriptomic activity during brain development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders might provide us with new therapeutic strategies with which to protect the aging brain and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Radu Pinosanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Psychiatric clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Israel Ferna´ndez Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,University of Göttingen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.
| | - Adrian-Tudor Balseanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Roshan SA, Elangovan G, Gunaseelan D, Jayachandran SK, Kandasamy M, Anusuyadevi M. Pathogenomic Signature and Aberrant Neurogenic Events in Experimental Cerebral Ischemic Stroke: A Neurotranscriptomic-Based Implication for Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S289-S308. [PMID: 36776051 PMCID: PMC10473090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemic stroke is caused due to neurovascular damage or thrombosis, leading to neuronal dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and regenerative failure responsible for neurological deficits and dementia. The valid therapeutic targets against cerebral stroke remain obscure. Thus, insight into neuropathomechanisms resulting from the aberrant expression of genes appears to be crucial. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have elucidated how neurogenesis-related genes are altered in experimental stroke brains from the available transcriptome profiles in correlation with transcriptome profiles of human postmortem stroke brain tissues. METHODS The transcriptome datasets available on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat brains were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, National Center for Biotechnology Information. Of the available datasets, 97 samples were subjected to the meta-analysis using the network analyst tool followed by Cytoscape-based enrichment mapping analysis. The key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated and compared with transcriptome profiling of human stroke brains. RESULTS Results revealed 939 genes are differently expressed in the brains of the MCAo rat model of stroke, in which 30 genes are key markers of neural stem cells, and regulators of neurogenic processes. Its convergence with DEGs from human stroke brains has revealed common targets. CONCLUSION This study has established a panel of highly important DEGs to signify the potential therapeutic targets for neuroregenerative strategy against pathogenic events associated with cerebral stroke. The outcome of the findings can be translated to mitigate neuroregeneration failure seen in various neurological and metabolic disease manifestations with neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aasish Roshan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gayathri Elangovan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharani Gunaseelan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan K. Jayachandran
- Drug Discovery and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- University Grants Commission-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), New Delhi, India
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Steliga A, Lietzau G, Wójcik S, Kowiański P. Transient cerebral ischemia induces the neuroglial proliferative activity and the potential to redirect neuroglial differentiation. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 127:102192. [PMID: 36403746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury triggers a complex response involving morphological changes, cellular proliferation, and differentiation of newly formed neuroglial subpopulations. These processes have been extensively studied in animal stroke models with permanent large vessel occlusion. However, less is known about neuroglial response after transient cerebral ischemia. Herein, we aimed to determine an astrocytic and NG2 glial proliferative response, potential changes in expression of developmental neuroglial markers: vimentin, nestin, oligodendrocyte transcription marker (Olig2), and a role of neuroglial subpopulations as a source of cells replenishing structural deficiencies in the ischemic brain. Results showed an induction of a proliferative neuroglial response in the peri-infarct area reflected in an increased percentage of GFAP/Ki67 + and NG2/Ki67 + cells within 4 weeks after transient MCAO. The peak of GFAP+ astrocytes proliferation of 30.3 ± 10.3% was observed in the first week, and a peak of NG2 + cells proliferation of 23.1 ± 11.8% in the second week after stroke. The presence of GFAP/Vimentin+ and GFAP/Nestin+ cells, as well as GFAP/Olig2 + and NG2/Olig2 + cells indicated an induction of developmental phenotypes with a differentiation potential. Finally, observed between day 1 and week 3 transient GFAP/NG2 + colocalization suggests the heterogeneous source of the reactive neuroglia after transient MCAO. Altogether, one-hour MCAO is a sufficient pathological stimulus to trigger a strong proliferative response of GFAP+ and NG2 + neuroglial cells and induce their early developmental phenotype. Our results suggest that transient ischemia may initiate a change in the direction of differentiation within the neuroglia cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steliga
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Grazyna Lietzau
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Wójcik
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
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9
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Hur HJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho MS, Lee S, Kim HS, Kim DW. Conditioned Medium of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursor Cells Exerts Neurorestorative Effects against Ischemic Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7787. [PMID: 35887140 PMCID: PMC9319001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that early therapeutic events of neural precursor cells (NPCs) transplantation to animals with acute ischemic stroke readily protected neuronal cell damage and improved behavioral recovery through paracrine mechanisms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of conditioned medium from NPCs (NPC-CMs) could recapitulate the beneficial effects of cell transplantation. Rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: PBS control, Vehicle (medium) controls, single (NPC-CM(S)) or multiple injections of NPC-CM(NPC-CM(M)) groups. A single intravenous injection of NPC-CM exhibited strong neuroregenerative potential to induce behavioral recovery, and multiple injections enhanced this activity further by suppressing inflammatory damage and inducing endogenous neurogenesis leading to histopathological and functional recovery. Proteome analysis of NPC-CM identified a number of proteins that are known to be associated with nervous system development, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. In addition, transcriptome analysis revealed the importance of the inflammatory response during stroke recovery and some of the key hub genes in the interaction network were validated. Thus, our findings demonstrated that NPC-CM promoted functional recovery and reduced cerebral infarct and inflammation with enhanced endogenous neurogenesis, and the results highlighted the potency of NPC-CM in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si 26426, Korea;
| | - Do-Hun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- S. Biomedics Co., Ltd., Seoul 04979, Korea;
| | | | - Sangsik Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea;
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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10
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Dhand A, Podury A, Choudhry N, Narayanan S, Shin M, Mehl MR. Leveraging Social Networks for the Assessment and Management of Neurological Patients. Semin Neurol 2022; 42:136-148. [PMID: 35675821 PMCID: PMC9256089 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Social networks are the persons surrounding a patient who provide support, circulate information, and influence health behaviors. For patients seen by neurologists, social networks are one of the most proximate social determinants of health that are actually accessible to clinicians, compared with wider social forces such as structural inequalities. We can measure social networks and related phenomena of social connection using a growing set of scalable and quantitative tools increasing familiarity with social network effects and mechanisms. This scientific approach is built on decades of neurobiological and psychological research highlighting the impact of the social environment on physical and mental well-being, nervous system structure, and neuro-recovery. Here, we review the biology and psychology of social networks, assessment methods including novel social sensors, and the design of network interventions and social therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Dhand
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Archana Podury
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niteesh Choudhry
- Harvard Medical School, Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shrikanth Narayanan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Min Shin
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Matthias R Mehl
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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11
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Zhao L, Li J, Kälviäinen R, Jolkkonen J, Zhao C. Impact of drug treatment and drug interactions in post-stroke epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108030. [PMID: 34742778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a huge burden on our society and this is expected to grow in the future due to the aging population and the associated co-morbidities. The improvement of acute stroke care has increased the survival rate of stroke patients, and many patients are left with permanent disability, which makes stroke the main cause of adult disability. Unfortunately, many patients face other severe complications such as post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Acute seizures (ASS) occur within 1 week after the stroke while later occurring unprovoked seizures are diagnosed as post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). Both are associated with a poor prognosis of a functional recovery. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. There are no universal guidelines on the management of PSE. There is increasing evidence for several risk factors for ASS/PSE, however, the impacts of recanalization, drugs used for secondary prevention of stroke, treatment of stroke co-morbidities and antiseizure medication are currently poorly understood. This review focuses on the common medications that stroke patients are prescribed and potential drug interactions possibly complicating the management of ASS/PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqing Zhao
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jinwei Li
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- Kuopio Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Full Member of ERN EpiCARE, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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12
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Shaker O, Sroor W, Ali O, Soliman H, Abdeen M. Association between MEG3 polymorphisms (rs941576 and rs7158663) and risk of acute ischemic stroke in Egyptian patients. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Wu QJ, Sun X, Teves L, Mayor D, Tymianski M. Mice and Rats Exhibit Striking Inter-species Differences in Gene Response to Acute Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2773-2789. [PMID: 34350530 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection in acute stroke has not been successfully translated from animals to humans. Animal research on promising agents continues largely in rats and mice which are commonly available to researchers. However, controversies continue on the most suitable species to model the human situation. Generally, putative agents seem less effective in mice as compared with rats. We hypothesized that this may be due to inter-species differences in stroke response and that this might be manifest at a genetic level. Here we used whole-genome microarrays to examine the differential gene regulation in the ischemic penumbra of mice and rats at 2 and 6 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO; Raw microarray CEL data files are available in the GEO database with an accession number GSE163654). Differentially expressed genes (adj. p ≤ 0.05) were organized by hierarchical clustering, correlation plots, Venn diagrams and pathway analyses in each species and at each time-point. Emphasis was placed on genes already known to be associated with stroke, including validation by RT-PCR. Gene expression patterns in the ischemic penumbra differed strikingly between the species at both 2 h and 6 h. Nearly 90% of significantly regulated genes and most pathways modulated by ischemia differed between mice and rats. These differences were evident globally, among stroke-associated genes, immediate early genes, genes implicated in stress response, inflammation, neuroprotection, ion channels, and signal transduction. The findings of this study may have significant implications for the choice of species for screening putative stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Jing Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave., Toronto, ON, M5T0S8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiujun Sun
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave., Toronto, ON, M5T0S8, Canada
| | - Lucy Teves
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave., Toronto, ON, M5T0S8, Canada
| | - Diana Mayor
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave., Toronto, ON, M5T0S8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Tymianski
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave., Toronto, ON, M5T0S8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Characterization of a novel model of global forebrain ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice and comparison with focal ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18170. [PMID: 33097782 PMCID: PMC7585423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is caused by obstructed blood flow (ischaemia) or unrestricted bleeding in the brain (haemorrhage). Global brain ischaemia occurs after restricted cerebral blood flow e.g. during cardiac arrest. Following ischaemic injury, restoration of blood flow causes ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury which worsens outcome. Secondary injury mechanisms after any stroke are similar, and encompass inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and apoptosis. We developed a new model of transient global forebrain I/R injury (dual carotid artery ligation; DCAL) and compared the manifestations of this injury with those in a conventional I/R injury model (middle-cerebral artery occlusion; MCAo) and with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH; collagenase model). MRI revealed that DCAL produced smaller bilateral lesions predominantly localised to the striatum, whereas MCAo produced larger focal corticostriatal lesions. After global forebrain ischaemia mice had worse overall neurological scores, although quantitative locomotor assessment showed MCAo and ICH had significantly worsened mobility. BBB breakdown was highest in the DCAL model while apoptotic activity was highest after ICH. VCAM-1 upregulation was specific to ischaemic models only. Differential transcriptional upregulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and TLRs was seen in the three models. Our findings offer a unique insight into the similarities and differences in how biological processes are regulated after different types of stroke. They also establish a platform for analysis of therapies such as endothelial protective and anti-inflammatory agents that can be applied to all types of stroke.
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15
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Sun M, Chen X, Yin YX, Gao Y, Zhang L, Chen B, Ji Y, Fukunaga K, Han F, Lu YM. Role of pericyte-derived SENP1 in neuronal injury after brain ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:815-828. [PMID: 32495523 PMCID: PMC7366739 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims SUMOylation is a posttranslational modification related to multiple human diseases. SUMOylation can be reversed by classes of proteases known as the sentrin/SUMO‐specific proteases (SENPs). In the present study, we investigate the potential role of SENP1 in pericytes in the brain ischemia. Methods Pericyte‐specific deletion of senp1 mice (Cspg4‐Cre; senp1f/f) were used for brain function and neuronal damage evaluation following brain ischemia. The cerebral blood vessels of diameter, velocity, and flux were performed in living mice by two‐photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Biochemical analysis and immunohistochemistry methods were used to address the role and mechanism of pericyte‐specific SENP1 in the pathological process of brain ischemia. A coculture model of HBVPs and HBMECs mimicked the BBB in vitro and was used to evaluate BBB integrity after glucose deprivation. Results Our results showed that senp1‐specific deletion in pericytes did not affect the motor function and cognitive function of mice. However, the pericyte‐specific deletion of senp1 aggravated the infarct size and motor deficit following focal brain ischemia. Consistently, the TPLSM data demonstrated that SENP1 deletion in pericytes accelerated thrombosis formation in brain microvessels. We also found that pericyte‐specific deletion of senp1 exaggerated the neuronal damage significantly following brain ischemia in mice. Moreover, SENP1 knockdown in pericytes could activate the apoptosis signaling and disrupt the barrier integrity in vitro coculture model. Conclusions Our findings revealed that targeting SENP1 in pericytes may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neurovascular protection in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Yin
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinping Gao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Simcere Pharmaceutical Group, Nanjing, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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A novel approach to treatment of thromboembolic stroke in mice: Redirecting neutrophils toward a peripherally implanted CXCL1-soaked sponge. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113336. [PMID: 32360283 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are considered key participants in post-ischemic stroke inflammation. They are the first white blood cells to arrive in ischemic brain and their presence in the brain tissue positively correlates with post-ischemic injury severity. CXCL1 is a neutrophil attractant chemokine and the present study evaluates whether redirecting neutrophil migration using a peripherally implanted CXCL1-soaked sponge can reduce brain inflammation and improve outcomes in a novel mouse model of thromboembolic (TE) stroke. TE stroke was induced by injection of a platelet-rich microemboli suspension into the internal carotid artery of adult C57BL/6 male mice. The model induced neuroinflammation that was associated with increases in multiple brain and serum cytokines/chemokines at the mRNA and protein levels, including very marked increases in CXCL1. In other groups of animals, an absorbable sterile hemostatic sponge, previously immersed in either saline (0.9%NaCl) or CXCL1, was implanted into subcutaneous pockets formed in the inguinal region on the left and right side following stroke surgery. Mice implanted with the sponge soaked with CXCL1 had significantly reduced neuroinflammation and infarct size after TE stroke compared to mice implanted with the sponge soaked with 0.9%NaCl. There was also reduced mortality and improved neurological deficits in the TE stroke + CXCL1 sponge group compared to the TE stroke +0.9%NaCl sponge group. In conclusion: redirecting bloodstream leukocytes toward a peripherally-implanted neutrophil chemokine CXCL1-soaked sponge improves outcomes in a novel mouse model of thromboembolic stroke. The present findings suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with acute stroke.
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17
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Joshi H, McIntyre WB, Kooner S, Rathbone M, Gabriele S, Gabriele J, Baranowski D, Frey BN, Mishra RK. Decreased Expression of Cerebral Dopamine Neurotrophic Factor in Platelets of Stroke Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Zhou L, Wang Y, Wang K, Wang J, Ma A, Pan X. Potential therapeutic drugs for ischemic stroke based on bioinformatics analysis. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:1098-1102. [PMID: 31387440 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1634072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a complex disease affected by various environmental factors, genetic factors and their interactions. Because genetic factors occupy an irreplaceable place in the pathogenesis of IS, the identification of genetic factors has become one of the hot spots in the current research. In the present study, we aimed to identify possible gene targets and relevant drug molecules in the pathogenesis of IS. Microarray dataset of GSE16561 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IS group and control group were obtained using limma package in R. Ground-Operation Simulation package in R language was used to cluster DEGs according to their biological process, cellular components and molecular functions with respect to the GO annotation. The DEGs were analyzed by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes online database and Cytoscape software to predict their interaction relationship. Finally, the DEGs were submitted to DGIdb dataset and related drug molecules were retrieved. 20 DEGs were identified from IS group including 1 downregulated and 19 upregulated genes. The function enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in three GO terms, mainly including inflammatory response, positive regulation of protein kinase activity and innate immune response. Finally, 10 drug molecules were identified from the DEGs. Our study identified some potential biological targets and drug molecules for the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , China
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19
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Schuhmann MK, Stoll G, Bohr A, Volkmann J, Fluri F. Electrical Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Attenuates Neuronal Loss and Cytokine Expression in the Perifocal Region of Photothrombotic Stroke in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092341. [PMID: 31083528 PMCID: PMC6540310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) improves the motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and experimental stroke by intervening in the motor cerebral network. Whether high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the MLR is involved in non-motor processes, such as neuroprotection and inflammation in the area surrounding the photothrombotic lesion, has not been elucidated. This study evaluates whether MLR-HFS exerts an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect on the border zone of cerebral photothrombotic stroke. Rats underwent photothrombotic stroke of the right sensorimotor cortex and the implantation of a microelectrode into the ipsilesional MLR. After intervention, either HFS or sham stimulation of the MLR was applied for 24 h. The infarct volumes were calculated from consecutive brain sections. Neuronal apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry determined the perilesional inflammatory response. Neuronal apoptosis was significantly reduced in the ischemic penumbra after MLR-HFS, whereas the infarct volumes did not differ between the groups. MLR-HFS significantly reduced the release of cytokines and chemokines within the ischemic penumbra. MLR-HFS is neuroprotective and it reduces pro-inflammatory mediators in the area that surrounds the photothrombotic stroke without changing the number of immune cells, which indicates that MLR-HFS enables the function of inflammatory cells to be altered on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schuhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Arne Bohr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Shiao ML, Yuan C, Crane AT, Voth JP, Juliano M, Stone LLH, Nan Z, Zhang Y, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg PR, Grande AW, Low WC. Immunomodulation with Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Ameliorates Ischemic Brain Injury - A Brain Transcriptome Profiling Analysis. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:864-873. [PMID: 31066288 PMCID: PMC6719500 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719836763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our group previously demonstrated that administration of a CD34-negative fraction of human non- hematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cells (UCBSC) 48 h after ischemic injury could reduce infarct volume by 50% as well as significantly ameliorate neurological deficits. In the present study, we explored possible mechanisms of action using next generation RNA sequencing to analyze the brain transcriptome profiles in rats with ischemic brain injury following UCBSC therapy. Two days after ischemic injury, rats were treated with UCBSC. Five days after administration, total brain mRNA was then extracted for RNAseq analysis using Illumina Hiseq 2000. We found 275 genes that were significantly differentially expressed after ischemic injury compared with control brains. Following UCBSC treatment, 220 of the 275 differentially expressed genes returned to normal levels. Detailed analysis of these altered transcripts revealed that the vast majority were associated with activation of the immune system following cerebral ischemia which were normalized following UCBSC therapy. Major alterations in gene expression profiles after ischemia include blood-brain-barrier breakdown, cytokine production, and immune cell infiltration. These results suggest that UCBSC protect the brain following ischemic injury by down regulating the aberrant activation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maple L Shiao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Both the authors are co-first authors in this article
| | - Ce Yuan
- 2 Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Both the authors are co-first authors in this article
| | - Andrew T Crane
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joseph P Voth
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Mario Juliano
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Laura L Hocum Stone
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,3 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Zhenghong Nan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- 4 Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Paul R Sanberg
- 6 Center for Brain Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Andrew W Grande
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,3 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,7 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Both the authors are co-senior authors of this article
| | - Walter C Low
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,2 Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,3 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,7 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Both the authors are co-senior authors of this article
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21
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Pöyhönen S, Er S, Domanskyi A, Airavaara M. Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System: Expression and Properties in Neurodegeneration and Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:486. [PMID: 31105589 PMCID: PMC6499070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are abundant cell types found in the central nervous system and have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating both normal and disease states. An increasing amount of evidence points to the critical importance of glia in mediating neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD), and in ischemic stroke, where microglia are involved in initial tissue clearance, and astrocytes in the subsequent formation of a glial scar. The importance of these cells for neuronal survival has previously been studied in co-culture experiments and the search for neurotrophic factors (NTFs) initiated after finding that the addition of conditioned media from astrocyte cultures could support the survival of primary neurons in vitro. This led to the discovery of the potent dopamine neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In this review, we focus on the relationship between glia and NTFs including neurotrophins, GDNF-family ligands, CNTF family, and CDNF/MANF-family proteins. We describe their expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their precursors (NG2-positive cells, OPCs), and microglia during development and in the adult brain. Furthermore, we review existing data on the glial phenotypes of NTF knockout mice and follow NTF expression patterns and their effects on glia in disease models such as AD, PD, stroke, and retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Pöyhönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Safak Er
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Gonçalves LV, Herlinger AL, Ferreira TAA, Coitinho JB, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C. Environmental enrichment cognitive neuroprotection in an experimental model of cerebral ischemia: biochemical and molecular aspects. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:171-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Wang S, Du H, Lin B, Liao C, Zhu X, Wang X, Chen H, Zhuo S, Jiang L, Li L, Tu H, Chen J. Spatial and temporal identification of cerebral infarctions based on multiphoton microscopic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2312-2325. [PMID: 29760990 PMCID: PMC5946791 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and permanent disability worldwide. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of variable duration times could be anticipated to result in varying degrees of injury that evolve spatially over time. Therefore, investigations following strokes require information concerning the spatiotemporal dimensions of the ischemic core as well as of perilesional areas. In the present study, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) was applied to image such pathophysiological events. The ischemic time-points for evaluation were set at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after MCAO. Our results demonstrated that MPM has the ability to not only identify the normal and ischemic brain regions, but also reveal morphological changes of the cortex and striatum at various times following permanent MCAO. These findings corresponded well with the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue images. With the technologic progression of miniaturized imaging devices, MPM can be developed into an effective diagnostic and monitoring tool for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Huiping Du
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bingbing Lin
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chenxi Liao
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Lianhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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Zhang C, Zhu Y, Wang S, Zachory Wei Z, Jiang MQ, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Tao S, Li J, Wei L. Temporal Gene Expression Profiles after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Aging Dis 2018; 9:249-261. [PMID: 29896414 PMCID: PMC5963346 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A cascade of pathological processes is triggered in the lesion area after ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, our understanding of these complicated molecular events is incomplete. In this investigation, we sought to better understand the detailed molecular and inflammatory events occurring after ischemic stroke. RNA-seq technology was used to identify whole gene expression profiles at days (D1, D3, D7, D14, D21) after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Enrichment analyses based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) terms for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then analyzed. Inflammation-related genes that were significantly expressed after stroke were selected for analysis and the temporal expression patterns of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes were reported. These data illustrated that the number of DEGs increased accumulatively after cerebral ischemia. In summary, there were 1967 DEGs at D1, 2280 DEGs at D3, 2631 DEGs at D7, 5516 DEGs at D14 and 7093 DEGs at D21. The significantly enriched GO terms also increased. 58 GO terms and 18 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched at all inspected time points. We identified 87 DEGs which were functionally related to inflammatory responses. The expression levels of pro-inflammation related genes CD16, CD32, CD86, CD11b, Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) increased over time and peaked at D14. Anti-inflammation related genes Arginase 1 (Arg1) and Chitinase-like 3 (Ym1) peaked at D1 while IL-10, Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and CD206, which were induced at 1 day after cerebral ischemia, peaked by 7 to 14 days. These gene profile changes were potentially linked to microglia/macrophage phenotype changes and could play a role in astroglial activation. This study supplies new insights and detailed information on the molecular events and pathological mechanisms that occur after experimental ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Song Wang
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuhualei Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shaoxin Tao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jimei Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Yamamoto Y, Hosoda K, Imahori T, Tanaka J, Matsuo K, Nakai T, Irino Y, Shinohara M, Sato N, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nagashima H, Kohta M, Kohmura E. Pentose phosphate pathway activation via HSP27 phosphorylation by ATM kinase: A putative endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Brain Res 2018; 1687:82-94. [PMID: 29510140 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanism underlying ischemic stroke remains poorly understood. We previously reported glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is activated via heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) phosphorylation at serine 85 (S85) by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase during cerebral ischemia. This mechanism seems to be endogenous antioxidative system. To determine whether this system also works during reperfusion, we performed comparative metabolic analysis of reperfusion effect on metabolism in rat cortex using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Metabolic profiling using gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry analysis showed changes in metabolic state that depended on reperfusion time. Enrichment analysis showed PPP was significantly upregulated during ischemia-reperfusion. Significant increases in fructose 6-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate after reperfusion also suggested enhancement of PPP. In relation to PPP, ischemia-reperfusion induced an increase of up to 69-fold in HSP27 transcripts after 24-h reperfusion. Immunoblotting showed gradual increase in HSP27 protein and marked increase in HSP27 phosphorylation (S85) that were time-dependent (4.5-fold after 24-h reperfusion). G6PD activity was significantly elevated after 1-h MCAO (20%), reduced after 1-h reperfusion, increased gradually thereafter and significantly elevated after 24-h reperfusion. The NADPH/NAD+ ratio displayed similar increasing pattern. Intracerebroventricular injection of ATM kinase inhibitor (KU-55933) significantly reduced HSP27 phosphorylation and G6PD activity, significantly increased protein carbonyl, and resulted in increase in infarct size (100%) 24-h after reperfusion following 90-min MCAO. Consequently, G6PD activation via HSP27 phosphorylation by ATM kinase may be part of endogenous antioxidant defense neuroprotection mechanism that is activated during ischemia-reperfusion. These findings have important implications for treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kohkichi Hosoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, 5-7-1, Kojidai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2273, Japan.
| | - Taichiro Imahori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease: The Cerebrovascular Link. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:21-30. [PMID: 29396300 PMCID: PMC5835563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are devastating neurological disorders, whose complex relationship is not completely understood. Cerebrovascular pathology, a key element in both conditions, could represent a mechanistic link between Aβ/tau deposition after TBI and the development of post concussive syndrome, dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In addition to debilitating acute effects, TBI-induced neurovascular injuries accelerate amyloid β (Aβ) production and perivascular accumulation, arterial stiffness, tau hyperphosphorylation and tau/Aβ-induced blood brain barrier damage, giving rise to a deleterious feed-forward loop. We postulate that TBI can initiate cerebrovascular pathology, which is causally involved in the development of multiple forms of neurodegeneration including AD-like dementias. In this review, we will explore how novel biomarkers, animal and human studies with a focus on cerebrovascular dysfunction are contributing to the understanding of the consequences of TBI on the development of AD-like pathology. Cerebrovascular dysfunction (CVD) is emerging as a key element in the development of neurodegeneration after TBI. We propose that TBI initiates CVD, accelerating Aβ/tau deposition and leading to neurodegeneration and dementias. Clarifying this connection will support the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for both TBI and AD.
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Ardelt AA, Carpenter RS, Iwuchukwu I, Zhang A, Lin W, Kosciuczuk E, Hinkson C, Rebeiz T, Reitz S, King PH. Transgenic expression of HuR increases vasogenic edema and impedes functional recovery in rodent ischemic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2017; 661:126-131. [PMID: 28982595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke produces significant morbidity and mortality, and acute interventions are limited by short therapeutic windows. Novel approaches to neuroprotection and neurorepair are necessary. HuR is an RNA-binding protein (RBP) which modulates RNA stability and translational efficiency of genes linked to ischemic stroke injury. METHODS Using a transgenic (Tg) mouse model, we examined the impact of ectopic HuR expression in astrocytes on acute injury evolution after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). RESULTS HuR transgene expression was detected in astrocytes in perilesional regions and contralaterally. HuR Tg mice did not improve neurologically 72h after injury, whereas littermate controls did. In Tg mice, increased cerebral vascular permeability and edema were observed. Infarct volume was not affected by the presence of the transgene. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic expression of HuR in astrocytes worsens outcome after transient ischemic stroke in mice in part by increasing vasogenic cerebral edema. These findings suggest that HuR could be a therapeutic target in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Ardelt
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Randall S Carpenter
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Ifeanyi Iwuchukwu
- Department of Neurocritical Care, Ochsner Medical Center, 1514 Jefferson Hwy., New Orleans, LA 70121, United States.
| | - An Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - William Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Ewa Kosciuczuk
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, 675 North St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Cyrus Hinkson
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Tania Rebeiz
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Sydney Reitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2030, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Peter H King
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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28
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Guo Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Huang S, Wen Y, Zou F, Cheng J. Autophagy-related gene microarray and bioinformatics analysis for ischemic stroke detection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:48-55. [PMID: 28528975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high morbidity and poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms of IS induced injury are still poorly understood. The main aim of this study is to explore the role of autophagy in IS. Ten pairs of whole blood samples of IS patients and matched controls were included to select differential expressed genes (DE genes) by autophagy-related functional gene microarray analysis. And then, one hundred and fifty pairs of whole blood samples of IS patients and matched controls were included to validate the DE genes. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) analyses and Pathway analyses were also performed based on the DE gene results. Our results indicated that the co-regulation of autophagy and apoptosis took part in IS-induced injuries, and mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis played a crucial role in this process. Furthermore, lysosome, protein kinase and endopeptidase also participated in IS. These findings clarified the role of mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis in ischemic stroke and provided more important biomarkers for the prevention diagnosis and therapeutic implications in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Guo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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29
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Imahori T, Hosoda K, Nakai T, Yamamoto Y, Irino Y, Shinohara M, Sato N, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nagashima H, Kohta M, Kohmura E. Combined metabolic and transcriptional profiling identifies pentose phosphate pathway activation by HSP27 phosphorylation during cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2017; 349:1-16. [PMID: 28257891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic pathophysiology underlying ischemic stroke remains poorly understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we performed a comparative metabolic and transcriptional analysis of the effects of cerebral ischemia on the metabolism of the cerebral cortex using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Metabolic profiling by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry analysis showed clear separation between the ischemia and control group. The decreases of fructose 6-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate suggested enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during cerebral ischemia (120-min MCAO) without reperfusion. Transcriptional profiling by microarray hybridization indicated that the Toll-like receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were upregulated during cerebral ischemia without reperfusion. In relation to the PPP, upregulation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) was observed in the MAPK signaling pathway and was confirmed through real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunoblotting showed a slight increase in HSP27 protein expression and a marked increase in HSP27 phosphorylation at serine 85 after 60-min and 120-min MCAO without reperfusion. Corresponding upregulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and an increase in the NADPH/NAD+ ratio were also observed after 120-min MCAO. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitor (KU-55933) significantly reduced HSP27 phosphorylation and G6PD upregulation after MCAO, but that of protein kinase D inhibitor (CID755673) did not affect HSP27 phosphorylation. Consequently, G6PD activation via ischemia-induced HSP27 phosphorylation by ATM kinase may be part of an endogenous antioxidant defense neuroprotection mechanism during the earliest stages of ischemia. These findings have important therapeutic implications for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Imahori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kohkichi Hosoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Nakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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30
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Tanaka T, Ihara M. Post-stroke epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:219-228. [PMID: 28202284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) is a common complication after stroke, yet treatment options remain limited. While many physicians prescribe antiepileptic drugs (AED) for secondary prevention of PSE, it is unclear which treatments are most effective in the prevention of recurrence of symptoms, or whether such therapy is needed for primary prevention. This review discusses the current understanding of epidemiology, diagnoses, mechanisms, risk factors, and treatments of PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Jiang MQ, Zhao YY, Cao W, Wei ZZ, Gu X, Wei L, Yu SP. Long-term survival and regeneration of neuronal and vasculature cells inside the core region after ischemic stroke in adult mice. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:480-498. [PMID: 27514013 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cerebral ischemia results in an ischemic core surrounded by the peri-infarct region (penumbra). Most research attention has been focused on penumbra while the pattern of cell fates inside the ischemic core is poorly defined. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that, inside the ischemic core, some neuronal and vascular cells could survive the initial ischemic insult while regenerative niches might exist many days after stroke in the adult brain. Adult mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent occlusion of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) plus transient ligations of bilateral common carotid artery (CCA). The ischemic insult uniformly reduced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by 90%. Massive cell death occurred due to multiple mechanisms and a significant infarction was cultivated in the ischemic cortex 24 h later. Nevertheless, normal or even higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) persistently remained in the core tissue, some NeuN-positive and Glut-1/College IV-positive cells with intact ultrastructural features resided in the core 7-14 days post stroke. BrdU-positive but TUNEL-negative neuronal and endothelial cells were detected in the core where extensive extracellular matrix infrastructure developed. Meanwhile, GFAP-positive astrocytes accumulated in the penumbra and Iba-1-positive microglial/macrophages invaded the core several days after stroke. The long term survival of neuronal and vascular cells inside the ischemic core was also seen after a severe ischemic stroke induced by permanent embolic occlusion of the MCA. We demonstrate that a therapeutic intervention of pharmacological hypothermia could save neurons/endothelial cells inside the core. These data suggest that the ischemic core is an actively regulated brain region with residual and newly formed viable neuronal and vascular cells acutely and chronically after at least some types of ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ying-Ying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Neurology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Neurology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
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32
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Obtaining Human Ischemic Stroke Gene Expression Biomarkers from Animal Models: A Cross-species Validation Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29693. [PMID: 27407070 PMCID: PMC4942769 DOI: 10.1038/srep29693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the systematic altering of gene expression in human peripheral blood during the early stages of ischemic stroke, which suggests a new potential approach for the rapid diagnosis or prediction of stroke onset. Nevertheless, due to the difficulties of collecting human samples during proper disease stages, related studies are rather restricted. Many studies have instead been performed on manipulated animal models for investigating the regulation patterns of biomarkers during different stroke stages. An important inquiry is how well the findings of animal models can be replicated in human cases. Here, a method is proposed based on PageRank scores of miRNA-mRNA interaction network to select ischemic stroke biomarkers derived from rat brain samples, and biomarkers are validated with two human peripheral blood gene expression datasets. Hierarchical clustering results revealed that the achieved biomarkers clearly separate the blood gene expression of stroke patients and healthy people. Literature searches and functional analyses further validated the biological significance of these biomarkers. Compared to the traditional methods, such as differential expression, the proposed approach is more stable and accurate in detecting cross-species biomarkers with biological relevance, thereby suggesting an efficient approach of re-using gene biomarkers obtained from animal-model studies for human diseases.
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33
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Choi C, Oh SH, Noh JE, Jeong YW, Kim S, Ko JJ, Kim OJ, Song J. Attenuation of Postischemic Genomic Alteration by Mesenchymal Stem Cells: a Microarray Study. Mol Cells 2016; 39:337-44. [PMID: 26923192 PMCID: PMC4844941 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (IV-MSC) protects the ischemic rat brain in a stroke model, but the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is unclear. We compared genomic profiles using the mRNA microarray technique in a rodent stroke model. Rats were treated with 1 × 10(6) IV-MSC or saline (sham group) 2 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). mRNA microarray was conducted 72 h after MCAo using brain tissue from normal rats (normal group) and the sham and MSC groups. Predicted pathway analysis was performed in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and functional tests and immunohistochemistry for inflammation-related proteins were performed. We identified 857 DEGs between the sham and normal groups, with the majority of them (88.7%) upregulated in sham group. Predicted pathway analysis revealed that cerebral ischemia activated 10 signaling pathways mainly related to inflammation and cell cycle. IV-MSC attenuated the numbers of dysregulated genes in cerebral ischemia (118 DEGs between the MSC and normal groups). In addition, a total of 218 transcripts were differentially expressed between the MSC and sham groups, and most of them (175/218 DEGs, 80.2%) were downregulated in the MSC group. IV-MSC reduced the number of Iba-1(+) cells in the peri-infarct area, reduced the overall infarct size, and improved functional deficits in MCAo rats. In conclusion, transcriptome analysis revealed that IV-MSC attenuated postischemic genomic alterations in the ischemic brain. Amelioration of dysregulated inflammation- and cell cycle-related gene expression in the host brain is one of the molecular mechanisms of IV-MSC therapy for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunggab Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Oh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Soonhag Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601,
Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711,
Korea
| | - Jung Jae Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Ok-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712,
Korea
| | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
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Reversal of the Detrimental Effects of Post-Stroke Social Isolation by Pair-Housing is Mediated by Activation of BDNF-MAPK/ERK in Aged Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25176. [PMID: 27125783 PMCID: PMC4850427 DOI: 10.1038/srep25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) increases stroke-related mortality and morbidity in clinical populations. The detrimental effects of SI have been successfully modeled in the laboratory using young animals. Mechanistically, the negative effects of SI in young animals are primarily mediated by an enhanced inflammatory response to injury and a reduction in neurotrophic factors. However, the response to brain injury differs considerably in the aged. Given that SI is more prevalent in aged populations, we hypothesized that isolation, even when initiated after stroke, would delay recovery in aged mice. We found that aged isolated male mice had significantly increased infarct volume, neurological deficits, and serum IL-6 levels three days after stroke compared to pair housed (PH) mice. Using RT2 Profiler PCR Array and real-time quantitative PCR we found several important synaptic plasticity genes were differentially expressed in post-stroke SI mice. Furthermore, paired mice showed improved memory and neurobehavioral recovery four weeks after injury. Mechanistic and histological studies showed that the beneficial effects of pair housing are partially mediated by BDNF via downstream MAPK/ERK signaling and restoration of axonal basic myelin protein levels.
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Xing C, Lo EH. Help-me signaling: Non-cell autonomous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 152:181-199. [PMID: 27079786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-preservation is required for life. At the cellular level, this fundamental principle is expressed in the form of molecular mechanisms for preconditioning and tolerance. When the cell is threatened, internal cascades of survival signaling become triggered to protect against cell death and defend against future insults. Recently, however, emerging findings suggest that this principle of self-preservation may involve not only intracellular signals; the release of extracellular signals may provide a way to recruit adjacent cells into an amplified protective program. In the central nervous system where multiple cell types co-exist, this mechanism would allow threatened neurons to "ask for help" from glial and vascular compartments. In this review, we describe this new concept of help-me signaling, wherein damaged or diseased neurons release signals that may shift glial and vascular cells into potentially beneficial phenotypes, and help remodel the neurovascular unit. Understanding and dissecting these non-cell autonomous mechanisms of self-preservation in the CNS may lead to novel opportunities for neuroprotection and neurorecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Pitkänen A, Roivainen R, Lukasiuk K. Development of epilepsy after ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:185-197. [PMID: 26597090 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For about 30% of patients with epilepsy the cause is unknown. Even in patients with a known risk factor for epilepsy, such as ischaemic stroke, only a subpopulation of patients develops epilepsy. Factors that contribute to the risk for epileptogenesis in a given individual generally remain unknown. Studies in the past decade on epilepsy in patients with ischaemic stroke suggest that, in addition to the primary ischaemic injury, existing difficult-to-detect microscale changes in blood vessels and white matter present as epileptogenic pathologies. Injury severity, location and type of pathological changes, genetic factors, and pre-injury and post-injury exposure to non-genetic factors (ie, the exposome) can divide patients with ischaemic stroke into different endophenotypes with a variable risk for epileptogenesis. These data provide guidance for animal modelling of post-stroke epilepsy, and for laboratory experiments to explore with increased specificity the molecular 'mechanisms, biomarkers, and treatment targets of post-stroke epilepsy in different circumstances, with the aim of modifying epileptogenesis after ischaemic stroke in individual patients without compromising recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Reina Roivainen
- Department of Neurology, Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Lukasiuk
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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The Effect of Acute and Chronic Social Stress on the Hippocampal Transcriptome in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142195. [PMID: 26556046 PMCID: PMC4640871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychogenic stress contributes to the formation of brain pathology. Using gene expression microarrays, we analyzed the hippocampal transcriptome of mice subjected to acute and chronic social stress of different duration. The longest period of social stress altered the expression of the highest number of genes and most of the stress-induced changes in transcription were reversible after 5 days of rest. Chronic stress affected genes involved in the functioning of the vascular system (Alas2, Hbb-b1, Hba-a2, Hba-a1), injury response (Vwf, Mgp, Cfh, Fbln5, Col3a1, Ctgf) and inflammation (S100a8, S100a9, Ctla2a, Ctla2b, Lcn2, Lrg1, Rsad2, Isg20). The results suggest that stress may affect brain functions through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system. An important issue raised in our work is also the risk of the contamination of brain tissue samples with choroid plexus. Such contamination would result in a consistent up- or down-regulation of genes, such as Ttr, Igf2, Igfbp2, Prlr, Enpp2, Sostdc1, 1500015O10RIK (Ecrg4), Kl, Clic6, Kcne2, F5, Slc4a5, and Aqp1. Our study suggests that some of the previously reported, supposedly specific changes in hippocampal gene expression, may be a result of the inclusion of choroid plexus in the hippocampal samples.
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Enroth S, Bosdotter Enroth S, Johansson Å, Gyllensten U. Effect of genetic and environmental factors on protein biomarkers for common non-communicable disease and use of personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP). Biomarkers 2015; 20:355-64. [PMID: 26551787 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1093546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the impact of genetic and lifestyle factors on protein biomarkers and develop personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP) controlling for non-disease-related variance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proximity extension assays were used to measure 145 proteins in 632 controls and 344 cases with non-communicable diseases. RESULTS Genetic and lifestyle factors explained 20-88% of the variation in healthy controls. Adjusting for these factors reduced the number of candidate biomarkers by 63%. CONCLUSION PNPPP efficiently controls for non-disease-related variance, allowing both for efficient discovery of novel biomarkers and for covariate-independent linear cut-offs suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Enroth
- a Department of Immunology , Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden and
| | | | - Åsa Johansson
- a Department of Immunology , Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden and
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- a Department of Immunology , Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden and
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Martynov MY, Gusev EI. Current knowledge on the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke. J Exp Pharmacol 2015; 7:17-28. [PMID: 27186142 PMCID: PMC4863531 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s63544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of long-lasting disability and death. Two main strategies have been proposed for the treatment of ischemic stroke: restoration of blood flow by thrombolysis or mechanical thrombus extraction during the first few hours of ischemic stroke, which is one of the most effective treatments and leads to a better functional and clinical outcome. The other direction of treatment, which is potentially applicable to most of the patients with ischemic stroke, is neuroprotection. Initially, neuroprotection was mainly targeted at protecting gray matter, but during the past few years there has been a transition from a neuron-oriented approach toward salvaging the whole neurovascular unit using multimodal drugs. Citicoline is a multimodal drug that exhibits neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects in a variety of experimental and clinical disorders of the central nervous system, including acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, and global cerebral hypoxia. Citicoline has a prolonged therapeutic window and is active at various temporal and biochemical stages of the ischemic cascade. In acute ischemic stroke, citicoline provides neuroprotection by attenuating glutamate exitotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and blood–brain barrier dysfunction. In the subacute and chronic phases of ischemic stroke, citicoline exhibits neuroregenerative effects and activates neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis and enhances neurotransmitter metabolism. Acute and long-term treatment with citicoline is safe and in most clinical studies is effective and improves functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Martynov
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugeny I Gusev
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Shen YC, Lu CK, Liou KT, Hou YC, Lin YL, Wang YH, Sun HJ, Liao KH, Wang HW. Common and unique mechanisms of Chinese herbal remedies on ischemic stroke mice revealed by transcriptome analyses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:370-382. [PMID: 26239152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Four traditional Chinese herbal remedies (CHR) including Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XZD), Tianma Gouteng decoction (TGD) and Shengyu decoction (SYD) are popular used in treating brain-related dysfunction clinically with different syndrome/pattern based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principles, yet their neuroprotective mechanisms are still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were subjected to an acute ischemic stroke to examine the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of action underlying these CHR. RESULTS CHR treatment significantly enhanced the survival rate of stroke mice, with BHD being the most effective CHR. All CHR were superior to recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment in successfully ameliorating brain function, infarction, and neurological deficits in stroke mice that also paralleled to improvements in blood-brain barrier damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and neurogenesis. Transcriptome analyses reveals that a total of 774 ischemia-induced probe sets were significantly modulated by four CHR, including 52 commonly upregulated genes and 54 commonly downregulated ones. Among them, activation of neurogenesis-associated signaling pathways and down-regulating inflammation and apoptosis pathways are key common mechanisms in ischemic stroke protection by all CHR. Besides, levels of plasma CX3CL1 and S100a9 in patients could be used as biomarkers for therapeutic evaluation before functional recovery could be observed. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that using CHR, a combinatory cocktail therapy, is a better way than rt-PA for treating cerebral ischemic-associated diseases through modulating a common as well as a specific group of genes/pathways that may partially explain the syndrome differentiation and treatment principle in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, , Taipei,Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Liou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts and Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Hou
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Tao-yuan General Hospital, Department of Health, Tao-yuan, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chuan‑yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Lan Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Hwey Wang
- Division of Neurovascular Disease, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, , Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jen Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Hsun Liao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsei-Wei Wang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Research Center and Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Departments of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Seiler S, Di Santo S, Widmer HR. Non-canonical actions of Nogo-A and its receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 100:28-39. [PMID: 26348872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a myelin associated protein and one of the most potent neurite growth inhibitors in the central nervous system. Interference with Nogo-A signaling has thus been investigated as therapeutic target to promote functional recovery in CNS injuries. Still, the finding that Nogo-A presents a fairly ubiquitous expression in many types of neurons in different brain regions, in the eye and even in the inner ear suggests for further functions besides the neurite growth repression. Indeed, a growing number of studies identified a variety of functions including regulation of neuronal stem cells, modulation of microglial activity, inhibition of angiogenesis and interference with memory formation. Aim of the present commentary is to draw attention on these less well-known and sometimes controversial roles of Nogo-A. Furthermore, we are addressing the role of Nogo-A in neuropathological conditions such as ischemic stroke, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Brea D, Agulla J, Staes A, Gevaert K, Campos F, Sobrino T, Blanco M, Dávalos A, Castillo J, Ramos-Cabrer P. Study of Protein Expression in Peri-Infarct Tissue after Cerebral Ischemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12030. [PMID: 26153530 PMCID: PMC4495553 DOI: 10.1038/srep12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report our study of protein expression in rat peri-infarct tissue, 48 h after the induction of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Two proteomic approaches, gel electrophoresis with mass spectrometry and combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC), were performed using tissue samples from the periphery of the induced cerebral ischemic lesions, using tissue from the contra-lateral hemisphere as a control. Several protein spots (3408) were identified by gel electrophoresis, and 11 showed significant differences in expression between peri-infarct and contra-lateral tissues (at least 3-fold, p < 0.05). Using COFRADIC, 5412 proteins were identified, with 72 showing a difference in expression. Apart from blood-related proteins (such as serum albumin), both techniques showed that the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins were highly expressed in the peri-infarct tissue. Further studies by 1D and 2D western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that only one member of this family (the inducible form, HSP72 or HSP70i) is specifically expressed by the peri-infarct tissue, while the majority of this family (the constitutive form, HSC70 or HSP70c) is expressed in the whole brain. Our data support that HSP72 is a suitable biomarker of peri-infarct tissue in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brea
- 1] Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group and Grup de Recerça en Neurociencies del IGTP, Department of Neurosciences, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol-Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jesús Agulla
- 1] Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] Research Unit, University Hospital of Salamanca and Institute of Health Sciences of Castilla and Leon, Salamanca, Spain
| | - An Staes
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francisco Campos
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antoni Dávalos
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group and Grup de Recerça en Neurociencies del IGTP, Department of Neurosciences, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol-Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Otero-Ortega L, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Ramos-Cejudo J, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Fuentes B, Sobrino T, Hernanz TN, Campos F, López JA, Cerdán S, Vázquez J, Díez-Tejedor E. White matter injury restoration after stem cell administration in subcortical ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:121. [PMID: 26088123 PMCID: PMC4513704 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite its high incidence, nerve fiber (axon and myelin) damage after cerebral infarct has not yet been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate white matter repair after adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) administration in an experimental model of subcortical stroke. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze the ADMSC secretome and whether this could be implicated in this repair function. Methods An animal model of subcortical ischemic stroke with white matter affectation was induced in rats by injection of endothelin-1. At 24 hours, 2 × 106 ADMSC were administered intravenously to the treatment group. Functional evaluation, lesion size, fiber tract integrity, cell death, proliferation, white matter repair markers (Olig-2, NF, and MBP) and NogoA were all studied after sacrifice (7 days and 28 days). ADMSC migration and implantation in the brain as well as proteomics analysis and functions of the secretome were also analyzed. Results Neither ADMSC migration nor implantation to the brain was observed after ADMSC administration. In contrast, ADMSC implantation was detected in peripheral organs. The treatment group showed a smaller functional deficit, smaller lesion area, less cell death, more oligodendrocyte proliferation, more white matter connectivity and higher amounts of myelin formation. The treated animals also showed higher levels of white matter-associated markers in the injured area than the control group. Proteomics analysis of the ADMSC secretome identified 2,416 proteins, not all of them previously described to be involved in brain plasticity. Conclusions White matter integrity in subcortical stroke is in part restored by ADMSC treatment; this is mediated by repair molecular factors implicated in axonal sprouting, remyelination and oligodendrogenesis. These findings are associated with improved functional recovery after stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0111-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otero-Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Teresa Navarro Hernanz
- Laboratory for Imaging and Spectroscopy by Magnetic Resonance (LISMAR), Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía de Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory & Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Melchor Fernández, Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Laboratory for Imaging and Spectroscopy by Magnetic Resonance (LISMAR), Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory & Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Melchor Fernández, Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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Addington CP, Roussas A, Dutta D, Stabenfeldt SE. Endogenous repair signaling after brain injury and complementary bioengineering approaches to enhance neural regeneration. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:43-60. [PMID: 25983552 PMCID: PMC4429653 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 5.3 million Americans annually. Despite the many long-term deficits associated with TBI, there currently are no clinically available therapies that directly address the underlying pathologies contributing to these deficits. Preclinical studies have investigated various therapeutic approaches for TBI: two such approaches are stem cell transplantation and delivery of bioactive factors to mitigate the biochemical insult affiliated with TBI. However, success with either of these approaches has been limited largely due to the complexity of the injury microenvironment. As such, this review outlines the many factors of the injury microenvironment that mediate endogenous neural regeneration after TBI and the corresponding bioengineering approaches that harness these inherent signaling mechanisms to further amplify regenerative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Addington
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Adam Roussas
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dipankar Dutta
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Sakamoto M, Miyazaki Y, Kitajo K, Yamaguchi A. VGF, Which Is Induced Transcriptionally in Stroke Brain, Enhances Neurite Extension and Confers Protection Against Ischemia In Vitro. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:301-8. [PMID: 25921200 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating neural event as currently no therapies other than physical rehabilitation are available to enhance recovery after stroke. To identify endogenous mediators to repair stroke brain, we performed the expression profiling analysis of transcripts in the mouse photothrombotic stroke brain. Based on real-time PCR analysis, we found VGF, identified as a nerve growth factor (NGF)-regulated transcript, was induced transcriptionally in stroke brain at 1-7 days after insult. The immunoreactivites of VGF were observed in the neurons around the ischemic core of stroke brain. Experiments with various inhibitors and plasmid transfections indicated that cAMP response element binding protein-mediated complex signaling pathways are possibly implicated in the NGF-mediated VGF expressions in vitro. Furthermore, the over-expression of VGF promoted neurite extensions and conferred protections from ischemic stress in vitro. These findings raise the possibility the application of VGF could be one of the promising therapeutic strategies to enhance recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Lestro Henriques I, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Ramos-Cejudo J, Otero-Ortega L, Navarro Hernanz T, Cerdán S, Ferro JM, Díez-Tejedor E. Intralesional Patterns of MRI ADC Maps Predict Outcome in Experimental Stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 39:293-301. [PMID: 25895451 DOI: 10.1159/000381727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After acute ischemia, the tissue that is at risk of infarction can be detected by perfusion-weighted imaging/diffusion-weighted imaging (PWI/DWI) mismatch but the time that is needed to process PWI limits its use. As DWI is highly sensitive to acute ischemic tissue damage, we hypothesized that different ADC patterns represent areas with a different potential for recovery. METHODS In a model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed to sham surgery and pMCAO. We further separated the pMCAO group according to intralesional ADC pattern (homogeneous or heterogeneous). At 24 h after ischemia induction, we analyzed lesion size, functional outcome, cell death expression, and brain protection markers including ROS enzyme NOX-4. MRI included DWI (ADC maps), DTI (tractography), and PWI (CBF, CBV and MTT). RESULTS The lesion size was similar in pMCAO rats. Animals with a heterogeneous pattern in ADC maps showed better functional outcome in Rotarod test (p = 0.032), less expression of cell death (p = 0.014) and NOX-4 (p = 0.0063), higher intralesional CBF (p = 0.0026) and larger PWI/DWI mismatch (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS In a rodent model for ischemic stroke, intralesional heterogeneity in ADC maps was related to better functional outcome in lesions of similar size and interval after pMCAO. DWI ADC maps may assist in the early identification of ischemic tissue with an increased potential for recovery as higher expression of acute protection markers, lower expression of cell death, increased PWI/DWI mismatch, and higher intralesional CBF were present in animals with a heterogeneous ADC pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lestro Henriques
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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48
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A microarray study of middle cerebral occlusion rat brain with acupuncture intervention. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:496932. [PMID: 25861363 PMCID: PMC4377484 DOI: 10.1155/2015/496932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis was used to investigate the changes of gene expression of ischemic stroke and acupuncture intervention in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat brain. Results showed that acupuncture intervention had a remarkable improvement in neural deficit score, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral infarction volume of MCAo rats. Microarray analysis showed that a total of 627 different expression genes were regulated in ischemic stroke. 417 genes were upregulated and 210 genes were downregulated. A total of 361 different expression genes were regulated after acupuncture intervention. Three genes were upregulated and 358 genes were downregulated. The expression of novel genes after acupuncture intervention, including Tph1 and Olr883, was further analyzed by Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Upregulation of Tph1 and downregulation of Olr883 indicated that the therapeutic effect of acupuncture for ischemic stroke may be closely related to the suppression of poststroke depression and regulation of olfactory transduction. In conclusion, the present study may enrich our understanding of the multiple pathological process of ischemic brain injury and indicate possible mechanisms of acupuncture on ischemic stroke.
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Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Ramos-Cejudo J, Otero-Ortega L, Fuentes B, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Sanz-Cuesta BE, Díez-Tejedor E. Comparison between xenogeneic and allogeneic adipose mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of acute cerebral infarct: proof of concept in rats. J Transl Med 2015; 13:46. [PMID: 25637958 PMCID: PMC4322805 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rat adipose tissue-derived-mesenchymal stem cells (rAD-MSCs) have proven to be safe in experimental animal models of stroke. However, in order to use human AD-MSCs (hAD-MSCs) as a treatment for stroke patients, a proof of concept is needed. We analyzed whether the xenogeneic hAD-MSCs were as safe and effective as allogeneic rAD-MSCs in permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (pMCAO) in rats. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, which were intravenously injected with xenogeneic hAD-MSCs (2 × 106), allogeneic rAD-MSCs (2 × 106) or saline (control) at 30 min after pMCAO. Behavior, cell implantation, lesion size and cell death were evaluated. Brain markers such as GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and SYP (synaptophysin) and tumor formation were analyzed. Results Compared to controls, recovery was significantly better at 24 h and continued to be so at 14 d after IV administration of either hAD-MSCs or rAD-MSCs. No reduction in lesion size or migration/implantation of cells in the damaged brain were observed in the treatment groups. Nevertheless, cell death was significantly reduced with respect to the control group in both treatment groups. VEGF and SYP levels were significantly higher, while those of GFAP were lower in the treated groups. At three months, there was no tumor formation. Conclusions hAD-MSCs and rAD-MSCs were safe and without side effects or tumor formation. Both treatment groups showed equal efficacy in terms of functional recovery and decreased ischemic brain damage (cell death and glial scarring) and resulted in higher angiogenesis and synaptogenesis marker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Otero-Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Vallejo-Cremades
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Borja Enrique Sanz-Cuesta
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Fuentes B, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Ramos-Cejudo J, Otero-Ortega L, Díez-Tejedor E. Different protective and reparative effects of olmesartan in stroke according to time of administration and withdrawal. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:806-14. [PMID: 25524827 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) have induced improved functional recovery and reduced infarct volume in experimental animal models of stroke. Clinical data have indicated a positive correlation between prestroke treatment with ARBs and reduced stroke severity and better outcomes; however, the mechanisms of these beneficial effects are not yet well understood. This study compares the protective and possible reparative effects of continuous oral treatment with olmesartan (OLM) with OLM pretreatment and withdrawal after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in rats. Fifty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: MCAO(-/OLM) (OLM 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days after infarct), MCAO(OLM/OLM) (OLM 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days before and 14 days after infarct), MCAO(OLM/-) (OLM 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days before infarct), sham, and control. We analyzed functional recovery; lesion size; cell death; expression of the pro-oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX-4); isolectin-B4; and repair markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). All of the OLM-treated groups showed significantly better functional scores and reduced infarct sizes and cell death compared with the control group 14 days after pMCAO. Levels of NOX-4, VEGF, and BDNF were significantly lower in the brains of the MCAO(OLM/OLM) and sham groups compared with the other groups. OLM treatment improved functional recovery and reduced lesion size and cell death after cerebral ischemia. Only the continuous administration of OLM before and after stroke reduced oxidative stress levels, with better tissue preservation, without triggering brain repair marker activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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