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Rigamonti AE, Polledri E, Favero C, Caroli D, Bondesan A, Grugni G, Mai S, Cella SG, Fustinoni S, Sartorio A. Metabolomic profiling of Prader-Willi syndrome compared with essential obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1386265. [PMID: 38812813 PMCID: PMC11133515 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1386265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare disease, which shows a peculiar clinical phenotype, including obesity, which is different from essential obesity (EOB). Metabolomics might represent a valuable tool to reveal the biochemical mechanisms/pathways underlying clinical differences between PWS and EOB. The aim of the present (case-control, retrospective) study was to determine the metabolomic profile that characterizes PWS compared to EOB. Methods A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) targeted metabolomic approach was used to measure a total of 188 endogenous metabolites in plasma samples of 32 patients with PWS (F/M = 23/9; age: 31.6 ± 9.2 years; body mass index [BMI]: 42.1 ± 7.0 kg/m2), compared to a sex-, age- and BMI-matched group of patients with EOB (F/M = 23/9; age: 31.4 ± 6.9 years; BMI: 43.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2). Results Body composition in PWS was different when compared to EOB, with increased fat mass and decreased fat-free mass. Glycemia and HDL cholesterol were higher in patients with PWS than in those with EOB, while insulinemia was lower, as well as heart rate. Resting energy expenditure was lower in the group with PWS than in the one with EOB, a difference that was missed after fat-free mass correction. Carrying out a series of Tobit multivariable linear regressions, adjusted for sex, diastolic blood pressure, and C reactive protein, a total of 28 metabolites was found to be associated with PWS (vs. non-PWS, i.e., EOB), including 9 phosphatidylcholines (PCs) ae, 5 PCs aa, all PCs aa, 7 lysoPCs a, all lysoPCs, 4 acetylcarnitines, and 1 sphingomyelin, all of which were higher in PWS than EOB. Conclusions PWS exhibits a specific metabolomic profile when compared to EOB, suggesting a different regulation of some biochemical pathways, fundamentally related to lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diana Caroli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Adele Bondesan
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Graziano Grugni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Stefania Mai
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Silvano G. Cella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan, Italy
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Jiang Y, Tie C, Wang Y, Bian D, Liu M, Wang T, Ren Y, Liu S, Bai L, Chen Y, Duan Z, Zheng S, Zhang J. Upregulation of Serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P Potentially Contributes to Distinguish HCC Including AFP-Negative HCC From Cirrhosis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1759. [PMID: 33014866 PMCID: PMC7506152 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum sphingolipids are widely involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the serum sphingolipid profile in patients with HCC or cirrhosis and explored the potential diagnostic efficiency of serum sphingolipid metabolites which may be helpful in differentiating HCC including α-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative HCC from cirrhosis. Methods Seventy-two HCC patients (including 24 AFP-negative HCC) and 104 cirrhotic patients were consecutively enrolled in this study. High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect a panel of 57 serum sphingolipid metabolites. Results Twenty-four sphingolipid metabolites showed significant differences between HCC and cirrhotic patients (all P < 0.05). Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was found to have the potential to differentiate HCC from cirrhosis by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P and AFP to distinguish HCC from cirrhosis, and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were 0.85 and 0.83 (P > 0.05), respectively. When the cut-off value of Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was set at 56.29 pmol/0.1 ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 79.20% and 78.70%, respectively. Notably, the upregulation of Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P could also distinguish AFP-negative HCC from cirrhosis with an AUC of 0.79. The sensitivity and specificity were 62.50% and 77.90% at a cut-off value of 56.29 pmol/0.1 ml. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed that serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was not correlated with AFP in patients with cirrhosis, AFP-positive HCC, and AFP-negative HCC. Moreover, the difference in the diagnostic efficiency of serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P was not statistically significant between tumor size (≤2 cm vs. >2 cm, P = 0.476). Also, there was no difference among patients with different TNM stages and BCLC stages. Conclusion The upregulation of serum Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P exhibits good diagnostic performance for HCC. Particularly, Sphingosine (d18:1)-1-P could also serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of AFP-negative HCC. These findings may contribute to the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC including AFP-negative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jiang
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Tie
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Bian
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
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Abstract
Background Previously, dihydroceramide (d18:0/24:0) (dhCer (d18:0/24:0)) was reported to be a potential biomarker for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) prognosis. In this study, we further explored the role of dhCer (d18:0/24:0) in the progression of ACLF to validate the biomarker using ACLF rat model. Methods ACLF rats were sacrificed at 4 and 8 h post-D-galactosamine (D-gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to investigate the liver biochemical markers, prothrombin time and liver histopathology. Change in dhCer and other sphingolipids levels were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Rats were treated with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) to examine the mortality rate and its role in improving ACLF. Results LPS/D-gal administration resulted in significant elevation in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Prothrombin time was prolonged and histopathological examination showed abnormality. HPLC-MS/MS results showed total dhCer levels in ACLF group (64.10 ± 8.90 pmol/100 μL, 64.22 ± 6.78 pmol/100 μL for 4 and 8 h, respectively) were decreased significantly compared with control group (121.61 ± 23.09 pmol/100 μL) (P < 0.05). In particular, dhCer (d18:0/24:0), dhCer (d18:0/20:0), and dhCer (d18:0/22:0) levels were decreased. Treatment with 4-HPR significantly increased the levels of dhCers, including dhCer (d18:0/24:0) compared with ACLF group, for the level of dhCer (d18:0/24:0) in 4-HPR group was 20.10 ± 8.60 pmol/100 μL and the level of dhCer (d18:0/24:0) in ACLF group was 9.74 ± 2.99 pmol/100 μL (P < 0.05). This was associated with reduced mortality rate and prolonged survival time. The ALT and AST in 4-HPR group were significantly decreased compared with ACLF group. The prothrombin time of 4-HPR group (41.49 s) was significantly lower than the prothrombin time of ACLF group (57.96 s) (P < 0.05). 4-HPR also decreased plasma ammonia levels slightly, as the plasma ammonia levels in 4-HPR group and ACLF group were 207.37 ± 60.43, 209.15 ± 60.43 μmol/L, respectively. Further, 4-HPR treatment improved histopathological parameters. Conclusions DhCer, especially dhCer (d18:0/24:0), is involved in the progression of ACLF. Increasing the levels of dhCer can reduce the mortality rate of ACLF rats and alleviate liver injury.
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Hu T, Lin M, Zhang D, Li M, Zhang J. A UPLC/MS/MS method for comprehensive profiling and quantification of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in white adipose tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7415-7428. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Z, Qu L, Li M, Zhang J. Identification of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potential markers of triptolide in mice with delayed-type hypersensitivity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:404-414. [PMID: 30130725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the crucial active ingredient of Tripterygium glycoside tablets and has been shown to have a significant therapeutic effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)-related diseases. However, due to its potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, adverse reactions have often been observed in long-term treatment regimens. Therefore, it is meaningful to find metabolic markers for toxicity for early diagnosis. In this study, a feasible strategy using HPLC-HRMS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis to discover toxic potential markers of TP was developed. TP was used to treat a DTH mouse model at a therapeutic dose (45μg/kg) and toxic dose (900 μg/kg). The metabolic profiles of the liver, kidney and plasma were characterized by HPLC-Q/TOF MS. Significant differences in the metabolite profiles of the liver, kidney and plasma existed between the toxic and therapeutically dosed mice. Forty-six metabolites were identified and 27 of them may be related to toxicity based on a structure-toxicity prediction model. Using OPLS-DA analysis, the metabolite profiles between the two dose groups could be well distinguished. It was found that 18, 4 and 4 metabolic markers were altered in the liver, kidney and plasma, respectively; 15, 4 and 3 of these metabolic markers were predicted to be toxic. Two toxic markers detected both in mouse plasma and human liver microsomes following incubation with TP showed great potential as early diagnosis markers for TP hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Menglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Xing Y, Tang Y, Zhao L, Wang Q, Qin W, Zhang JL, Jia J. Plasma Ceramides and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1029-35. [PMID: 27079712 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various evidence demonstrates the influences of ceramides on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Furthermore, increased ceramides were also suggested to be related to cognitive decline. However, the association between ceramides and neuropsychiatric symptoms of AD remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the association between plasma ceramide levels and multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD. METHODS A total of 98 patients and 92 cognitively normal controls participated in this study, including 56 with mild AD and 42 with moderate to severe AD. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was used to assess neuropsychiatric symptoms. Considering the influences of dementia severity on ceramide levels and neuropsychiatric symptoms, a subgroup analysis was conducted by dementia severity. RESULTS Except for C24 : 0, all ceramide species were significantly higher in AD patients than in controls. After controlling for confounding factors, the C16 : 0 and C20 : 0 levels were positively associated with delusions, and the quartiles of C22 : 0 and C24 : 0 were positively associated with depression. In the subgroup analysis, association between ceramide species and delusions were only observed in mild AD, and the association between ceramides and depression were prominent in moderate to severe AD. In mild AD, after controlling for age, gender, anti-dementia medications, diabetes status, and ApoE ɛ4 status, the C16 : 0, C20 : 0, and quartiles of C24 : 1 were associated with delusions. In moderate to severe AD, depression was associated with C22 : 0 and C24 : 0. CONCLUSION There were stage-specific associations between ceramides and neuropsychiatric symptoms of AD. The potential mechanisms deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hu T, Zhang JL. Mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:351-372. [PMID: 28859259 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, which have a core function in energy storage, signalling and biofilm structures, play important roles in a variety of cellular processes because of the great diversity of their structural and physiochemical properties. Lipidomics is the large-scale profiling and quantification of biogenic lipid molecules, the comprehensive study of their pathways and the interpretation of their physiological significance based on analytical chemistry and statistical analysis. Lipidomics will not only provide insight into the physiological functions of lipid molecules but will also provide an approach to discovering important biomarkers for diagnosis or treatment of human diseases. Mass-spectrometry-based analytical techniques are currently the most widely used and most effective tools for lipid profiling and quantification. In this review, the field of mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics was discussed. Recent progress in all essential steps in lipidomics was carefully discussed in this review, including lipid extraction strategies, separation techniques and mass-spectrometry-based analytical and quantitative methods in lipidomics. We also focused on novel resolution strategies for difficult problems in determining C=C bond positions in lipidomics. Finally, new technologies that were developed in recent years including single-cell lipidomics, flux-based lipidomics and multiomics technologies were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Brown Rice and Human Health Risk Assessment near Three Mining Areas in Central China. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:4124302. [PMID: 29065598 PMCID: PMC5447315 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal mining and waste discharge lead to regional heavy metal contamination and attract major concern because of the potential risk to local residents. METHODS This research was conducted to determine lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), and antimony (Sb) concentrations in soil and brown rice samples from three heavy metal mining areas in Hunan Province, central China, and to assess the potential health risks to local inhabitants. RESULTS Local soil contamination was observed, with mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Sb, and As of 0.472, 193.133, 36.793, and 89.029 mg/kg, respectively. Mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Sb, Mn, and As in brown rice were 0.103, 0.131, 5.175, 6.007, and 0.524 mg/kg, respectively. Daily intakes of Cd, As, Sb, Pb, and Mn through brown rice consumption were estimated to be 0.011, 0.0002, 0.004, 0.0001, and 0.0003 mg/(kg/day), respectively. The combined hazard index for the five heavy metals was 22.5917, and the total cancer risk was 0.1773. Cd contributed most significantly to cancer risk, accounting for approximately 99.77% of this risk. CONCLUSIONS The results show that potential noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks exist for local inhabitants and that regular monitoring of pollution to protect human health is urgently required.
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Yan XD, Wang QM, Tie C, Jin HT, Han YX, Zhang JL, Yu XM, Hou Q, Zhang PP, Wang AP, Zhang PC, Gao Z, Jiang JD. Polydatin protects the respiratory system from PM 2.5 exposure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40030. [PMID: 28067267 PMCID: PMC5220290 DOI: 10.1038/srep40030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric particle is one of the risk factors for respiratory disease; however, their injury mechanisms are poorly understood, and prevention methods are highly desirable. We constructed artificial PM2.5 (aPM2.5) particles according to the size and composition of actual PM2.5 collected in Beijing. Using these artificial particles, we created an inhalation-injury animal model. These aPM2.5 particles simulate the physical and chemical characteristics of the actual PM2.5, and inhalation of the aPM2.5 in rat results in a time-dependent change in lung suggesting a declined lung function, injury from oxidative stress and inflammation in lung. Thus, this aPM2.5-caused injury animal model may mimic that of the pulmonary injury in human exposed to airborne particles. In addition, polydatin (PD), a resveratrol glucoside that is rich in grapes and red wine, was found to significantly decrease the oxidative potential (OP) of aPM2.5in vitro. Treating the model rats with PD prevented the lung function decline caused by aPM2.5, and reduced the level of oxidative damage in aPM2.5-exposed rats. Moreover, PD inhibited aPM2.5-induced inflammation response, as evidenced by downregulation of white blood cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammation-related lipids and proinflammation cytokines in lung. These results provide a practical means for self-protection against particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cai Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan-Xing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Piao-Piao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Sakamoto H, Yoshida T, Sanaki T, Shigaki S, Morita H, Oyama M, Mitsui M, Tanaka Y, Nakano T, Mitsutake S, Igarashi Y, Takemoto H. Possible roles of long-chain sphingomyelines and sphingomyelin synthase 2 in mouse macrophage inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:202-207. [PMID: 27836537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the precise role of sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in sphingomyelin (SM) metabolism and their anti-inflammatory properties, we analyzed species of major SM and ceramide (Cer) (18:1, 18:0 sphingoid backbone, C14 - C26 N-acyl part) in SMS2 knockout and wild-type mouse plasma and liver using HPLC-MS. SMS2 deficiency significantly decreased very long chain SM (SM (d18:1/22:0) and SM (d18:1/24:0 or d18:0/24:1)) and increased very long chain Cer (Cer (d18:1/24:0 or d18:0/24:1) and Cer (d18:1/24:1)), but not long chain SM (SM (d18:1/16:0), SM (d18:1/18:0 or d18:0/18:1) and SM (d18:1/18:1)) in plasma. To examine the effects of SM on inflammation, we studied the role of very long chain SM in macrophage activation. Addition of SM (d18:1/24:0) strongly upregulated several macrophage activation markers, SM (d18:1/6:0) and Cer (d18:1/24:0) however, did not. It was suggested that very long chain SM but not long chain SM were decreased in SMS2-deficient mice liver and plasma. And the exogenously added very long chain SM (d18:1/24:0) could activate macrophages directly, suggesting a novel role of plasma very long chain SM in modulating macrophage activation and resulting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Sakamoto
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takao Sanaki
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shigaki
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Morita
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Oyama
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mitsui
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Mitsutake
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemoto
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
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Xing Y, Tang Y, Zhao L, Wang Q, Qin W, Ji X, Zhang J, Jia J. Associations between plasma ceramides and cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations in Parkinson's disease dementia. J Neurol Sci 2016; 370:82-87. [PMID: 27772793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abnormal metabolism of ceramides may account for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). However, the effect of ceramides on cognitive domain impairments and neuropsychiatric symptoms of PDD remains unknown. METHODS A total of 38 PDD, 40 PD with no cognitive impairment (PD-NC) and 40 normal controls were included. A series of cognitive tests and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) were used to assess cognitive domains and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A non-fasting blood sample was obtained from each subject. Plasma ceramide levels were tested by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS C14:0 and C24:1 levels were significantly higher in PDD than in PD-NC and normal controls. Verbal memory was negatively correlated with C14:0 and C24:1. After controlling for confounding factors, C22:0, C20:0 and C18:0 were significantly associated with hallucinations, anxiety and sleep behavior disturbances, respectively. CONCLUSION In PDD, the increase in ceramide levels was correlated with decreased memory function and associated with higher odds of multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Department of Cadre Health Care, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Chang X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yan H, Bian H, Xia M, Lin H, Jiang J, Gao X. Lipid profiling of the therapeutic effects of berberine in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Transl Med 2016; 14:266. [PMID: 27629750 PMCID: PMC5024486 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated a positive effect of berberine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients after 16 weeks of treatment by comparing mere lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes patients with berberine treatment, which decreased the content of hepatic fat. However, the potential mechanisms of the clinical effects are unclear. We used a lipidomic approach to characterize the state of lipid metabolism as reflected in the circulation of subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) before and after berberine treatment. METHODS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry evaluated the various lipid metabolites in serum samples obtained from the participants (41 patients in the berberine group and 39 patients in the mere lifestyle intervention group) before and after treatment. RESULTS A total of 256 serum lipid molecular species were identified and quantified. Both treatments regulated various types of lipids in metabolic pathways, such as free fatty acids, phosphoglycerides and glycerides, in metabolic pathways, but berberine induced a substantially greater change in serum lipid species compared with mere lifestyle intervention after treatment. Berberine also caused obvious differences on ceramides. Berberine treatment markedly decreased serum levels of ceramide and ceramide-1-phosphate. CONCLUSIONS Berberine altered circulating ceramides, which may underlie the improvement in fatty liver disease. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00633282, Registered March 3, 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Metabolic Disease of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Metabolic Disease of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Metabolic Disease of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Metabolic Disease of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huandong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Metabolic Disease of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Metabolic Disease of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang JY, Qu F, Li JF, Liu M, Ren F, Zhang JY, Bian DD, Chen Y, Duan ZP, Zhang JL, Zheng SJ. Up-regulation of Plasma Hexosylceramide (d18: 1/18: 1) Contributes to Genotype 2 Virus Replication in Chronic Hepatitis C: A 20-Year Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3773. [PMID: 27281078 PMCID: PMC4907656 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between plasma sphingolipids and hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.A cohort of 120 treatment-naïve CHC patients was included. Liver biopsies and the Scheuer scoring system were used to assess hepatic inflammatory activity. Blood biochemical indicators, HCV-RNA load, and immunological markers were also measured. Forty-four plasma sphingolipids were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The hexosylceramide (HexCer) (d18:1/18:1) level was significantly different between patients with a low HCV load (<10 IU/mL) and a high HCV load (≥10 IU/mL), and it was positively correlated with the HCV-RNA load (r = 0.337, P = 0.001) in CHC patients. Additionally, the plasma HexCer (d18:1/18:1) level (odds ratio 1.302, 95% confidence interval 1.129-1.502) was an independent factor for a high HCV-RNA load. For patients with hepatic inflammation grade ≤2 or HCV genotype 2, HexCer (d18:1/18:1) was independently related to a high HCV-RNA load.Plasma HexCer (d18:1/18:1) might be involved in the high viral replication level in chronic HCV infection, especially for CHC patients with genotype 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Zhang
- From the Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J-YZ, ML, FR, J-YZ, D-DB, YC, Z-PD, S-JZ); State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medica Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (FQ, J-LZ); and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China (J-FL)
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15
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Methods used to increase the comprehensive coverage of urinary and plasma metabolomes by MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:981-97. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, focusing on comprehensive analysis of all the metabolites in a biological system, provides a direct signature of biochemical activity. Using emerging technologies in MS, it is possible to simultaneously and rapidly analyze thousands of metabolites. However, due to the chemical and physical diversity of metabolites, it is difficult to acquire a comprehensive and reliable profiling of the whole metabolome. Here, we summarize the state of the art in metabolomics research, focusing on efforts to provide a more comprehensive metabolome coverage via improvements in two fundamental processes: sample preparation and MS analysis. Additionally, the reliable analysis is also highlighted via the combinations of multiple methods (e.g., targeted and untargeted approaches), and analytical quality control and calibration methods.
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16
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Hallamaa R, Batchu K. Phospholipid analysis in sera of horses with allergic dermatitis and in matched healthy controls. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:45. [PMID: 26932514 PMCID: PMC4774145 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids have become an important target for searching new biomarkers typical of different autoimmune and allergic diseases. The most common allergic dermatitis of the horse is related to stings of insects and is known as insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) or summer eczema, referring to its recurrence during the summer months. This intense pruritus has certain similarities with atopic dermatitis of humans. The treatment of IBH is difficult and therefore new strategies for therapy are needed. Autoserum therapy based on the use of serum phospholipids has recently been introduced for horses. So far, serum lipids relating to these allergic disorders have been poorly determined. The main aim of this study was to analyse phospholipid profiles in the sera of horses with allergic dermatitis and in their healthy controls and to further assess whether these lipid profiles change according to the clinical status after therapy. Methods Sera were collected from 10 horses with allergic dermatitis and from 10 matched healthy controls both before and 4 weeks after the therapy of the affected horses. Eczema horses were treated with an autogenous preparation made from a horse’s own serum and used for oral medication. Samples were analysed for their phospholipid content by liquid chromatography coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Data of phospholipid concentrations between the groups and over the time were analysed by using the Friedman test. Correlations between the change of concentrations and the clinical status were assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results The major phospholipid classes detected were phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Eczema horses had significantly lower total concentrations of PC (p < 0.0001) and SM (p = 0.0115) than their healthy controls. After a 4-week therapy, no significant differences were found between the groups. Changes in SM concentrations correlated significantly with alterations in clinical signs (p = 0.0047). Conclusions Horses with allergic dermatitis have an altered phospholipid profile in their sera as compared with healthy horses and these profiles seem to change according to their clinical status. Sphingomyelin seems to have an active role in the course of equine insect bite hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija Hallamaa
- Veterinary Clinic, Nummela, Finland. .,University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Krishna Batchu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Protective Effect of Triptolide against Glomerular Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Glomerular Fibrosis in Rats Involves the TGF- β 1/Smad Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:814089. [PMID: 26451157 PMCID: PMC4584226 DOI: 10.1155/2015/814089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide as a main active ingredient of Tripterygium wilfordii is known to be exerting anti-inflammatory, marked immunosuppressive, and podocyte-protective effects. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of triptolide in kidney disease. Rat glomerular mesangial cells were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control group, (2) TGF-β1 (10 μg/mL) group, and (3) triptolide group (triptolide 10 μg/L + TGF-β1 10 μg/L). Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control group, (2) chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis model group, and (3) triptolide (0.2 mg/kg·d) group. Reverse transcription PCR was used to assess Ski and Smad3 mRNA expression in the mesangial cells and renal tissues. Western blotting was used to determine Ski and Smad3 protein expressions. Laser confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the subcellular localization of Smad3 and Ski proteins in the mesangial cells. Triptolide inhibited the TGF-β1-induced proliferation of mesangial cells. It significantly upregulated Ski protein expression and downregulated Smad3 mRNA and protein expressions in a time-dependent manner. Laser confocal fluorescence microscopy detected high Smad3 fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm and low Smad3 and high Ski fluorescence intensity in the nucleus. By upregulating Ski protein expression triptolide decreased the extent of fibrosis by affecting the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
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Qu L, Qu F, Jia Z, Wang C, Wu C, Zhang J. Integrated targeted sphingolipidomics and transcriptomics reveal abnormal sphingolipid metabolism as a novel mechanism of the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of triptolide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:28-38. [PMID: 25978956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) is a traditional herbal medicine in China. Triptolide (TP), the primary bioactive compound of TWHF, is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compound that can also injure the liver and kidney. Unfortunately, the toxicity mechanism remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to understand the regulatory role of sphingolipid (SPL) pathways in the TP-induced toxic mechanism in the liver and kidney in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) Balb\c mouse. MATERIAL AND METHODS 76 core sphingolipids and 29 species of related metabolic enzymes in liver, kidney and plasma were analyzed with previous HPLC-MS/MS and real time qPCR method, respectively. Furthermore, the data generated from these two omics underwent integrated analysis to describe TP-induced abnormal sphingolipid metabolism and identify the specific biomarkers of TP toxicity using bioinformation method. RESULTS High-dose (LD50) TP could induce severe liver and kidney injuries. Moreover, TP comprehensively influenced the enzymes involved in the sphingolipids metabolism in the liver and kidney at the mRNA expression level. Furthermore, the total levels of ceramides (Cers), sphingomyelins (SMs) and sphingosine (Sph) were all elevated, while dihydroceramides (dhCers) and hexosylceramides (HexCers) were all down-regulated. Several enzymes, including kdsr, CerS2, CerS4, CerS5 and CerS6 in the liver and Cerk in the kidney were probably responsible for the TP-induced toxic effect, identifying them as possible novel therapeutic targets. Besides, fractions of long chain SPL (C16-C20) exhibited significant increase, and fractions of unsaturated dhCer and Cer were significantly changed, both of which above may be due to the change of mRNA expression level of CerSs. Moreover, several biomarkers for the diagnosis of TP poisoning were discovered. CONCLUSION In summary, the regulation of SPL metabolism uncovered a novel mechanism underlying TP poisoning in the liver and kidney. In addition, key biomarkers and enzymes may play an important role in reducing the clinical risk associated with the use of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Zhixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Liu X, Liu Y, Cheng M, Xiao H. Metabolomic Responses of Human Hepatocytes to Emodin, Aristolochic Acid, and Triptolide: Chemicals Purified from Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:533-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Da lian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- Graduate Division; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Da lian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Da lian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- Systems Analysis and Innovative Drug Research Center; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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Li JF, Qu F, Zheng SJ, Ren F, Wu HL, Liu M, Ren JY, Chen Y, Duan ZP, Zhang JL. Plasma sphingolipids: potential biomarkers for severe hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:323-30. [PMID: 25695872 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma profile of sphingolipids in hepatic fibrosis patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is rarely considered at present. The association between plasma sphingolipids and severe fibrosis in CHC remains an obscure area of research. The aim of the present study was to assess the plasma profile of sphingolipids and to examine the association between plasma sphingolipids and severe fibrosis in CHC, in order to identify potential novel markers of severe fibrosis in CHC. A cohort of 120 treatment-naïve patients with CHC were included in the present study. Liver biopsies were performed and routine serological indicators were measured. Plasma sphingolipids were detected using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 44 plasma sphingolipids were detected. Plasma hexosylceramide (HexCer; d18:1/12:0), HexCer (d18:1/16:0) and HexCer (d18:1/22:0) were shown to be significantly different in patients with CHC between those with and without severe fibrosis (Metavir F ≥ 3; P < 0.05). HexCer (d18:1/12:0) was observed to be closely associated with severe fibrosis in CHC [odds ratio (OR)=1.03] following adjustment for confounding variables in a multivariate analysis. HexCer (d18:1/12:0) had diagnostic value for severe fibrosis in CHC [area under the curve (AUC)=0.69]. In patients with CHC who had developed significant fibrosis (Metavir F ≥ 2), HexCer (d18:1/12:0) remained closely associated with severe fibrosis (OR=1.08) in this subgroup. In addition, HexCer (d18:1/12:0) had sufficient diagnostic ability (AUC=0.73) to distinguish severe fibrosis in patients with CHC with significant fibrosis. In conclusion, the present study indicated that plasma HexCer (d18:1/12:0) exhibits a close correlation with severe hepatic fibrosis in CHC, particularly in patients who have significant fibrosis. Additionally, HexCer (d18:1/12:0) may be a potential marker of severe hepatic fibrosis in CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Su-Jun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ren
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Li Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yu Ren
- Evergreen Wellness Center, Kansas College of Chinese Medicine, Wichita, Kansas 67207, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Ping Duan
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Qu F, Zheng SJ, Liu S, Wu CS, Duan ZP, Zhang JL. Serum sphingolipids reflect the severity of chronic HBV infection and predict the mortality of HBV-acute-on-chronic liver failure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104988. [PMID: 25136927 PMCID: PMC4138167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with HBV-acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) have high mortality and frequently require liver transplantation; few reliable prognostic markers are available. As a class of functional lipids, sphingolipids are extensively involved in the process of HBV infection. However, their role in chronic HBV infection remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the serum sphingolipid profile in a population of patients with chronic HBV infection, paying special attention to exploring novel prognostic markers in HBV-ACLF. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to examine the levels of 41 sphingolipids in 156 serum samples prospectively collected from two independent cohorts. The training and validation cohorts comprised 20 and 28 healthy controls (CTRL), 29 and 23 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 30 and 26 patients with HBV-ACLF, respectively. Biometric analysis was used to evaluate the association between sphingolipid levels and disease stages. Multivariate analysis revealed difference of sphingolipid profiles between CHB and HBV-ACLF was more drastic than that between CTRL and CHB, which indicated that serum sphingolipid levels were more likely to associate with the progression HBV-ACLF rather than CHB. Furthermore, a 3-month mortality evaluation of HBV-ACLF patients showed that dhCer(d18∶0/24∶0) was significantly higher in survivors than in non-survivors (including deceased patients and those undergoing liver transplantation, p<0.05), and showed a prognostic performance similar to that of the MELD score. The serum sphingolipid composition varies between CTRL and chronic HBV infection patients. In addition, dhCer(d18∶0/24∶0) may be a useful prognostic indicator for the early prediction of HBV-ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Jun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Sheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JLZ); (ZPD)
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JLZ); (ZPD)
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Xuan LL, Shi J, Yao CS, Bai JY, Qu F, Zhang JL, Hou Q. Vam3, a resveratrol dimer, inhibits cigarette smoke-induced cell apoptosis in lungs by improving mitochondrial function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:779-91. [PMID: 24747163 PMCID: PMC4086386 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of Vam3 (a resveratrol dimer extracted from Vitis amurensis Rupr) on cigarette smoke (CS)-induced cell apoptosis in lungs in vitro and in vivo and the underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC, 300 mg/L), and cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was examined with TMRE staining. ROS and ceramide levels were detected with DCFH-DA fluorescence and HPLC-MS/MS, respectively. Cytochrome c release was detected using immunofluorescence. Caspase-9 and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 expression was measured with Western blotting. The breast carcinoma cell line MCF7 stably expressing GFP-tagged Bax was used to elucidate the role of mitochondria in CS-induced apoptosis. For in vivo study, male mice were exposed to CS for 5 min twice a day for 4 weeks. The mice were orally administered Vam3 (50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) or resveratrol (30 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) each day 1 h before the first CS exposure. RESULTS Pretreatment of BEAS-2B cells with Vam3 (5 μmol/L) or resveratrol (5 μmol/L) significantly suppressed CSC-induced apoptosis, and prevented CSC-induced Bax level increase in the mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. Furthermore, pretreatment of BEAS-2B cells with Vam3 or resveratrol significantly suppressed CSC-stimulated intracellular ceramide production, and CSC-induced upregulation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2, the enzyme responsible for ceramide production in bronchial epithelial cells. Similar results were obtained in C6-pyridinium ceramide-induced apoptosis of GFP-Bax-stable MCF7 cells in vitro, and in the lungs of CS-exposed mice that were treated with oral administration of Vam3 or resveratrol. CONCLUSION Vam3 protects bronchial epithelial cells from CS-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-ling Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ji Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chun-suo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-ye Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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23
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Li JF, Qu F, Zheng SJ, Wu HL, Liu M, Liu S, Ren Y, Ren F, Chen Y, Duan ZP, Zhang JL. Elevated plasma sphingomyelin (d18:1/22:0) is closely related to hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1725-32. [PMID: 24810965 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis affects disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We investigated the plasma sphingolipid profile in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and whether there was an association between HCV-related steatosis and plasma sphingolipids. We used high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to analyze plasma sphingolipids in 120 interferon-naïve, non-diabetic, and non-obese CHC patients. Hepatic steatosis was defined as ≥5 % hepatocytes with fat based on histopathological analysis. Blood biochemical indicators and HCV load and genotype were also determined. Thirty-six (30.0 %) of 120 patients presented with hepatic steatosis Grades 1-3. Forty-four plasma sphingolipids were detected. Plasma sphingomyelin (SM) (d18:1/22:0) and ceramide (Cer) (d18:1/24:0)-1-P correlated with steatosis grade (r = 0.22, p = 0.015; r = -0.23, p = 0.012, respectively). SM (d18:1/22:0) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12] and Cer (d18:1/24:0)-1-P (OR = 0.88) were independent factors for the presence of hepatic steatosis in CHC patients. The area under the curve (AUC) of SM (d18:1/22:0) and Cer (d18:1/24:0)-1-P was 0.637 and 0.638, respectively, to identify the presence of steatosis. Further analysis for genotype 2 CHC showed that only SM (d18:1/22:0) was independently linked to steatosis (OR = 1.21). The AUC of SM (d18:1/22:0) to identify hepatic steatosis in genotype 2 CHC was 0.726. Its sensitivity and negative predictive value reached 0.813 and 0.886, respectively. This study suggested that altered plasma SM (d18:1/22:0) was closely related to hepatic steatosis in chronic HCV infection, especially with genotype 2. Experimental studies are needed to determine further the underlying mechanisms responsible for these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Li
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Xitoutiao, Youwai Street, Beijing, 100069, China
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24
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Li JF, Qu F, Zheng SJ, Ren JY, Wu HL, Liu M, Liu H, Ren F, Chen Y, Zhang JL, Duan ZP. Plasma sphingolipids as potential indicators of hepatic necroinflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal alanine aminotransferase level. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95095. [PMID: 24736528 PMCID: PMC3988168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimation of hepatic necroinflammation caused by chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is crucial for prediction of prognosis and design of therapeutic strategy, which is particularly true for CHC patients with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Recent studies have shown that sphingolipids have a close relationship with hepatitis C virus infection. The present study aimed to identify plasma sphingolipids related to hepatic necroinflammation. We included 120 treatment-naïve CHC patients and 64/120 had normal ALT levels (<40 U/L). CHC patients who underwent liver biopsies were subjected to Scheuer scoring analysis for scope of hepatic inflammation. Plasma sphingolipids were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Our results showed 44 plasma sphingolipids were detected altogether. Of all detected sphingolipids, hexosylceramide (HexCer) (d18∶1/22∶0) and HexCer (d18∶1/24∶0) showed a significant difference among G0/G1, G2, and G3/G4 (P<0.05). For identifying hepatic necroinflammation (G≥2), after adjusting other factors, the odds ratio (OR) of HexCer (d18∶1/22∶0) reached 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.02). Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) of HexCer (d18∶1/22∶0) was 0.7 (P = 0.01) and approached that of ALT (AUC = 0.78). However, in CHC patients with normal ALT, HexCer (d18∶1/22∶0) was an independent factor (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03) to identify the hepatic necroinflammation (G≥2). HexCer (d18∶1/22∶0) not only showed the largest AUC (0.78, P = 0.001), but also exhibited the highest specificity of all indicators. These results indicate that plasma HexCer (d18∶1/22∶0) is a potential indicator to distinguish hepatic necroinflammation in CHC patients. For CHC with normal ALT, the ability of HexCer (d18∶1/22∶0) to distinguish hepatic necroinflammation might be superior to conventional serum indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Jun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Yu Ren
- Evergreen Wellness Center, Kansas College of Chinese Medicine, Wichita, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Hui-Li Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZPD); (JLZ)
| | - Zhong-Ping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZPD); (JLZ)
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25
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Qu F, Zheng SJ, Wu CS, Jia ZX, Zhang JL, Duan ZP. Lipidomic profiling of plasma in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:555-64. [PMID: 24253410 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health issue. Although its progression is reported to be closely associated with lipids, the way in which the plasma lipidome changes during the development of chronic HCV infection in humans is currently unknown. Using an improved quantitative high-throughput lipidomic platform, we profiled 284 lipids in human plasma samples obtained from healthy controls (n = 11) and patients with chronic HCV infection (n = 113). The intrahepatic inflammation grade (IG) of liver tissue was determined by biopsy. Two types of mass spectrometers were integrated into a single lipidomic platform with a wide dynamic range. Compared with previous methods, the performance of this method was significantly improved in terms of both the number of target sphingolipids identified and the specificity of the high-resolution mass spectrometer. As a result, 44 sphingolipids, one diacylglycerol, 43 triglycerides, 24 glycerophosphocholines, and 5 glycerophospho-ethanolamines were successfully identified and quantified. The lipid profiles of individuals with chronic HCV infection were significantly different from those of healthy individuals. Several lipids showed significant differences between mild and severe intrahepatic inflammation grades, indicating that they could be utilized as novel noninvasive indicators of intrahepatic IG. Using multivariate analysis, healthy controls could be discriminated from HCV patients based on their plasma lipidome; however, patients with different IGs were not well discriminated. Based on these results, we speculate that variations in lipid composition arise as a result of HCV infection, and are caused by HCV-related digestive system disorders rather than progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
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