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Scirè A, Cianfruglia L, Minnelli C, Romaldi B, Laudadio E, Galeazzi R, Antognelli C, Armeni T. Glyoxalase 2: Towards a Broader View of the Second Player of the Glyoxalase System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2131. [PMID: 36358501 PMCID: PMC9686547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 2 is a mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase family encoded by the hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH) gene. This enzyme is the second enzyme of the glyoxalase system that is responsible for detoxification of the α-ketothaldehyde methylglyoxal in cells. The two enzymes glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2) form the complete glyoxalase pathway, which utilizes glutathione as cofactor in eukaryotic cells. The importance of Glo2 is highlighted by its ubiquitous distribution in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Its function in the system has been well defined, but in recent years, additional roles are emerging, especially those related to oxidative stress. This review focuses on Glo2 by considering its genetics, molecular and structural properties, its involvement in post-translational modifications and its interaction with specific metabolic pathways. The purpose of this review is to focus attention on an enzyme that, from the most recent studies, appears to play a role in multiple regulatory pathways that may be important in certain diseases such as cancer or oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Brenda Romaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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2
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He X, Jarrell ZR, Liang Y, Ryan Smith M, Orr ML, Marts L, Go YM, Jones DP. Vanadium pentoxide induced oxidative stress and cellular senescence in human lung fibroblasts. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102409. [PMID: 35870339 PMCID: PMC9307685 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental exposure to vanadium pentoxide (V2O5, V+5 for its ionic counterparts) and fibroblast senescence are associated with pulmonary fibrosis, but whether V+5 causes fibroblast senescence remains unknown. We found in a dose-response study that 2-40 μM V+5 caused human lung fibroblasts (HLF) senescence with increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and p16 expression, while cell death occurred at higher concentration (LC50, 82 μM V+5). Notably, measures of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with fluorescence probes showed no association of ROS with V+5-dependent senescence. Preloading catalase (polyethylene-conjugated), a H2O2 scavenger, did not alleviate the cellular senescence induced by V+5. Analyses of the cellular glutathione (GSH) system showed that V+5 oxidized GSH, increased GSH biosynthesis, stimulated cellular GSH efflux and increased protein S-glutathionylation, and addition of N-acetyl cysteine inhibited V+5-elevated p16 expression, suggesting that thiol oxidation mediates V+5-caused senescence. Moreover, strong correlations between GSSG/GSH redox potential (Eh), protein S-glutathionylation, and cellular senescence (R2 > 0.99, p < 0.05) were present in V+5-treated cells. Studies with cell-free and enzyme-free solutions showed that V+5 directly oxidized GSH with formation of V+4 and GSSG in the absence of O2. Analyses of V+5 and V+4 in HLF and culture media showed that V+5 was reduced to V+4 in cells and that a stable V+4/V+5 ratio was rapidly achieved in extracellular media, indicating ongoing release of V+4 and reoxidation to V+5. Together, the results show that V+5-dependent fibroblast senescence is associated with a cellular/extracellular redox cycling mechanism involving the GSH system and occurring under conditions that do not cause cell death. These results establish a mechanism by which environmental vanadium from food, dietary supplements or drinking water, can cause or contribute to lung fibrosis in the absence of high-level occupational exposures and cytotoxic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael L Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lucian Marts
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071224. [PMID: 35883714 PMCID: PMC9311946 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest occurring in response to stressful stimuli, such as telomere attrition, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and oncogenic proteins. Although beneficial and protective in several physiological processes, an excessive senescent cell burden has been involved in various pathological conditions including aging, tissue dysfunction and chronic diseases. Oxidative stress (OS) can drive senescence due to a loss of balance between pro-oxidant stimuli and antioxidant defences. Therefore, the identification and characterization of antioxidant compounds capable of preventing or counteracting the senescent phenotype is of major interest. However, despite the considerable number of studies, a comprehensive overview of the main antioxidant molecules capable of counteracting OS-induced senescence is still lacking. Here, besides a brief description of the molecular mechanisms implicated in OS-mediated aging, we review and discuss the role of enzymes, mitochondria-targeting compounds, vitamins, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen non-protein molecules, minerals, flavonoids, and non-flavonoids as antioxidant compounds with an anti-aging potential, therefore offering insights into innovative lifespan-extending approaches.
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MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs, and Circular RNAs in the Redox Control of Cell Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030480. [PMID: 35326131 PMCID: PMC8944605 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell senescence is critical in diverse aspects of organism life. It is involved in tissue development and homeostasis, as well as in tumor suppression. Consequently, it is tightly integrated with basic physiological processes during life. On the other hand, senescence is gradually being considered as a major contributor of organismal aging and age-related diseases. Increased oxidative stress is one of the main risk factors for cellular damages, and thus a driver of senescence. In fact, there is an intimate link between cell senescence and response to different types of cellular stress. Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) is not adequately detoxified by the antioxidant defense systems. Non-coding RNAs are endogenous transcripts that govern gene regulatory networks, thus impacting both physiological and pathological events. Among these molecules, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and more recently circular RNAs are considered crucial mediators of almost all cellular processes, including those implicated in oxidative stress responses. Here, we will describe recent data on the link between ROS/RNS-induced senescence and the current knowledge on the role of non-coding RNAs in the senescence program.
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Role of protein S-Glutathionylation in cancer progression and development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108890. [PMID: 33894196 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The survival, functioning and proliferation of mammalian cells are highly dependent on the cellular response and adaptation to changes in their redox environment. Cancer cells often live in an altered redox environment due to aberrant neo-vasculature, metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated proliferation. Thus, redox adaptations are critical for their survival. Glutathione plays an essential role in maintaining redox homeostasis inside the cells by binding to redox-sensitive cysteine residues in proteins by a process called S-glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation not only protects the labile cysteine residues from oxidation, but also serves as a sensor of redox status, and acts as a signal for stimulation of downstream processes and adaptive responses to ensure redox equilibrium. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the role of the unique redox adaptations during carcinogenesis and cancer progression, focusing on their dependence on S-glutathionylation of specific redox-sensitive proteins involved in a wide range of processes including signalling, transcription, structural maintenance, mitochondrial functions, apoptosis and protein recycling. We also provide insights into the role of S-glutathionylation in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Finally, we provide a strong rationale for the development of redox targeting drugs for treatment of refractory/resistant cancers.
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Type III intermediate filaments as targets and effectors of electrophiles and oxidants. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101582. [PMID: 32711378 PMCID: PMC7381704 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) play key roles in cell mechanics, signaling and homeostasis. Their assembly and dynamics are finely regulated by posttranslational modifications. The type III IFs, vimentin, desmin, peripherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), are targets for diverse modifications by oxidants and electrophiles, for which their conserved cysteine residue emerges as a hot spot. Pathophysiological examples of these modifications include lipoxidation in cell senescence and rheumatoid arthritis, disulfide formation in cataracts and nitrosation in endothelial shear stress, although some oxidative modifications can also be detected under basal conditions. We previously proposed that cysteine residues of vimentin and GFAP act as sensors for oxidative and electrophilic stress, and as hinges influencing filament assembly. Accumulating evidence indicates that the structurally diverse cysteine modifications, either per se or in combination with other posttranslational modifications, elicit specific functional outcomes inducing distinct assemblies or network rearrangements, including filament stabilization, bundling or fragmentation. Cysteine-deficient mutants are protected from these alterations but show compromised cellular performance in network assembly and expansion, organelle positioning and aggresome formation, revealing the importance of this residue. Therefore, the high susceptibility to modification of the conserved cysteine of type III IFs and its cornerstone position in filament architecture sustains their role in redox sensing and integration of cellular responses. This has deep pathophysiological implications and supports the potential of this residue as a drug target. Type III intermediate filaments can be modified by many oxidants and electrophiles. Oxidative modifications of type III IFs occur in normal and pathological conditions. The conserved cysteine residue acts as a hub for redox/electrophilic modifications. Cysteine modifications elicit structure-dependent type III IF rearrangements. Type III intermediate filaments act as sensors for oxidative and electrophilic stress.
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Caponi S, Mattana S, Mattarelli M, Alunni Cardinali M, Urbanelli L, Sagini K, Emiliani C, Fioretto D. Correlative Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy data acquired on single cells. Data Brief 2020; 29:105223. [PMID: 32090158 PMCID: PMC7026319 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of chemical species and the mechanical modulation inside a single cell or tissue are of fundamental importance to characterize their physiological activity or their pathological conditions [1-4]. Here we analyse these properties by means of label free, non invasive, spectroscopic methods. In particular, we use a recently developed micro-spectrometer, which acquires simultaneously Raman and Brillouin spectra on the same point with subcellular resolution [5]. The techniques ability to analyse the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of single cells has been tested on NIH/3T3 murine fibroblast cells grown in adhesion on silicon substrates. Here we report the data acquired from fixed cells after their oncogenic transformation. Mechanical and chemical evolution is evident by direct inspection of raw data. Sharing our experimental records can be valuable for researchers interested in the analysis of single cells by Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy in order: i) to compare data acquired by different set-ups and ii) to correctly model the fitting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caponi
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR (CNR-IOM)—Unità di Perugia, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mattarelli
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | | | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Daniele Fioretto
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
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Murdande SS. Role of rat sarcoma virus mutations in cancer and potential target for cancer therapy. Future Sci OA 2020; 6:FSO455. [PMID: 32257368 PMCID: PMC7117548 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of oncogenic rat sarcoma virus (RAS) mutations has made RAS a popular target for cancer therapies. Significant discoveries have been reported regarding cancer molecular biology following the study of RAS mutations. These discoveries are integral in shaping the era of targeted cancer therapy, with direct targeting of RAS or downstream RAS effectors, such as Grb2 and MAPK a possibility. Novel agents such as farnesyltransferase directly bind and sequester RAS. While these new agents and approaches have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies, the complexity of RAS signaling and the potential for robust adaptive feedback continue to present substantial challenges. Therefore, the development of targeted therapies will require a detailed understanding of the properties and dependencies of specific cancers to a RAS mutation. This review provides an overview of RAS mutations and their relationship with cancer and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets. The widespread prevalence of cancer has focused research attention on the discovery and development of newer therapies. Significant discoveries regarding genetic mutations have provided new opportunities for development of targeted cancer therapies. In this review, mutations in the rat sarcoma virus protein are discussed along with their potential as targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana S Murdande
- ROSS University School of Medicine, Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Center, St Michael BB11039, Barbados
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Dicarbonyl Stress and S-Glutathionylation in Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Focus on Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020124. [PMID: 32024152 PMCID: PMC7071005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarbonyl stress is a dysfunctional state consisting in the abnormal accumulation of reactive α-oxaldehydes leading to increased protein modification. In cells, post-translational changes can also occur through S-glutathionylation, a highly conserved oxidative post-translational modification consisting of the formation of a mixed disulfide between glutathione and a protein cysteine residue. This review recapitulates the main findings supporting a role for dicarbonyl stress and S-glutathionylation in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases, with specific emphasis on cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), a vascular disease of proven genetic origin that may give rise to various clinical signs and symptoms at any age, including recurrent headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and intracerebral hemorrhage. A possible interplay between dicarbonyl stress and S-glutathionylation in CCM is also discussed.
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Morresi C, Cianfruglia L, Sartini D, Cecati M, Fumarola S, Emanuelli M, Armeni T, Ferretti G, Bacchetti T. Effect of High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress on Paraoxonase 2 Expression and Activity in Caco-2 Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121616. [PMID: 31835890 PMCID: PMC6953021 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hyperglycemia leads to several biochemical and physiological consequences, such as the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are involved in the development of several human diseases. Intestinal cells are continuously exposed to pro-oxidants and lipid peroxidation products from ingested foods, and also to glyco-oxidative damage. It has been reported that free radical generation may be linked to the development of inflammation-related gastrointestinal diseases. (2) Methods: The effects of high glucose (HG) treatment (50 mM) were assessed in terms of free radical production, lipid peroxidation, and AGEs formation. Furthermore, the expression and the antiapoptotic and antioxidant activity of the paraoxonase-2 (PON2) enzyme in intestinal cells has been investigated. (3) Results: Caco-2 cells treated with media supplied with high glucose (HG) (50 mM) showed, with respect to physiological glucose concentration (25 mM), an increase in ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and AGEs formation. Moreover, a lower PON2 expression and activity in HG-treated cells was related to activation of the apoptotic pathways. (4) Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that high glucose concentrations triggered glyco-oxidative stress in intestinal cells; the downregulation of PON2 could result in a higher oxidative stress and might contribute to intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.C.); (D.S.); (S.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.C.); (D.S.); (S.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Stefania Fumarola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.C.); (D.S.); (S.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.C.); (D.S.); (S.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.C.); (D.S.); (S.F.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-07-1220-4376 (T.A.); +39-07-1220-4968 (G.F.)
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.C.); (D.S.); (S.F.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: (T.A.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-07-1220-4376 (T.A.); +39-07-1220-4968 (G.F.)
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (T.B.)
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Caffarini M, Armeni T, Pellegrino P, Cianfruglia L, Martino M, Offidani A, Di Benedetto G, Arnaldi G, Campanati A, Orciani M. Cushing Syndrome: The Role of MSCs in Wound Healing, Immunosuppression, Comorbidities, and Antioxidant Imbalance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:227. [PMID: 31649930 PMCID: PMC6794435 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing syndrome (CS), caused by glucocorticoid (GCs) excess, is strictly connected to onset of different metabolic diseases and impaired wound healing. The source of excessively high levels of GCs allows the identification of endogenous and exogenous (iatrogenic) CS. Iatrogenic patients usually receive also anti-metabolites serving as the foundation to modern steroid-sparing immunosuppressive therapy. Tissues mainly targeted by CS are bone and fat, both derived from progenitor cells named mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In addition, the pathogenic role of MSCs in other diseases sharing common properties with CS, such as an altered inflammatory profile and increased oxidative stress, has been identified. In this light, MSCs isolated from skin of control healthy subjects (C-MSCs), patients affected by endogenous CS (ENDO-MSCs), patients affected by iatrogenic CS (IATRO-MSCs) and patients affected by exogenous CS receiving steroid-sparing drugs (SS-MSCs), respectively, have been isolated and analyzed. ENDO- and IATRO-MSCs showed a reduced differentiative potential toward osteogenic and adipogenic lineages compared to C-MSCs, whereas SS-MSCs re-acquired the ability to differentiate, with a trend similar to control cells. In addition, MSCs from CS groups, compared to control MSCs, displayed a reduction in the secretion of cytokines (immune-suppression), a decreased expression of genes related to wound healing and a dysregulation of the enzymes/genes related to antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, our results suggest that the hallmarks of CS, such as wound healing impairment and immunosuppression, are already detectable in undifferentiated cells, which could be considered a potential therapeutic early target for control of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Caffarini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pamela Pellegrino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marianna Martino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Benedetto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arnaldi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monia Orciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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12
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Scirè A, Cianfruglia L, Minnelli C, Bartolini D, Torquato P, Principato G, Galli F, Armeni T. Glutathione compartmentalization and its role in glutathionylation and other regulatory processes of cellular pathways. Biofactors 2019; 45:152-168. [PMID: 30561781 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is considered the major non-protein low molecular weight modulator of redox processes and the most important thiol reducing agent of the cell. The biosynthesis of glutathione occurs in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, but this tripeptide is also present in the most important cellular districts, such as mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum, thus playing a central role in several metabolic pathways and cytoprotection mechanisms. Indeed, glutathione is involved in the modulation of various cellular processes and, not by chance, it is a ubiquitous determinant for redox signaling, xenobiotic detoxification, and regulation of cell cycle and death programs. The balance between its concentration and redox state is due to a complex series of interactions between biosynthesis, utilization, degradation, and transport. All these factors are of great importance to understand the significance of cellular redox balance and its relationship with physiological responses and pathological conditions. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on glutathione cellular compartmentalization. Information on its subcellular distribution provides a deeper understanding of glutathione-dependent processes and reflects the importance of compartmentalization in the regulation of specific cellular pathways. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):152-168, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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KRIT1 Loss-Of-Function Associated with Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease Leads to Enhanced S-Glutathionylation of Distinct Structural and Regulatory Proteins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010027. [PMID: 30658464 PMCID: PMC6356485 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the KRIT1 gene are associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), a major cerebrovascular disease still awaiting therapies. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that KRIT1 plays an important role in major redox-sensitive mechanisms, including transcriptional pathways and autophagy, which play major roles in cellular homeostasis and defense against oxidative stress, raising the possibility that KRIT1 loss has pleiotropic effects on multiple redox-sensitive systems. Using previously established cellular models, we found that KRIT1 loss-of-function affects the glutathione (GSH) redox system, causing a significant decrease in total GSH levels and increase in oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG), with a consequent deficit in the GSH/GSSG redox ratio and GSH-mediated antioxidant capacity. Redox proteomic analyses showed that these effects are associated with increased S-glutathionylation of distinct proteins involved in adaptive responses to oxidative stress, including redox-sensitive chaperonins, metabolic enzymes, and cytoskeletal proteins, suggesting a novel molecular signature of KRIT1 loss-of-function. Besides providing further insights into the emerging pleiotropic functions of KRIT1, these findings point definitively to KRIT1 as a major player in redox biology, shedding new light on the mechanistic relationship between KRIT1 loss-of-function and enhanced cell sensitivity to oxidative stress, which may eventually lead to cellular dysfunctions and CCM disease pathogenesis.
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Oncogenic H-Ras Expression Induces Fatty Acid Profile Changes in Human Fibroblasts and Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113515. [PMID: 30413053 PMCID: PMC6275056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer surrounded particles that are considered an additional way to transmit signals outside the cell. Lipids have not only a structural role in the organization of EVs membrane bilayer, but they also represent a source of lipid mediators that may act on target cells. Senescent cells are characterized by a permanent arrest of cell proliferation, but they are still metabolically active and influence nearby tissue secreting specific signaling mediators, including those carried by EVs. Notably, cellular senescence is associated with increased EVs release. Here, we used gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate the total fatty acid content of EVs released by fibroblasts undergoing H-RasV12-induced senescence and their parental cells. We find that H-RasV12 fibroblasts show increased level of monounsaturated and decreased level of saturated fatty acids, as compared to control cells. These changes are associated with transcriptional up-regulation of specific fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes. The EVs released by both controls and senescent fibroblasts show a higher level of saturated and polyunsaturated species, as compared to parental cells. Considering that fibroblasts undergoing H-RasV12-induced senescence release a higher number of EVs, these findings indicate that senescent cells release via EVs a higher amount of fatty acids, and in particular of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, as compared to control cells.
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Mattana S, Mattarelli M, Urbanelli L, Sagini K, Emiliani C, Serra MD, Fioretto D, Caponi S. Non-contact mechanical and chemical analysis of single living cells by microspectroscopic techniques. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17139. [PMID: 30839528 PMCID: PMC6060066 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Innovative label-free microspectroscopy, which can simultaneously collect Brillouin and Raman signals, is used to characterize the viscoelastic properties and chemical composition of living cells with sub-micrometric resolution. The unprecedented statistical accuracy of the data combined with the high-frequency resolution and the high contrast of the recently built experimental setup permits the study of single living cells immersed in their buffer solution by contactless measurements. The Brillouin signal is deconvoluted in the buffer and the cell components, thereby revealing the mechanical heterogeneity inside the cell. In particular, a 20% increase is observed in the elastic modulus passing from the plasmatic membrane to the nucleus as distinguished by comparison with the Raman spectroscopic marker. Brillouin line shape analysis is even more relevant for the comparison of cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Following oncogene expression, cells show an overall reduction in the elastic modulus (15%) and apparent viscosity (50%). In a proof-of-principle experiment, the ability of this spectroscopic technique to characterize subcellular compartments and distinguish cell status was successfully tested. The results strongly support the future application of this technique for fundamental issues in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mattana
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mattarelli
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, Perugia I-06123, Italy
- CEMIN-Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Mauro Dalla Serra
- Istituto di Biofisica CNR (IBF-CNR), Unità di Trento, and FBK, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Daniele Fioretto
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia I-06123, Italy
- CEMIN-Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material, Perugia I-06123, Italy
| | - Silvia Caponi
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR (CNR-IOM)—Unità di Perugia, c/o Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia I-06123, Italy
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16
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Buratta S, Urbanelli L, Sagini K, Giovagnoli S, Caponi S, Fioretto D, Mitro N, Caruso D, Emiliani C. Extracellular vesicles released by fibroblasts undergoing H-Ras induced senescence show changes in lipid profile. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188840. [PMID: 29182668 PMCID: PMC5705128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in their environment and cellular lipids play an important role in their formation, secretion and uptake. Besides, there is also evidence that EV transferred lipids impact on recipient’s cell signaling. Cellular senescence is characterized by a state of permanent proliferation arrest and represents a barrier towards the development of neoplastic lesions. A peculiar feature of senescence is the release of many soluble factors, the so-called Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype, which play a key role in triggering paracrine senescence signals. Recently, evidences have suggested that this phenotype includes not only soluble factors, but also EVs. To identify lipid signatures associated with H-Ras-induced senescence in EVs, we expressed active H-Ras (H-RasV12) in human fibroblasts and investigated how it affects EV release and lipid composition. An enrichment of hydroxylated sphingomyelin, lyso- and ether-linked phospholipids and specific H-Ras-induced senescence signatures, e.g. sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidic acid and sulfatides, were found in EVs compared to cells. Furthermore, H-RasV12 expression in fibroblasts was associated with higher levels of tetraspanins involved in vesicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail: (SB); (LU)
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail: (SB); (LU)
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Caponi
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR (CNR-IOM) - Unità di Perugia, c/o Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Fioretto
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CEMIN-Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CEMIN-Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material, Perugia, Italy
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17
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Li X, Jiang Z, Feng J, Zhang X, Wu J, Chen W. 2-Acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylsulfanylcarbonylamino) phenyl carbamoylsulfanyl] propionic acid, a glutathione reductase inhibitor, induces G 2/M cell cycle arrest through generation of thiol oxidative stress in human esophageal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61846-61860. [PMID: 28977909 PMCID: PMC5617469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a highly malignant cancer with poor response to both of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 2-Acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylsulfanylcarbonylamino) phenyl carbamoylsulfanyl] propionic acid (2-AAPA), an irreversible inhibitor of glutathione reductase (GR), is able to induce intracellular oxidative stress, and has shown anticancer activity in many cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-AAPA on the cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis and aimed to explore its mechanism of action in human esophageal cancer TE-13 cells. It was found that 2-AAPA inhibited growth of ESCC cells in a dose-dependent manner and it did not deplete reduced glutathione (GSH), but significantly increased the oxidized form glutathione (GSSG), resulting in decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. In consequence, significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was observed. The flow cytometric analysis revealed that 2-AAPA inhibited growth of esophageal cancer cells through arresting cell cycle in G2/M phase, but apoptosis-independent mechanism. The G2/M arrest was partially contributed by down-regulation of protein expression of Cdc-25c and up-regulation of phosphorylated Cdc-2 (Tyr15), Cyclin B1 (Ser147) and p53. Meanwhile, 2-AAPA-induced thiol oxidative stress led to increased protein S-glutathionylation, which resulted in α-tubulin S-glutathionylation-dependent depolymerization of microtubule in the TE-13 cells. In conclusion, we identified that 2-AAPA as an effective thiol oxidative stress inducer and proliferation of TE-13 cells were suppressed by G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, mainly, through α-tubulin S-glutathionylation-mediated microtubule depolymerization. Our results may introduce new target and approach for esophageal cancer therapy through generation of GR-mediated thiol oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | | | - Junzhou Wu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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Ercolani L, Scirè A, Galeazzi R, Massaccesi L, Cianfruglia L, Amici A, Piva F, Urbanelli L, Emiliani C, Principato G, Armeni T. A possible S-glutathionylation of specific proteins by glyoxalase II: An in vitro and in silico study. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 34:620-627. [PMID: 27935136 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase II, the second of 2 enzymes in the glyoxalase system, is a hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase that catalyses the hydrolysis of S-d-lactoylglutathione to form d-lactic acid and glutathione, which is released from the active site. The tripeptide glutathione is the major sulfhydryl antioxidant and has been shown to control several functions, including S-glutathionylation of proteins. S-Glutathionylation is a way for the cells to store reduced glutathione during oxidative stress, or to protect protein thiol groups from irreversible oxidation, and few enzymes involved in protein S-glutathionylation have been found to date. In this work, the enzyme glyoxalase II and its substrate S-d-lactoylglutathione were incubated with malate dehydrogenase or with actin, resulting in a glutathionylation reaction. Glyoxalase II was also submitted to docking studies. Computational data presented a high propensity of the enzyme to interact with malate dehydrogenase or actin through its catalytic site and further in silico investigation showed a high folding stability of glyoxalase II toward its own reaction product glutathione both protonated and unprotonated. This study suggests that glyoxalase II, through a specific interaction of its catalytic site with target proteins, could be able to perform a rapid and specific protein S-glutathionylation using its natural substrate S-d-lactoylglutathione. SIGNIFICANCE This article reports for the first time a possible additional role of Glo2 that, after interacting with a target protein, is able to promote S-glutathionylation using its natural substrate SLG, a glutathione derived compound. In this perspective, Glo2 can play a new important regulatory role inS-glutathionylation, acquiring further significance in cellular post-translational modifications of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ercolani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Massaccesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Adolfo Amici
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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19
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Rapino S, Marcu R, Bigi A, Soldà A, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Pelicci PG, Giorgio M. Scanning electro-chemical microscopy reveals cancer cell redox state. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Pietrovito L, Cano-Cortés V, Gamberi T, Magherini F, Bianchi L, Bini L, Sánchez-Martín RM, Fasano M, Modesti A. Cellular response to empty and palladium-conjugated amino-polystyrene nanospheres uptake: a proteomic study. Proteomics 2015; 15:34-43. [PMID: 25354928 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amino polystyrene nanospheres are shown to be efficient and controllable delivery devices, capable of transporting several bioactive cargoes. Recently, the design of a new device for prodrug activation, using these nanospheres with palladium encapsulated onto them, has been developed successfully. To study the influence of the cellular uptake of these nanodevices, we investigated the cellular response of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) and murine fibroblasts (L929) treated with empty or palladium-conjugated amino polystyrene nanospheres. To identify differentially expressed proteins, we performed an exhaustive proteomic analysis. In accordance with genomic data previously obtained, the uptake of the empty nanospheres did not induce significant variation in protein expression levels. Following the treatment with palladium-conjugated nanospheres, some changes in protein profiles in both cell lines were observed; these alterations affect proteins involved in cell metabolism and intracellular transport. No key regulator of the cell cycle result was differentially expressed after the treatment, confirming that these innovative drug delivery systems are harmless and well tolerated by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pietrovito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
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21
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Giorgio M. Oxidative stress and the unfulfilled promises of antioxidant agents. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:556. [PMID: 26284120 PMCID: PMC4531130 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that aging and its associated diseases, including cancer, are triggered by oxidative damage to biological macromolecules. However, antioxidant compounds are still disappointingly distant from any clinical application, so that Jim Watson has declared that antioxidant supplementation may have caused more cancers than it has prevented Watson J ((2013) Oxidants, antioxidants and the current incurability of metastatic cancers Open Biol 3 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120144). To clarify this paradox, here, we describe the mechanisms of oxidative stress focusing in particular on redox balance and physiological oxidative signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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22
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Urbanelli L, Magini A, Ercolani L, Sagini K, Polchi A, Tancini B, Brozzi A, Armeni T, Principato G, Emiliani C. Oncogenic H-Ras up-regulates acid β-hexosaminidase by a mechanism dependent on the autophagy regulator TFEB. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89485. [PMID: 24586816 PMCID: PMC3933543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of constitutively active H-RasV12 oncogene has been described to induce proliferative arrest and premature senescence in many cell models. There are a number of studies indicating an association between senescence and lysosomal enzyme alterations, e.g. lysosomal β-galactosidase is the most widely used biomarker to detect senescence in cultured cells and we previously reported that H-RasV12 up-regulates lysosomal glycohydrolases enzymatic activity in human fibroblasts. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying lysosomal glycohydrolase β-hexosaminidase up-regulation in human fibroblasts expressing the constitutively active H-RasV12. We demonstrated that H-Ras activation increases β-hexosaminidase expression and secretion by a Raf/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase dependent pathway, through a mechanism that relies on the activity of the transcription factor EB (TFEB). Because of the pivotal role of TFEB in the regulation of lysosomal system biogenesis and function, our results suggest that this could be a general mechanism to enhance lysosomal enzymes activity during oncogene-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail: (CE); (LU)
| | - Alessandro Magini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences (DSMB), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luisa Ercolani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Polchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Brunella Tancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail: (CE); (LU)
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23
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Armeni T, Cianfruglia L, Piva F, Urbanelli L, Luisa Caniglia M, Pugnaloni A, Principato G. S-D-Lactoylglutathione can be an alternative supply of mitochondrial glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:451-9. [PMID: 24333633 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pool of GSH (glutathione) is considered the major redox system in maintaining matrix redox homeostasis, preserving sulfhydryl groups of mitochondrial proteins in appropriate redox state, in defending mitochondrial DNA integrity and protecting mitochondrial-derived ROS, and in defending mitochondrial membranes against oxidative damage. Despite its importance in maintaining mitochondrial functionality, GSH is synthesized exclusively in the cytoplasm and must be actively transported into mitochondria. In this work we found that SLG (S-D-lactoylglutathione), an intermediate of the glyoxalase system, can enter the mitochondria and there be hydrolyzed from mitochondrial glyoxalase II enzyme to D-lactate and GSH. To demonstrate SLG transport from cytosol to mitochondria we used radiolabeled compounds and the results showed two different kinetic curves for SLG or GSH substrates, indicating different kinetic transport. Also, the incubation of functionally and intact mitochondria with SLG showed increased GSH levels in normal mitochondria and in artificially uncoupled mitochondria, demonstrating transport not linked to ATP presence. As well mitochondrial-swelling assay confirmed SLG entrance into organelles. Moreover we observed oxygen uptake and generation of membrane potential probably linked to D-lactate oxidation which is a product of SLG hydrolysis. The latter data were confirmed by oxidation of D-lactate in mitochondria evaluated by measuring mitochondrial D-lactate dehydrogenize activity. In this work we also showed the presence of mitochondrial glyoxalase II in inter-membrane space and mitochondrial matrix and we investigated the role of SLG in whole cells. In conclusion, this work showed new alternative sources of GSH supply to the mitochondria by SLG, an intermediate of the glyoxalase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Caniglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Armanda Pugnaloni
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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