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Rudà R, Horbinski C, van den Bent M, Preusser M, Soffietti R. IDH inhibition in gliomas: from preclinical models to clinical trials. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:395-407. [PMID: 38760442 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumours in adults and cannot usually be cured with standard cancer treatments. Gliomas show intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity at the histological and molecular levels, and they frequently contain mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or IDH2 gene. IDH-mutant adult-type diffuse gliomas are subdivided into grade 2, 3 or 4 IDH-mutant astrocytomas and grade 2 or 3 IDH-mutant, 1p19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas. The product of the mutated IDH genes, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), induces global DNA hypermethylation and interferes with immunity, leading to stimulation of tumour growth. Selective inhibitors of mutant IDH, such as ivosidenib and vorasidenib, have been shown to reduce D-2-HG levels and induce cellular differentiation in preclinical models and to induce MRI-detectable responses in early clinical trials. The phase III INDIGO trial has demonstrated superiority of vorasidenib, a brain-penetrant pan-mutant IDH inhibitor, over placebo in people with non-enhancing grade 2 IDH-mutant gliomas following surgery. In this Review, we describe the pathway of development of IDH inhibitors in IDH-mutant low-grade gliomas from preclinical models to clinical trials. We discuss the practice-changing implications of the INDIGO trial and consider new avenues of investigation in the field of IDH-mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rudà
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin van den Bent
- Brain Tumour Center at Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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2
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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Liu R, Liu M, You N, Zhao K, Zhang J, Xu B. Knockdown of ATRX enhances radiosensitivity in glioblastoma. Chin Neurosurg J 2024; 10:19. [PMID: 38898533 PMCID: PMC11186225 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-024-00371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma are highly malignant type of primary brain tumors. Treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) generally involves surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the development of tumoral chemo- and radioresistance induces complexities in clinical practice. Multiple signaling pathways are known to be involved in radiation-induced cell survival. However, the role of alpha-thalassemia X-linked mutant retardation syndrome (ATRX), a chromatin remodeling protein, in GBM radioresistance remains unclear. METHODS In the present study, the ATRX mutation rate in patients with glioma was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, while its expression analyzed using bioinformatics. Datasets were also obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and ATRX expression levels following irradiation of GBM were determined. The effects of ATRX on radiosensitivity were investigated using a knockdown assays. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that the ATRX mutation rate in patients with GBM was significantly lower than that in patients with low-grade glioma, and that patients harboring an ATRX mutation exhibited a prolonged survival, compared with to those harboring the wild-type gene. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that ATRX counts increased 2 days after irradiation, with ATRX expression levels also increasing in U-251MG radioresistant cells. Moreover, the results of in vitro irradiation assays revealed that ATRX expression was increased in U-251MG cells, while ATRX knockdown was associated with increased levels of radiosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS High ATRX expression levels in primary GBM may contribute to high levels of radioresistance. Thus ATRX is a potential target for overcoming the radioresistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, 572014, Hainan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- Center of Cognition and Brain Science, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Minghang Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Na You
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiashu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Bainan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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3
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Dasgupta P, Balasubramanyian V, de Groot JF, Majd NK. Preclinical Models of Low-Grade Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030596. [PMID: 36765553 PMCID: PMC9913857 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse infiltrating low-grade glioma (LGG) is classified as WHO grade 2 astrocytoma with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation and oligodendroglioma with IDH1 mutation and 1p/19q codeletion. Despite their better prognosis compared with glioblastoma, LGGs invariably recur, leading to disability and premature death. There is an unmet need to discover new therapeutics for LGG, which necessitates preclinical models that closely resemble the human disease. Basic scientific efforts in the field of neuro-oncology are mostly focused on high-grade glioma, due to the ease of maintaining rapidly growing cell cultures and highly reproducible murine tumors. Development of preclinical models of LGG, on the other hand, has been difficult due to the slow-growing nature of these tumors as well as challenges involved in recapitulating the widespread genomic and epigenomic effects of IDH mutation. The most recent WHO classification of CNS tumors emphasizes the importance of the role of IDH mutation in the classification of gliomas, yet there are relatively few IDH-mutant preclinical models available. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of LGG and discuss the mechanistic challenges involved in generating such models and potential strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushan Dasgupta
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - John F. de Groot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence: (J.F.d.G.); (N.K.M.)
| | - Nazanin K. Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (J.F.d.G.); (N.K.M.)
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4
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Whitfield BT, Huse JT. Classification of adult-type diffuse gliomas: Impact of the World Health Organization 2021 update. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13062. [PMID: 35289001 PMCID: PMC9245936 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, developments in molecular profiling have radically altered the diagnosis, classification, and management of numerous cancer types, with primary brain tumors being no exception. Although historically brain tumors have been classified based on their morphological characteristics, recent advances have allowed refinement of tumor classification based on molecular alterations. This shift toward molecular classification of primary brain tumors is reflected in the 2021 5th edition of the WHO classification of central nervous system tumors (WHO 2021). In this review, we will discuss the most recent updates to the classification of adult‐type diffuse gliomas, a group of highly infiltrative and largely incurable CNS malignancies. It is our hope continued that refinement of molecular criteria will improve diagnosis, prognostication, and eventually treatment of these devastating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Whitfield
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Kalia I, Anand R, Quadiri A, Bhattacharya S, Sahoo B, Singh AP. Plasmodium berghei-Released Factor, PbTIP, Modulates the Host Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 12:699887. [PMID: 34987497 PMCID: PMC8721568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium parasite has to cross various immunological barriers for successful infection. Parasites have evolved mechanisms to evade host immune responses, which hugely contributes to the successful infection and transmission by parasites. One way in which a parasite evades immune surveillance is by expressing molecular mimics of the host molecules in order to manipulate the host responses. In this study, we report a Plasmodium berghei hypothetical protein, PbTIP (PbANKA_124360.0), which is a Plasmodium homolog of the human T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP). The latter possesses immunomodulatory activities and suppressed the host immune responses in a mouse acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) model. The Plasmodium berghei protein, PbTIP, is expressed on the merozoite surface and exported to the host erythrocyte surface upon infection. It is shed in the blood circulation by the activity of an uncharacterized membrane protease(s). The shed PbTIP could be detected in the host serum during infection. Our results demonstrate that the shed PbTIP exhibits binding on the surface of macrophages and reduces their inflammatory cytokine response while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. Such manipulated immune responses are observed in the later stage of malaria infection. PbTIP induced Th2-type gene transcript changes in macrophages, hinting toward its potential to regulate the host immune responses against the parasite. Therefore, this study highlights the role of a Plasmodium-released protein, PbTIP, in immune evasion using macrophages, which may represent the critical strategy of the parasite to successfully survive and thrive in its host. This study also indicates the human malaria parasite TIP as a potential diagnostic molecule that could be exploited in lateral flow-based immunochromatographic tests for malaria disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjeet Kalia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Anand
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Afshana Quadiri
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijayalaxmi Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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6
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Akter J, Katai Y, Sultana P, Takenobu H, Haruta M, Sugino RP, Mukae K, Satoh S, Wada T, Ohira M, Ando K, Kamijo T. Loss of p53 suppresses replication stress-induced DNA damage in ATRX-deficient neuroblastoma. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:73. [PMID: 34743173 PMCID: PMC8572175 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aberrations are present in the ATRX gene in older high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) patients with very poor clinical outcomes. Its loss-of-function (LoF) facilitates the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway in tumor cells and is strongly linked to replication stress (RS) and DNA damage through G-quadruplex (G4) DNA secondary structures. However, limited information is available on ATRX alteration-related NB tumorigenesis. We herein knocked out (KO) ATRX in MYCN-amplified (NGP) and MYCN single copy (SK-N-AS) NB cells with wild-type (wt) and truncated TP53 at the C terminus, respectively, using CRISPR/Cas9 technologies. The loss of ATRX increased DNA damage and G4 formation related to RS in TP53 wt isogenic ATRX KO NGP cells, but not in SK-N-AS clones. A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the gene sets related to DNA double-strand break repair, negative cell cycle regulation, the G2M checkpoint, and p53 pathway activation were enriched in NGP clones. The accumulation of DNA damage activated the ATM/CHK2/p53 pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest in NGP clones. Interestingly, ATRX loss did not induce RS related to DNA damage response (DDR) in TP53-truncated SK-N-AS cells. p53 inactivation abrogated cell cycle arrest and reduced G4 accumulation in NGP clones. The loss of p53 also induced G4 DNA helicases or Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2) with ATRX deficiency, suggesting that ATRX maintained genome integrity and p53 deficiency attenuated RS-induced DNA damage in NB cells featuring inactivated ATRX by regulating DNA repair mechanisms and replication fork stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Akter
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Katai
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Parvin Sultana
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisanori Takenobu
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haruta
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryuichi P Sugino
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Mukae
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunpei Satoh
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan. .,Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
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7
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Cavalcante SG, Pereira BJA, Lerario AM, Sola PR, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN. The chromatin remodeler complex ATRX-DAXX-H3.3 and telomere length in meningiomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 210:106962. [PMID: 34624827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ATRX-DAXX-H3.3 chromatin remodeler complex is a well known epigenetic factor responsible for the heterochromatin maintenance and control. ATRX is an important nucleosome controller, especially in tandem repeat regions, and DAXX is a multi-function protein with particular role in histone H3.3 deposition due to its chaperone characteristic. Abnormalities in this complex have been associated with telomere dysfunction and consequently with activation of alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism, genomic instability, and tumor progression in different types of cancer. However, the characterization of this complex is still incomplete in meningioma. We analyzed ATRX, DAXX and H3.3 expressions and the telomere length in a cohort of meningioma of different malignant grades. We observed ATRX upregulation at gene and protein levels in grade II/III meningiomas. A low variability of telomere length was observed in meningiomas across different ages and malignant grades, in contrast to the shortening of telomere length with aging in normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella G Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Benedito J A Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Brehm Tower, Suite 5100, SPC 5714, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Paula R Sola
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM 15, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - 4º floor, room 4110, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Upadhyayula PS, Higgins DM, Argenziano MG, Spinazzi EF, Wu CC, Canoll P, Bruce JN. The Sledgehammer in Precision Medicine: Dexamethasone and Immunotherapeutic Treatment of Glioma. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:554-566. [PMID: 34151678 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1944178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding dexamethasone's effect on the immune microenvironment in glioma patients is of key importance. We performed a comprehensive literature review using the NCBI PubMed database for all articles meeting the following search criteria. ((dexamethasone[All Fields]) AND (glioma or glioblastoma)[Title/Abstract]) AND (immune or T cell or B cell or monocyte or neutrophil or macrophage). Forty-three manuscripts were deemed relevant to the topic at hand. Multiple clinical studies have linked dexamethasone use to decreased overall survival while preclinical studies in murine glioma models have demonstrated decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after dexamethasone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Dominique M Higgins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Argenziano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Eleonora F Spinazzi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
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9
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O'Shea LC, Fair T, Hensey C. X-linked α-thalassemia with mental retardation is downstream of protein kinase A in the meiotic cell cycle signaling cascade in Xenopus oocytes and is dynamically regulated in response to DNA damage†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1238-1249. [PMID: 30649195 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked α-thalassemia with mental retardation (ATRX) is a chromatin remodeling protein that belongs to the SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI2/SNF2) family of helicase/ATPases. During meiosis, ATRX is necessary for heterochromatin formation and maintenance of chromosome stability in order to ensure proper assembly of the metaphase II spindle. Previously, we established ATRX as a novel progesterone regulated protein during bovine meiotic maturation, in addition to being dynamically regulated in response to DNA damage in oocytes. In the present study, we utilize the Xenopus laevis model system to further elucidate the signaling pathways regulating ATRX expression within the oocyte. Here, we present an analysis of endogenous ATRX protein expression during oogenesis, oocyte meiotic maturation, and early embryonic development. ATRX expression is dynamically regulated as evidenced by loss of the protein in metaphase II of meiosis. The downstream activation of meiosis via protein kinase A inhibition resulted in a similar decrease in ATRX protein expression. We demonstrate that the ATRX protein is detected in ubiquitin immuno-precipitates from germinal vesicle oocyte extracts and experimentally demonstrate that proteosomal degradation is responsible for the decreased expression of ATRX during meiosis. ATRX expression is significantly increased in response to gamma-irradiation induced DNA damage in oocytes and embryos. This increased expression is independent of p53 protein expression in apoptotic embryos, as determined by the expression of active caspase-3. Thus, regulation of ATRX protein expression impacts on G2-M progression and ultimately has consequences for cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trudee Fair
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel Hensey
- UCD School of Bimolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Gawley M, Almond L, Daniel S, Lastakchi S, Kaur S, Detta A, Cruickshank G, Miller R, Hingtgen S, Sheets K, McConville C. Development and in vivo evaluation of Irinotecan-loaded Drug Eluting Seeds (iDES) for the localised treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 2020; 324:1-16. [PMID: 32407745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is impossible to fully remove surgically and almost always recurs at the borders of the resection cavity, while systemic delivery of therapeutic drug levels to the brain tumour is limited by the blood-brain barrier. This research describes the development of a novel formulation of Irinotecan-loaded Drug Eluting Seeds (iDES) for insertion into the margin of the GBM resection cavity to provide a sustained high local dose with reduced systemic toxicities. We used primary GBM cells from both the tumour core and Brain Around the Tumour tissue from recurrent GBM patients to demonstrate that irinotecan is more effective than temozolomide. Irinotecan had a 75% response rate, while only 50% responded to temozolomide. With temozolomide the cell viability was never below 80% whereas irinotecan achieved cell viabilities of less than 44%. The iDES were manufactured using a hot melt extrusion process with accurate irinotecan drug loadings and the same cytotoxicity as unformulated irinotecan. The iDES released irinotecan in a sustained fashion for up to 7 days. However, only the 30, 40 and 50% w/w loaded iDES formulations released the 300 to 1000 μg of irinotecan needed to be effective in vivo. The 30 and 40% w/w iDES formulations containing 10% plasticizer and either 60 or 50% PLGA prolonged survival from 27 to 70 days in a GBM xenograft mouse resection model with no sign of tumour recurrence. The 30% w/w iDES formulations showed equivalent toxicity to a placebo in non-tumour bearing mice. This innovative drug delivery approach could transform the treatment of recurrent GBM patients by improving survival and reducing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gawley
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Almond
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Senam Daniel
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lastakchi
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sharnjit Kaur
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Allah Detta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Garth Cruickshank
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin Sheets
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher McConville
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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11
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Zhang JM, Zou L. Alternative lengthening of telomeres: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic outlooks. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:30. [PMID: 32175073 PMCID: PMC7063710 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To escape replicative senescence, cancer cells have to overcome telomere attrition during DNA replication. Most of cancers rely on telomerase to extend and maintain telomeres, but 4-11% of cancers use a homologous recombination-based pathway called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT is prevalent in cancers from the mesenchymal origin and usually associates with poor clinical outcome. Given its critical role in protecting telomeres and genomic integrity in tumor cells, ALT is an Achilles heel of tumors and an attractive target for cancer therapy. Here, we review the recent progress in the mechanistic studies of ALT, and discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies to target ALT-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.,2Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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12
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Garrett AM, Lastakchi S, McConville C. The Personalisation of Glioblastoma Treatment Using Whole Exome Sequencing: A Pilot Study. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020173. [PMID: 32041307 PMCID: PMC7074406 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular heterogeneity of glioblastoma has been linked to differences in survival and treatment response, while the development of personalised treatments may be a novel way of combatting this disease. Here we show for the first time that low passage number cells derived from primary tumours are greater than an 86% match genetically to the tumour tissue. We used these cells to identify eight genes that could be used for the personalisation of glioblastoma treatment and discovered a number of personalised drug combinations that were significantly more effective at killing glioblastoma cells and reducing recurrence than the individual drugs as well as the control and non-personalised combinations. This pilot study demonstrates for the first time that whole exome sequencing has the potential be used to improve the treatment of glioblastoma patients by personalising treatment. This novel approach could potentially offer a new avenue for treatment for this terrible disease.
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13
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Chen P, Wang Q, Xie J, Kwok HF. Signaling networks and the feasibility of computational analysis in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Buentzel J, Yao S, Elakad O, Lois AM, Brünies J, König J, Hinterthaner M, Danner BC, Ströbel P, Emmert A, Bohnenberger H. Expression and prognostic impact of alpha thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked and death domain-associated protein in human lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16712. [PMID: 31374064 PMCID: PMC6708616 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of lung cancer specimens after radical surgery offers additional prognostic information and may help to guide adjuvant therapeutic procedures. The transcriptional regulators alpha thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) and death domain-associated protein (DAXX) have recently been described in different cancer entities as a useful prognostic biomarker. This study was initiated to explore their protein expression patterns and prognostic value in patients with operable lung cancer disease.The protein abundance (in the following text also named protein expression) of ATRX and DAXX were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 194 samples of squamous cell lung carcinoma (SQCLC), 111 samples of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (AC) and 40 samples of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The protein levels of ATRX and DAXX were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcome.ATRX showed strong protein expression in 16.2% of AC, 11.9% of SQCLC, and 42.5% of SCLC. DAXX was highly expressed in 54.9% of AC, 76.2% of SQCLC, and 82.5% of SCLC. Immunostaining of both ATRX and DAXX were seen in 14.4% of AC, 11.3% of SQCLC, and 42.5% of SCLC. High protein expression of ATRX was a favorable prognostic marker for patients with AC (hazard ratio 0.38, P = .02). Sub-group analyses showed a significant correlation between ATRX and the clinical stage of SQCLC and SCLC. Histological grading and ATRX were also significantly associated in cases of SQCLC.The presence of ATRX and DAXX are correlated with lung cancer histology. Strong ATRX protein expression is associated with a significantly longer overall survival in patients with AC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia König
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology
| | - Marc Hinterthaner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard C. Danner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Emmert
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Glial ensheathment of the somatodendritic compartment regulates sensory neuron structure and activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5126-5134. [PMID: 30804200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814456116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons perceive environmental cues and are important of organismal survival. Peripheral sensory neurons interact intimately with glial cells. While the function of axonal ensheathment by glia is well studied, less is known about the functional significance of glial interaction with the somatodendritic compartment of neurons. Herein, we show that three distinct glia cell types differentially wrap around the axonal and somatodendritic surface of the polymodal dendritic arborization (da) neuron of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system for detection of thermal, mechanical, and light stimuli. We find that glial cell-specific loss of the chromatin modifier gene dATRX in the subperineurial glial layer leads to selective elimination of somatodendritic glial ensheathment, thus allowing us to investigate the function of such ensheathment. We find that somatodendritic glial ensheathment regulates the morphology of the dendritic arbor, as well as the activity of the sensory neuron, in response to sensory stimuli. Additionally, glial ensheathment of the neuronal soma influences dendritic regeneration after injury.
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16
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Zhang Y, Li X, Zhou D, Zhi H, Wang P, Gao Y, Guo M, Yue M, Wang Y, Shen W, Ning S, Li Y, Li X. Inferences of individual drug responses across diverse cancer types using a novel competing endogenous RNA network. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1429-1446. [PMID: 29464864 PMCID: PMC6120231 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in individual drug responses are an obstacle to progression in cancer treatment, and predicting responses would help to plan treatment. The accumulation of cancer molecular profiling and drug response data provides opportunities and challenges to identify novel molecular signatures and mechanisms of tumor responsiveness to drugs. This study evaluated drug responses with a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) system that depended on competition between diverse RNA species. We identified drug response‐related ceRNA (DRCEs) by combining the sequence and expression data of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA), and the survival data of cancer patients treated with drugs. We constructed a patient–drug two‐layer integrated network and used a linear weighting method to predict individual drug responses. DRCEs were found to be significantly enriched in known cancer and drug‐associated data resources, involved in biological processes known to mediate drug responses, and correlated to drug activity in cancer cell lines. The dysregulation of DRCE expression influenced drug response‐associated functions and pathways, suggesting DRCEs as potential therapeutic targets affecting drug responses. A further case study in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) found that DRCE expression was consistent with the drug response pattern and the aberrant expression of the two NEAT1‐related DRCEs may lead to poor response to tamoxifen therapy for patients with TP53 mutations. In summary, this study provides a framework for ceRNA‐based evaluation of clinical drug responses across multiple cancer types. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of drug responses will allow improved response to chemotherapy and outcomes of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Dianshuang Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Maoni Guo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Ming Yue
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Weitao Shen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yixue Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China.,Bioinformatics Center, Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, China
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17
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Haase S, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Carney S, Altshuler D, Núñez FJ, Méndez FM, Núñez F, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Mutant ATRX: uncovering a new therapeutic target for glioma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:599-613. [PMID: 29889582 PMCID: PMC6044414 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1487953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ATRX is a chromatin remodeling protein whose main function is the deposition of the histone variant H3.3. ATRX mutations are widely distributed in glioma, and correlate with alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) development, but they also affect other cellular functions related to epigenetic regulation. Areas covered: We discuss the main molecular characteristics of ATRX, from its various functions in normal development to the effects of its loss in ATRX syndrome patients and animal models. We focus on the salient consequences of ATRX mutations in cancer, from a clinical to a molecular point of view, focusing on both adult and pediatric glioma. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic opportunities future research perspectives. Expert opinion: ATRX is a major component of various essential cellular pathways, exceeding its functions as a histone chaperone (e.g. DNA replication and repair, chromatin higher-order structure regulation, gene transcriptional regulation, etc.). However, it is unclear how the loss of these functions in ATRX-null cancer cells affects cancer development and progression. We anticipate new treatments and clinical approaches will emerge for glioma and other cancer types as mechanistic and molecular studies on ATRX are only just beginning to reveal the many critical functions of this protein in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Haase
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - María Belén Garcia-Fabiani
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Stephen Carney
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - David Altshuler
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Felipe J Núñez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Flor M Méndez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Fernando Núñez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell & Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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18
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Atrx inactivation drives disease-defining phenotypes in glioma cells of origin through global epigenomic remodeling. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29535300 PMCID: PMC5849741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutational inactivation of the SWI/SNF chromatin regulator ATRX occurs frequently in gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors. Whether and how ATRX deficiency promotes oncogenesis by epigenomic dysregulation remains unclear, despite its recent implication in both genomic instability and telomere dysfunction. Here we report that Atrx loss recapitulates characteristic disease phenotypes and molecular features in putative glioma cells of origin, inducing cellular motility although also shifting differentiation state and potential toward an astrocytic rather than neuronal histiogenic profile. Moreover, Atrx deficiency drives widespread shifts in chromatin accessibility, histone composition, and transcription in a distribution almost entirely restricted to genomic sites normally bound by the protein. Finally, direct gene targets of Atrx that mediate specific Atrx-deficient phenotypes in vitro exhibit similarly selective misexpression in ATRX-mutant human gliomas. These findings demonstrate that ATRX deficiency and its epigenomic sequelae are sufficient to induce disease-defining oncogenic phenotypes in appropriate cellular and molecular contexts. ATRX inactivation frequently occurs in glioma. Here, the authors explore the role of ATRX inactivation in oncogenesis, highlighting ATRX deficiency driven epigenomic changes that influence the expression of genes crucial to the oncogenic phenotype.
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19
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Byron SA, Tran NL, Halperin RF, Phillips JJ, Kuhn JG, de Groot JF, Colman H, Ligon KL, Wen PY, Cloughesy TF, Mellinghoff IK, Butowski NA, Taylor JW, Clarke JL, Chang SM, Berger MS, Molinaro AM, Maggiora GM, Peng S, Nasser S, Liang WS, Trent JM, Berens ME, Carpten JD, Craig DW, Prados MD. Prospective Feasibility Trial for Genomics-Informed Treatment in Recurrent and Progressive Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:295-305. [PMID: 29074604 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Glioblastoma is an aggressive and molecularly heterogeneous cancer with few effective treatment options. We hypothesized that next-generation sequencing can be used to guide treatment recommendations within a clinically acceptable time frame following surgery for patients with recurrent glioblastoma.Experimental Design: We conducted a prospective genomics-informed feasibility trial in adults with recurrent and progressive glioblastoma. Following surgical resection, genome-wide tumor/normal exome sequencing and tumor RNA sequencing were performed to identify molecular targets for potential matched therapy. A multidisciplinary molecular tumor board issued treatment recommendations based on the genomic results, blood-brain barrier penetration of the indicated therapies, drug-drug interactions, and drug safety profiles. Feasibility of generating genomics-informed treatment recommendations within 35 days of surgery was assessed.Results: Of the 20 patients enrolled in the study, 16 patients had sufficient tumor tissue for analysis. Exome sequencing was completed for all patients, and RNA sequencing was completed for 14 patients. Treatment recommendations were provided within the study's feasibility time frame for 15 of 16 (94%) patients. Seven patients received treatment based on the tumor board recommendations. Two patients reached 12-month progression-free survival, both adhering to treatments based on the molecular profiling results. One patient remained on treatment and progression free 21 months after surgery, 3 times longer than the patient's previous time to progression. Analysis of matched nonenhancing tissue from 12 patients revealed overlapping as well as novel putatively actionable genomic alterations.Conclusions: Use of genome-wide molecular profiling is feasible and can be informative for guiding real-time, central nervous system-penetrant, genomics-informed treatment recommendations for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 295-305. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Wick and Kessler, p. 256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Byron
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Rebecca F Halperin
- Quantitative Medicine & Systems Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neuropathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John G Kuhn
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Howard Colman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Neuro-Oncology Program, The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Neurology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennie W Taylor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer L Clarke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gerald M Maggiora
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sara Nasser
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Winnie S Liang
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.,Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Genetic Basis of Human Disease Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Michael E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - John D Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David W Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael D Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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20
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Nandakumar P, Mansouri A, Das S. The Role of ATRX in Glioma Biology. Front Oncol 2017; 7:236. [PMID: 29034211 PMCID: PMC5626857 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current World Health Organization classification of CNS tumors has made a tremendous leap from past editions by incorporating molecular criteria in addition to the pre-existing histological parameters. The revised version has had a particular impact on the classification of diffuse low-grade gliomas and their high-grade variants. The ATRX status is one of the critical markers that define the molecular classification of gliomas. In this review, we will first provide an overview of the role of ATRX in regular cell biology. Furthermore, the role of ATRX in tumorigenesis, specifically gliomas, is comprehensively elucidated. The possible correlation of ATRX status with other genetic/epigenetic modifications is also presented. We conclude by discussing some of the challenges associated with incorporating ATRX status assessment into routine clinical practice while also exploring opportunities for future diagnostics/therapeutics in gliomas based on ATRX status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravanya Nandakumar
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alireza Mansouri
- Center for Cancer Research, Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Division of Neuro-Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sunit Das
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Centre, Hospital for Sick Kids, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Dyer MA, Qadeer ZA, Valle-Garcia D, Bernstein E. ATRX and DAXX: Mechanisms and Mutations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026567. [PMID: 28062559 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome sequencing efforts in a variety of cancers have revealed mutations and/or structural alterations in ATRX and DAXX, which together encode a complex that deposits histone variant H3.3 into repetitive heterochromatin. These regions include retrotransposons, pericentric heterochromatin, and telomeres, the latter of which show deregulation in ATRX/DAXX-mutant tumors. Interestingly, ATRX and DAXX mutations are often found in pediatric tumors, suggesting a particular developmental context in which these mutations drive disease. Here we review the functions of ATRX and DAXX in chromatin regulation as well as their potential contributions to tumorigenesis. We place emphasis on the chromatin remodeler ATRX, which is mutated in the developmental disorder for which it is named, α-thalassemia, mental retardation, X-linked syndrome, and at high frequency in a number of adult and pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Zulekha A Qadeer
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - David Valle-Garcia
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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22
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Abstract
The comprehensive molecular profiling of cancer has dramatically altered conceptions of numerous tumor types, particularly with regard to their fundamental classification. In the case of primary brain tumors, the widespread use of disease-defining biomarker sets is profoundly reshaping existing diagnostic entities that had been designated solely by histopathological criteria for decades. This review describes recent progress for diffusely infiltrating gliomas of adulthood, the most common primary brain tumor variants. More specifically, it details how routine incorporation of a handful of highly prevalent molecular alterations robustly designates refined subclasses of glioma that transcend conventional histopathological designations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Huse
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street (Z564), New York, NY 10065, USA.
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23
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Erasimus H, Gobin M, Niclou S, Van Dyck E. DNA repair mechanisms and their clinical impact in glioblastoma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:19-35. [PMID: 27543314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite surgical resection and genotoxic treatment with ionizing radiation and the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide, glioblastoma remains one of the most lethal cancers, due in great part to the action of DNA repair mechanisms that drive resistance and tumor relapse. Understanding the molecular details of these mechanisms and identifying potential pharmacological targets have emerged as vital tasks to improve treatment. In this review, we introduce the various cellular systems and animal models that are used in studies of DNA repair in glioblastoma. We summarize recent progress in our knowledge of the pathways and factors involved in the removal of DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiation and temozolomide. We introduce the therapeutic strategies relying on DNA repair inhibitors that are currently being tested in vitro or in clinical trials, and present the challenges raised by drug delivery across the blood brain barrier as well as new opportunities in this field. Finally, we review the genetic and epigenetic alterations that help shape the DNA repair makeup of glioblastoma cells, and discuss their potential therapeutic impact and implications for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Erasimus
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Matthieu Gobin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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24
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Chamberlain MD, Wells LA, Lisovsky A, Guo H, Isserlin R, Talior-Volodarsky I, Mahou R, Emili A, Sefton MV. Unbiased phosphoproteomic method identifies the initial effects of a methacrylic acid copolymer on macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10673-8. [PMID: 26261332 PMCID: PMC4553830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508826112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An unbiased phosphoproteomic method was used to identify biomaterial-associated changes in the phosphorylation patterns of macrophage-like cells. The phosphorylation differences between differentiated THP1 (dTHP1) cells treated for 10, 20, or 30 min with a vascular regenerative methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymer or a control methyl methacrylate (MM) copolymer were determined by MS. There were 1,470 peptides (corresponding to 729 proteins) that were differentially phosphorylated in dTHP1 cells treated with the two materials with a greater cellular response to MAA treatment. In addition to identifying pathways (such as integrin signaling and cytoskeletal arrangement) that are well known to change with cell-material interaction, previously unidentified pathways, such as apoptosis and mRNA splicing, were also discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dean Chamberlain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Laura A Wells
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Alexandra Lisovsky
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Ruth Isserlin
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Ilana Talior-Volodarsky
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Redouan Mahou
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Andrew Emili
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Michael V Sefton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
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Udugama M, M Chang FT, Chan FL, Tang MC, Pickett HA, R McGhie JD, Mayne L, Collas P, Mann JR, Wong LH. Histone variant H3.3 provides the heterochromatic H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation mark at telomeres. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10227-37. [PMID: 26304540 PMCID: PMC4666390 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being a hallmark at active genes, histone variant H3.3 is deposited by ATRX at repressive chromatin regions, including the telomeres. It is unclear how H3.3 promotes heterochromatin assembly. We show that H3.3 is targeted for K9 trimethylation to establish a heterochromatic state enriched in trimethylated H3.3K9 at telomeres. In H3f3a−/− and H3f3b−/− mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), H3.3 deficiency results in reduced levels of H3K9me3, H4K20me3 and ATRX at telomeres. The H3f3b−/− cells show increased levels of telomeric damage and sister chromatid exchange (t-SCE) activity when telomeres are compromised by treatment with a G-quadruplex (G4) DNA binding ligand or by ASF1 depletion. Overexpression of wild-type H3.3 (but not a H3.3K9 mutant) in H3f3b−/− cells increases H3K9 trimethylation level at telomeres and represses t-SCE activity induced by a G4 ligand. This study demonstrates the importance of H3.3K9 trimethylation in heterochromatin formation at telomeres. It provides insights into H3.3 function in maintaining integrity of mammalian constitutive heterochromatin, adding to its role in mediating transcription memory in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi Udugama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fiona T M Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - F Lyn Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle C Tang
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James D R McGhie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lynne Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey R Mann
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lee H Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Prados MD, Byron SA, Tran NL, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM, Ligon KL, Wen PY, Kuhn JG, Mellinghoff IK, de Groot JF, Colman H, Cloughesy TF, Chang SM, Ryken TC, Tembe WD, Kiefer JA, Berens ME, Craig DW, Carpten JD, Trent JM. Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1051-63. [PMID: 25934816 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated sequencing strategies have provided a broader understanding of the genomic landscape and molecular classifications of multiple cancer types and have identified various therapeutic opportunities across cancer subsets. Despite pivotal advances in the characterization of genomic alterations in glioblastoma, targeted agents have shown minimal efficacy in clinical trials to date, and patient survival remains poor. In this review, we highlight potential reasons why targeting single alterations has yielded limited clinical efficacy in glioblastoma, focusing on issues of tumor heterogeneity and pharmacokinetic failure. We outline strategies to address these challenges in applying precision medicine to glioblastoma and the rationale for applying targeted combination therapy approaches that match genomic alterations with compounds accessible to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Prados
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Sara A Byron
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Nhan L Tran
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Keith L Ligon
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - John G Kuhn
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - John F de Groot
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Howard Colman
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Susan M Chang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Timothy C Ryken
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Waibhav D Tembe
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Jeffrey A Kiefer
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Michael E Berens
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - David W Craig
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - John D Carpten
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.D.P, J.J.P., A.M.M., S.M.C.); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona (S.A.B., N.L.T., W.D.T., J.A.K., M.E.B., D.W.C., J.D.C., J.M.T.); Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., P.Y.W.); University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas (J.G.K.); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (I.K.M.); The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.F.d.G.); University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (T.F.C.); Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Waterloo, Iowa (T.C.R.)
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Slatter TL, Hsia H, Samaranayaka A, Sykes P, Clow WB, Devenish CJ, Sutton T, Royds JA, Ip PP, Cheung AN, Hung NA. Loss of ATRX and DAXX expression identifies poor prognosis for smooth muscle tumours of uncertain malignant potential and early stage uterine leiomyosarcoma. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2015; 1:95-105. [PMID: 27499896 PMCID: PMC4858134 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uterine smooth muscle tumours of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) are diagnostically and clinically challenging. The alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) telomere maintenance mechanism is associated with poor survival in soft tissue leiomyosarcoma. Time to first recurrence and survival were known for 18 STUMP and 43 leiomyosarcomata (LMS). These were screened for ALT telomere maintenance by the presence of ALT‐associated PML bodies (APBs) and for changes associated with the ALT phenotype, namely aberrant p53 expression, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation (R132H substitution) expression, mutant ATRX (αthalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X‐linked) expression and mutant DAXX (death‐domain‐associated protein) expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Overexpression of p16INK4A was examined immunohistologically in a subset of cases. Many of the tumours associated with death or recurrence demonstrated APBs commensurate with ALT telomere maintenance. However, all uterine STUMP (4/4), and vaginal STUMP (2/2) patients, and almost all LMS patients (88.4%, 23/26, including 90% (9/10) of stage 1 LMS cases), who had died of disease or who had recurrent disease, displayed loss of ATRX or DAXX expression. Loss of ATRX or DAXX expression identified poor prognosis (95% CI 2.1 to 40.8, p < 0.003), in the LMS group. Thus, loss of ATRX or DAXX expression in uterine smooth muscle tumours identifies a clinically aggressive molecular subtype of early stage LMS and when histopathological features are problematic such as in STUMP. As ATRX and DAXX IHC is readily performed in diagnostic laboratories these are potentially useful for routine histopathological classification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Howard Hsia
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Ari Samaranayaka
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Peter Sykes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand
| | - William Bill Clow
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Celia J Devenish
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Tim Sutton
- Anatomical Pathology Service Pathlab Bay of Plenty Tauranga New Zealand
| | - Janice A Royds
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Philip P Ip
- Anatomical Pathology Services Department of Pathology The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong SAR
| | - Annie N Cheung
- Anatomical Pathology Services Department of Pathology The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong SAR
| | - Noelyn Anne Hung
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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28
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Meeker A, Heaphy C. Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:101-20. [PMID: 23906538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively uncommon; comprising approximately 0.5% of all human cancers. Although they often exhibit relatively indolent clinical courses, GEP-NETs have the potential for lethal progression. Due to their scarcity and various technical challenges, GEP-NETs have been understudied. As a consequence, we have few diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for these tumors. Early detection and surgical removal is currently the only reliable curative treatment for GEP-NET patients; many of whom, unfortunately, present with advanced disease. Here, we review the genetics and epigenetics of GEP-NETs. The last few years have witnessed unprecedented technological advances in these fields, and their application to GEP-NETS has already led to important new information on the molecular abnormalities underlying them. As outlined here, we expect that "omics" studies will provide us with new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, inform the development of improved pre-clinical models, and identify novel therapeutic targets for GEP-NET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Meeker
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bond Street Research Annex Bldg., Room B300, 411 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Christopher Heaphy
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bond Street Research Annex Bldg., Room B300, 411 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
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29
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Marinoni I, Kurrer AS, Vassella E, Dettmer M, Rudolph T, Banz V, Hunger F, Pasquinelli S, Speel EJ, Perren A. Loss of DAXX and ATRX are associated with chromosome instability and reduced survival of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:453-60.e5. [PMID: 24148618 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sporadic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are rare and genetically heterogeneous. Chromosome instability (CIN) has been detected in pNETs from patients with poor outcomes, but no specific genetic factors have been associated with CIN. Mutations in death domain-associated protein gene (DAXX) or ATR-X gene (ATRX) (which both encode proteins involved in chromatin remodeling) have been detected in 40% of pNETs, in association with activation of alternative lengthening of telomeres. We investigated whether loss of DAXX or ATRX, and consequent alternative lengthening of telomeres, are related to CIN in pNETs. We also assessed whether loss of DAXX or ATRX is associated with specific phenotypes of pNETs. METHODS We collected well-differentiated primary pNET samples from 142 patients at the University Hospital Zurich and from 101 patients at the University Hospital Bern (both located in Switzerland). Clinical follow-up data were obtained for 149 patients from general practitioners and tumor registries. The tumors were reclassified into 3 groups according to the 2010 World Health Organization classification. Samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and telomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization. We correlated loss of DAXX, or ATRX, expression, and activation of alternative lengthening of telomeres with data from comparative genomic hybridization array studies, as well as with clinical and pathological features of the tumors and relapse and survival data. RESULTS Loss of DAXX or ATRX protein and alternative lengthening of telomeres were associated with CIN in pNETs. Furthermore, loss of DAXX or ATRX correlated with tumor stage and metastasis, reduced time of relapse-free survival, and decreased time of tumor-associated survival. CONCLUSIONS Loss of DAXX or ATRX is associated with CIN in pNETs and shorter survival times of patients. These results support the hypothesis that DAXX- and ATRX-negative tumors are a more aggressive subtype of pNET, and could lead to identification of strategies to target CIN in pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rudolph
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Banz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Hunger
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ernst-Jan Speel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Pathology University Medical Center, Maastricht, Holland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Solomon LA, Russell BA, Watson LA, Beier F, Bérubé NG. Targeted loss of the ATR-X syndrome protein in the limb mesenchyme of mice causes brachydactyly. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5015-25. [PMID: 23892236 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ATR-X syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ATRX gene. Affected individuals are cognitively impaired and display a variety of developmental abnormalities, including skeletal deformities. To investigate the function of ATRX during skeletal development, we selectively deleted the gene in the developing forelimb mesenchyme of mice. The absence of ATRX in the limb mesenchyme resulted in shorter digits, or brachydactyly, a defect also observed in a subset of ATR-X patients. This phenotype persisted until adulthood, causing reduced grip strength and altered gait in mutant mice. Examination of the embryonic ATRX-null forelimbs revealed a significant increase in apoptotic cell death, which could explain the reduced digit length. In addition, staining for the DNA damage markers γ-histone 2A family member X (γ-H2AX) and 53BP1 demonstrated a significant increase in the number of cells with DNA damage in the embryonic ATRX-null forepaw. Strikingly, only one large bright DNA damage event was observed per nucleus in proliferating cells. These large γ-H2AX foci were located in close proximity to the nuclear lamina and remained largely unresolved after cell differentiation. In addition, ATRX-depleted forelimb mesenchymal cells did not exhibit hypersensitivity to DNA fork-stalling compounds, suggesting that the nature as well as the response to DNA damage incurred by loss of ATRX in the developing limb fundamentally differs from other tissues. Our data suggest that DNA damage-induced apoptosis is a novel cellular mechanism underlying brachydactyly that might be relevant to additional skeletal syndromes.
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